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PYTHON.txt
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https://github.com/gto76/python-cheatsheet
#> MODULE, GENERAL
#> VIRTUALENV
#> PIP
#> PYINSTALLER, INNO SETUP COMPILER - generate python programs to executables
#> SHORTCUTS VSCODE
#> SHORTCUTS INTELLIJ IDEA IDE, CHROME, WINDOWS
#> OPERATORS, INPUTS, OUTPUTS, ARGUMENTS, STATISTICS
#> RANDOM, SECRETS
#> STRING
#> REGEX
#> LIST
#> TUPLE
#> DICTIONARY
#> SETS
#> CONTROL STRUCTURES and ITERATIONS
#> FUNCTIONS, DECORATORS
#> GENERATORS, YIELD
#> LAMBDA, MAP, FILTER
#> CLASSES, DATACLASSES
#> TXT FILES
#> JSON FORMAT
#> XML FORMAT
#> URLLIB
#> MODULE - CSV
#> MODULE - ZIPFILE - handling ZIP files
#> MODULE - GSPREAD - API for Google Sheets
#> MODULE - OPENPYXL - working with excel worksheets
#> MODULE - XLWINGS - working on the fly with open excel worksheets
#> MODULE - PYTHON-DOCX - working with word docx
#> MODULE - WIN32COM - creating worksheets as pdf from xlsx
#> MODULE - PyPDF2 - working with pdfs
#> MODULE - PYODBC - odbc-access (MS Access)
#> MYSQL - MARIADB - HEIDISQL
#> MYSQL - MARIADB - SQL
#> MYSQL - MYSQL.CONNECTOR
#> SQL ALCHEMY
#> SQLITE3 SQL
#> MODULES - DATES, DATETIME, CALENDAR, TIMEIT, TIME, SYS, CTYPES
#> MODULE - CURRENCYCONVERTER - currency conversion
#> MODULE - PYCOUNTRY - Countries, Currency, Language
#> MODULES - SMTPLIB, MIMEText - sending emails
#> MODULE - PATHLIB - interacting with the operating system
#> MODULE - OS, SHUTIL, FILECMP, DIRCMP, Send2Trash - interacting with the operating system
#> MODULE - LOGGING
#> MODULE - UNITTEST
#> MODULE - DOTENV - hide environment informations
#> MODULE - COLLECTIONS - counter, defaultdic
#> MODULE - ITERTOOLS - products, combinations
#> MODULE - NUMPY - basis for different other modules
#> MODULE - PANDAS - analyzing and working with data
#> MODULE - MATPLOTLIB - working with charts
#> MODULE - SELENIUM - browser automatization
#> MODULE - BEAUTIFUL SOAP - webscraping
#> MODULE - REQUESTS - workings with APIs
#> MODULE - SCRAPY - webscraping using spiders
#> MODULE - FTPLIB - ftp data transfer
#> MODULE - PYQT - making GUIs
#> MODULE - TKINTER - making GUIs
#> MOUULE - KIVY - making GUIs
#> MODULE - PYGAME - making games
#> MODULE - PYTHONCOM - make new formula in excel with python-function
#> MODULE - FLASK, ZAPPA, AWS - making an API
#> MODULE - FLASK, HEROKU, GUNICORN - making an API
#> MODULE - FASTPI, UVICORN - making an API
#> MODULE - ICECREAM - print for debugging
#> MODULE - TA-LIB - technical analysis of financial market
#> MODULE - YFINANCE - date from Yahoo Finance
#> MODULE - PLOTLY - data visualization
#> MODULE - DJANGO - framework for webdevelopment
#> DOLT - Databases like Repos
#> PYTHONANYWHERE - run python scripts in the cloud
#> HEROKU - run python scripts in the cloud
###### MODULE, GENERAL
import math => Import python module
from math import ceil => Import specific function of a module
import numpy as np => Import a module with abbreviation
if __name__ == '__main__': => Program execution starts from here
python --version => Check which python version is installed
=> Use modules / functions from other folder
=> (not working with eg. yahoocrawler.py and rapidtechtools.py - all modules, wether they are needed or not have to imported in the program...)
