Support short simulations

[chengzhuzhang]

Currently, E3SM Diags can only support analyzing seasonal and annual mean climatology. Based on discussions with @PeterCaldwell @crterai and @keziming. Adding support for short simulation will allow starting support EAMxx 1-40 day analysis and short EAM testing runs (i.g. one month). This is also requested by #348.

Things to consider for tackling this problem:

• The seasons parameter is used to find seasonal/annual mean climatology files if input are NCO processed climatology files,
  seasons is also used as target season if input files are NCO processed monthly time series and climo is computed on the fly.

• The supported seasons in default viewer is hard-coded (i.e.,

  e3sm_diags/e3sm_diags/viewer/default_viewer.py

  Line 41 in 8ea5bad

  SEASONS = ["ANN", "DJF", "MAM", "JJA", "SON"]

  ),

• The seasons parameter is hard-coded in default configuration files (i.g., https://github.com/E3SM-Project/e3sm_diags/blob/main/e3sm_diags/driver/default_diags/lat_lon_land_model_vs_obs.cfg)