""
import sys, os
# Create Path to module
sys.path.append(os.path.join('C:/', 'Users\path_to_module'))
# Import Module RapidTechTools
import RapidTechTools as rtt
""
###### VIRTUALENV
pip install virtualenv => Install virtualenv
pip list => Global packages installed
where python => Shows where the python-file is (Windows)
which python => Shows where the python-file is (Linux)
py -3.12 -m venv openai => Create a virtual environment with a specific installed python version
python -m virtualenv env => Create new virtual environment env
python3 -m venv env => Create new virtual environment env (for python3 eg. on MacOS)
pip freeze --local > requirements.txt => Extracts all the modules / dependencies to a txt-file
deactivate => Go back to the global environment
virtualenv -p C:\..path to..\Python37\python.exe py37_env => Create new virtual env with specific python-version
eg. virtualenv -p C:\\Users\\WRSPOL\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python312\\python.exe selenium
py37_env\Scripts\activate => Activate new virtual env named py37_env
python --version => Shows the used python version in the virtual env
pip install -r requirements.txt => Install all the packages from requirements.txt
py -0p => Windows: Show all installed python-versions + paths
=> Activate environment
""
venv\Scripts\activate
when activated: pip list # Now only shows the installed modules for the virtual environment
pip install package # Only installs in the activated virtual environment
""
=> install virtual environment with specific python-version
""
download and install the python-version - Important: remember the path to the python.exe
create a venv with: virtualenv envName -p path\to\new_python.exe
""
###### PIP
pip install moduleXY => install module
pip install moduleXY --upgrade => upgrade module
pip install -Iv pyinstaller==4.8 => Install specific version
pip uninstall module XY => uninstall module XY
pip list => show installed modules in actual environment
pip freeze > requirements.txt => output modules in requirements.txt
pip install -r requirements.txt => install modules from requirements.txt
###### PYINSTALLER, INNO SETUP COMPILER - generate python programs to executables
pip install pyinstaller => Installation
pip install -Iv pyinstaller==4.8 => Install specific version
pyinstaller prg.py => Generate the bundle in a subdirectory called dist.
pyinstaller --onefile prg.py => Generate only one file
python -m Pyinstaller --onefile prg.py => Generate only one file (to get for sure the pyinstaller from the actual env)
pip install -U pyinstaller-hooks-contrib => In case of problems when creating the exe (eg. some problems with pydantic)
--collect-data moduleXY => Collect data for specific python module
--copy-metadata pandas_ta => add this when some modules are not found
--hidden-import=pymssql => When some modules are making problems - sometimes this helps
pyinstaller --onefile --collect-datas=trafilatura xyz.py
pyinstaller --onefilFe --collect-data fake_useragent checkMapsSel2.py
pyinstaller --onefile --collect-data frozendict stockma3.py => <frozen importlib._bootstrap> error when using yfinance
pyinstaller --onefile --collect-data langchain --copy-metadata=tqdm --copy-metadata=regex --copy-metadata requests --copy-metadata packaging --copy-metadata filelock URLanswering.py
pyinstaller --onefile --hidden-import=tiktoken_ext.openai_public --hidden-import=tiktoken_ext checkRSS.py
--exclude-module matplotlib => when there is a depreciating warning from matlib
--icon=app.ico => Generate file with icon
--hidden-import=pkg_resources.py2_warn => Generating under mac os sometimes only work with this params
--hidden-import=cmath => Generating under mac os sometimes only work with this params
pyinstaller --onefile main.spec
prg.exe => Open this file to start the python-program
yfinance module => only working with import yfinance (not with import yfinance as yf)
=> Problems with some added python modules (eg. pycountry)
""
https://groups.google.com/g/pyinstaller/c/OYhJdeZ9010/m/32g3-T8XBAAJ
Create hook-file hook-pycountry.py with content:
from PyInstaller.utils.hooks import copy_metadata, collect_data_files
datas = copy_metadata("pycountry") + collect_data_files("pycountry")
Compile Program with
pyinstaller --onefile --exclude-module matplotlib --additional-hooks-dir=. TestPyCountry.py
""
=> Problems with path when executing from py and exe
""
config_name = 'creds.json' # Define the config file name
""
=> Determine if application is a script file or frozen exe
""
if getattr(sys, 'frozen', False): # Get path when starting as executable
application_path = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
elif __file__: # Get path when running from IDE as py-file
application_path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
config_path = os.path.join(application_path, config_name) # Final Config Path
""
=> Using Inno Setup Compiler for creating a setup.exe for all files
""
https://jrsoftware.org/isdl.php
- Application Information => provide application informations (appName, appVersion, publisher, website)
- Application Files => select application main executable file and add all necessary folder and files
- Application File Association => no selection
- Application Documentation => select files which should be shown before / after the installation
- Setup Languages => select which languages should be included during installation
- Save installation script
- Final setup.exe is stored in the "Output"-folder
""
=> pathlib error when running executable on Mac
""
delete all created folder from pyinstaller an try again to create the excecutable
""
###### SHORTCUTS VSCODE
Ctrl K Ctrl C => Comment / Uncomment selected lines ("/" on numblock) (commenting in VS Code)
Ctrl K Ctrl U => Comment / Uncomment selected lines ("/" on numblock) (commenting in VS Code)
Ctrl F => Find in File
Ctrl H => Replace in File
Ctrl L => Selects whole line
Ctrl Shift F => Search in all files
Ctrl Shift H => Replace in Path (in all Files)
Ctrl 1/2/3 => Jump to this Grouping Window
F3 => Find next
Ctrl G => Goto line
Shift Alt Up/Down => Copy / Duplicate lines
Shift Alt Left/Rigth => Expand / Shrink selection
Alt Up/Down => Move line
Alt Enter => Suggestions for fix error, function informations
Alt 1 => Open the project windows (on the left side)
Alt F7 => Show usage of the variable, function, class
Esc => Focus back on the editor window
Ctrl K Ctrl 0 => Collapse everything
Ctrl K Ctrl J => Expands everything
Ctrl K Ctrl L => Collapse block ("-" on numblock)
Ctrl K Ctrl L => Expand block ("+" on numblock)
Ctrl A => Select whole file
Ctrl (Shift) Z => Undo (backwards) / Redo (forwards)
Ctrl Shift Left => Select word to the beginning
Ctrl Shift Right => Select word to the end
Ctrl Left / Right => Go one word left
Ctrl Shift K => Delete current line
Ctrl Del => Delete to end of word
Ctrl Backspace => Delete to beginning of word
Ctrl B => Hide/Show sidebar
Ctrl J => Hide/Show terminal
Ctrl P => Show command line (eg. open a file where the name is known)
Ctrl Shift P => Open the the command panel
Ctrl TAB => Toggle through the open files in the editor
Ctrl W => Close File
Ctrl Alt Up/Down => MultiCursor - Select more cursors in rows for multiple change in rows
Ctrl D => MultiCursor - Select Cursor at multiple positions for the same name
Ctrl Shift L => Select all occurences of this word in the document and change all with one change
Ctrl D => Select whole word
Ctrl Click => Jump to the function definition
Ctrl W => Close Tab
Ctrl Space => Show suggestions for the actual code function / method
###### SHORTCUTS INTELLIJ IDEA IDE, CHROME, WINDOWS
=> https://www.shortcutfoo.com/app/dojos/intellij-idea-win/cheatsheet
""
Ctrl / # Comment / Uncomment selected lines ("/" on numblock) (commenting in VS Code)
Ctrl / # Comment / Uncomment selected lines ("/" on numblock) (commenting in VS Code)
Ctrl Alt F7 # Find usages
Ctrl F # Find in File
Ctrl R # Replace in File
Ctrl Shift R # Replace in Path (in all Files)
F2 # jump to the next error
F3 # Find next
Ctrl G # Goto line
Ctrl D # Copy / Duplicate lines
Ctrl X # Cut line (when nothing selected)
Ctrl C # Copy line (when nothing selected)
Alt Shift Down/Up # Move line
Ctrl E # Recent opened files
Ctrl TAB # Switch windows in IDE
Ctrl (Shift) W # Select / deselect parts of the code step by step
Alt Enter # Suggestions for fix error, function informations
Alt 1 # Open the project windows (on the left side)
Alt F7 # Show usage of the variable, function, class
Esc # Focus back on the editor window
Ctrl Shift - # Make screen smaller
Ctrl Shift + # Make screen bigger
Ctrl - # Collapse block ("-" on numblock)
Ctrl + # Expand block ("+" on numblock)
Ctrl A # Select whole file
Ctrl (Shift) Z # Undo (backwards) / Redo (forwards)
Ctrl Shift Left # Select word to the beginning
Ctrl Shift Right # Select word to the end
Ctrl Left / Right # Go one word left
Ctrl Y # Delete current line
Ctrl Del # Delete to end of word
Ctrl Backspace # Delete to beginning of word
lorem + TAB # Create lorem text for html-code
p>lorem + TAB # Create lorem text inside <p>-tags
""
=> Shortcuts Chrome
=> https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/google-chrome-shortcuts-pdf/
""
F5 # Refresh site
Ctrl Tab # Go tab right
Ctrl Shift Tab # Go tab left
Ctrl F5 # Clear Cache and reload page
""
=> Shortcuts Win10
=> https://fossbytes.com/windows-keyboard-shortcuts-cheat-sheet-for-windows-10/
""
Alt Tab # Focus on other window
Ctrl C # Copy
Ctrl X # Cut
Ctrl V # Paste
""
=> Enable pushing with ssh-key in Idea and VSCode
""
Enable open ssh agent: https://dev.to/aka_anoop/how-to-enable-openssh-agent-to-access-your-github-repositories-on-windows-powershell-1ab8
Run commands: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56490194/vs-code-bitbucket-ssh-permission-denied-publickey
""
###### OPERATORS, INPUTS, OUTPUTS, ARGUMENTS, STATISTICS
import math => Import module for math calculations
import sys => Import module for reading arguments from the command line
import statistics as stat => Using some statistics functions
5 // 2 => Result without Decimals (=> 2)
7 % 2 => Modulo / Reamainder of the division (=> 1)
d,e,f = 4,5,6 => Assigment of several varaibles
a,b = b,a => Change / swap 2 values
a += 1 => Increase value by one
i = 1_000_000 => For better readability - "_" are possible using long num-values (will be ignored)
round (77.2321, 2) => Value is rounded to two decimal places => 77.23
int(v - v%10) => Round to tens place
str(5), float("5"), int("5") => Conversion to String / Float / Int
abs(-2) => Outputs absolute value => 2
input("ENTER to continue") => Wait for pressing ENTER (or a keyboard stroke) to follow along
int(input("Age?":)) => Input age and change to int
type(var) => Returns the type of a variable
dir(var) => Shows all available methods and attributes for the object as list
var.__dict__["_rawData"] => show all attributes with the value
isinstance(x,float) => Check if x has type format float (others: str,int,list,tuple,range,dict,set,bool)
x = float("inf") => Set var to max-value (float infinite)
math.sqrt(9) => Calculates the sqrt of the value => i3
if "myVar" in locals(): => Check if a variable exists
min = a if a < b else B => Ternary Operator for if statement
sys.argv[1:] => Check for argument which is given when starting the program
print("Text") => Print "Text" (with a linebreak \n at the end)
print("Text", end="-") => Print with end-statement (next print will be in the same line
print(repr("xyz\n")) => Print text with special characters like \n,\t etc
python test.py arg1 arg2 arg3 => example for starting a program with 3 parameters / arguments
len(sys.argv) => Len of the arguments - eg. 4 (program test.py itself and 3 arguments following)
min(3,5,7) => Find the minimum value => 3
max(3,5,7) => Find the maximum value => 7
stat.mean([3,5,7]) => Find the mean value => 5 (with statistic-module - input must be given as list)
sys.exit() => Stop program at this point (helpful in test-situations)
(newVal-oldVal)/oldVal * 100 => Calculate the change from an old value to a new value in percent
import pprint as pp => Import pretty print functionality
pp.pprint(dict) => pretty print dict line by line
pp.pprint(dict, width=30) => pretty print with max line-length 30
pp.pprint(nestedList,depth=1) => pretty print only level 1 of nested list eg. ['level1', [...]]
pp.pprint(nestedList,depth=2) => pretty print only level 2 of nested list eg. ['level1', ['level2', [...]]]
int("1010",2) => convert binary value to decimal
###### RANDOM, SECRETS
=> General
""
random: unsecure, reproducable with seeds
secret: secure, not reproducable
""
import random => Import random module - fast, but not very secure
random.randint(1,6) => Random int number between 1 and 6 like a cube
random.uniform(1,3) => Random float number between 1 and 3
random.random() => Random value between 0 and 1 in float format - eg. 0.16394553
random.uniform(1,10) => Random float in the range from 1 to 10
random.normal(0,1) => Random value for standard deviation
random.choice(list) => Choose random entry from a list
random.sample(list,3) => Choose 3 random (unique) entries from the list
random.choices(list,k=3) => Choose 3 random entries from the list (possible to be the same)
random.shuffle(l) => Shuffle the content of a list
random.seed(1) => Can reproduce the same results (unsecure)
"".join(random.choices(string.ascii_uppercase, k=6)) => generate a random uppercase 6-char string
import secrets => Import secrets module - for security reasons (is slower)
secrets.randbelow(10) => Random int in the range from 0-10 (10 excluded)
secrets.randbits(4) => Random int with 4 bits (highest possible value is 15 - 1111)
secrets.choice(l) => Random choice (which is not reproducable)
###### STRING
=> General
""
ordered, immutable, text representation
""
s = "this is a test" => Define a string
s = "this \n text" => String with linebreak \n
s = "this \t text" => String with tab between the words
=> Define string over more lines in editor with
""
s = '''this \
and this'''
""
s[0] => first char of a string
s[-1] => last char of a string
"text %s bla" % var => Insert variable in string oldest method (%s for string, %i for int, %f for float, %.2f for 2 decimals)
"text {} bla".format(var) => Insert variable in string old method (:.2f for 2 decimals)
f"text {v} bla" => Insert variable in string new method
f"{v:02d}" => Format int with allways 2 digits
f"{v:0.2f} => Format float with allways 2 decimal places
f"{v:09.2f} => Format float with 2 decmial places and overall 9 chars with leading 0
s = f"{v=}" => Output the variable name and the value of the variable in the form "v=4811"
"{0} like, {0} especially {0} but {1}".format("Joe", "noodles") => Multiple use
s.find ("ist") => Returns the index where the text is found (return -1 when nothing is found)
s.rfind("ist") => Returns the last index where the text is found (return -1 when nothing is found)
s.count ("i") => Counts the occurrence of a text
re.findall('[.,’]', s) => Counts several chars in a text
[i for i, c in enumerate(s) if c == "/"] => Return all index of the char "/" in the string
[x.start() for x in re.finditer('ist', s)] => Returns all index as a list for a substring in a string (needs import re)
s = s.lower() => Lowercase the whole string
s = s.upper() => Capitalize the whole string
s = s.capitalize() => Capitalize the first char
s = s.title() => Capitalize the first char of all words
s.startswith("H") => Check if string is starting with char "H"
s.startswith(("H","F","L")) => Check if string starts with several chars
s.endswith("H") => Check if string is ending with char "H"
s.endwith(("H","F","L")) => Check if string ends with several chars
s.split(" ") => Split the words in a list which are seperated by " "
re.split("[.|!|?]", s) => Split for several chars (eg. ".", "!", "?")
s.split('=>', 1)[0] => Split till the first occurence of "=>"
s.splitlines() => Split sentences after line breaks
s = s.strip() => Delete all whitespaces at the beginning and the end
s = " ".join(s.split()) => Remove all duplicate spaces in a string
s = s.replace("e","X") => Replacement of two strings
s = re.sub("[e0fi]", "X", s) => Replace several chars in a string
s2 = re.sub(f"[{string.punctuation}]", "", s) => Replace all punctuation chars in a string
s = re.subn("[e0fi]", "X", s) => Replace several chars in a string (get back a tupple: 1st changed string, 2nd: count of changed chars)
s.isdigit() => True if the whole string are digits
s.isalpha() => True if the whole string contains only letters
s2 in s => TRUE if string2 is in strings1
l = list(s) => Change string to list with all single chars
ord(char) => Convert char to ASCII value
chr(ascii) => Convert ASCII value to char (eg. 65=A, 97=a)
hashlib.md5(s).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest() => Outputs hashvalue oif the string (needs import hashlib)
eval("2+2") => Gives the value of an expression => 4 (dangerous - can used for sql-injections)
my_string[::-1] => Reverse a string
repr(s) => Print string with special characters
" ".join(s.split()) => Delete all blank, whitspaces from a string (method 1)
wAddress = re.sub('\s{2,}', ' ', s) => Delete all blank, whitspaces from a string (method 2)
"".join([x if x.isalnum() else "_" for x in s]) => Create valid filename for operating system (1)
"".join(i for i in s if i not in "\/:*?<>|" and i not in '"') => Create valid filename for operating system (2)
=> check if any string is in another string or all strings are in another string
""
s = "A string is more than its parts!"
l = ["more", "blabla", "nothing"]
if any(x in s for x in l): # check if any elems from checks in string s
if not any(x in s for x in l): # check if any elems from checks are NOT in string s
if all(x in s for x in l): # check if all elems from checks are in string s
""
=> add linebreak after numer of words
""
start = 0
N = 3
l = inp.split()
outText = []
for stop in range(N, len(l)+N, N):
worker = ' '.join(l[start:stop])
outText.append(worker)
start = stop
outText = "\n".join(outText)
""
=> string library
""
https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html
import string
string.ascii_letters => all letters
string.ascii_uppercase => uppercase letters
string.ascii_lowercase => lowercase letters
string.digits => digits
string.punctuation => punctuation
""
###### REGEX
import re => import regex module
https://medium.com/factory-mind/regex-tutorial-a-simple-cheatsheet-by-examples-649dc1c3f285 => Information about regex handling
https://regex101.com/ => test regex strings
pattern = re.compile("^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}$") => Find str with 4xdigits + "-"char + 2xdigits
pattern.match(s) => Check if pattern matches - <> None when matches
pattern2 = re.compile("[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}") => Find str with 4xdigits + "-"char + 2xdigits
pattern2 = re.compile("[0-9]{3,4}-[0-9]{2}") => Find str with 3 to 4 xdigits + "-"char + 2xdigits
pattern.fullmatch(s) => Check with fullmatch (^ and $ not necessary) - <> None when matches
pattern3 = re.compile ("[0-9]{1}\.[0-9]{3}") => Char "." has to cherck with "\n" (is a wildcard letter in regex)
re.sub("\d","",s) => Replace all digits in string with blank
re.sub(r'([a-z](?=[A-Z])|[A-Z](?=[A-Z][a-z]))', r'\1 ', "txt") => Insert blank before every capitalized word eg. "CostOfRevenue" => "Cost Of Revenue"
len(re.findall(f'[{cL}"]{w}[{cL}"]', l)) => count all words which start and ends with a char from cL
len(re.findall(f'^{w}[{charList}"]', l)) => count all words which start with w and ends with a char from cL
len(re.findall(f'[{charList}"]{w}$', l)) => count all words which start with a char from cL and ends w
len(re.findall(f'(.*?){w}(.*?)', l)) => count all words which have w in the middle of anything else
=> Read string an try to match with groups
pattern = "([0-9]+) ([a-z]:([a-z]+)" => Define pattern => as many digits (endless) + " " + one lowercase cahr + ":" + as many digits (endless)
match = research(pattern, elem) => Check if elem fits the pattern => returns <re.Match object; span=(0, 19), match="3 n: nnnlncrnnnnn">
value = match.group(1) => Assign the value of the first group => 3
all = match.group(0) => Show the full string => "3 n: nnnlncrnnnnn"
###### LIST
=> ordered, mutable, allows duplicate elements
l=[x*2 for x in l] => Also possible with list comprehension => [2,4,6,8,10]
l=[x for x in l if x%2==0] => Also possible with list comprehension => [2,4]
l=[x*2 if x.isdigit() else x for x in l] => List comprehension with if and else
l1,l2,l3,l4 = ([] for i in range(4)) => Define several empty lists (NOT use l1=l=l3=[] => this would be the SAME list)
if l => check for True if list has an element
if not l => check for False if list is empty (same would be if l == []
l = [4,5,6] => Define list with content
l = list(range(20)) => Define list - content is list from 0 to 19
l = ["" for x in range(8)] => Define list with 8 empyt strings
[x.upper() for x in l] => Uppercase the whole list
l = [["" for x in range(5)] for x in range(5)] => Define a nested list with 5x5
l1 + l2 => Add both lists together (to a new list)
l.append(1) => Add 1 element to the list at the back
l.extend([6,5,4]) => Add several elements to the list at the back
l.insert(3, "xyz") => Insert an element at the index-position 3
l.index("xzy") => Returns first index position of an element
[i for i,v in enumerate(wHeader) if v == "xyz"] => Find all indizes for a specific element
l.pop() => Delete last element from list
l.pop(0) => Delete first element from list
l.sort() => Sort list ascending
l.sort(reverse=True) => Sort list descending
l_sort = sorted(l) => Sort list and store it in a different independent list
l_sort = sorted(l, reverse=True) => Sort list descending and store it in a different independent list
l_sort = os_sorted(l) => Sort the same way as the operating system (need: from natsort import os_sorted)
if sorted(l) == l => Check if a list is sorted (by ascending)
if sorted(l, reverse=True) == l => Check if a list is sorted by descending
l.sort(key=len) => Sort list by len of elements
l = [[1,4,3], [2,2,4], [3,1,5]] => Define nested list
l.sort(key=lambda x: x[1]) => Sort nested list for the 2nd element ascending
l.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True) => Sort nested list for the 2nd element descending
l.sort(key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1])) => Sort nested list 1st for the 1st elem, then for the 2nd elem
l.sort(key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1]), reverse=True) => Sort nested list 1st for the 1st elem, then for the 2nd elem descending
l.reverse() => Reverse the complete list
l_reverse = list(reversed(l)) => Reverse complete list and store it in different independent list
del l[2] => Delete element at index position 2
l.remove("abc") => Delete first element with this value from the list
l.clear() => Delete complete content of the list (same as l = [])
min(l) => Find smallest element in the list
max(l) => Find greatest element in the list
max(mylist, key=len) => Find longest string in the list
len(max(mylist, key=len)) => Find lenght of longest string in the list
sum(l) => Sum of all elements in the list
[sum(pair) for pair in zip(l1, l2)] => Pair Sorting from 2 lists (1 with 1, 2 with 2, 3 mit 3, aso.)
len(l) => Count of elements in list
l.count("a") => Count of occurence of the element "a" in the list
l2 = l1 => No seperate copy of the list (updates in both lists)
l2 = l.copy() => Separate individual copy of the list (no updates in both lists)
l2 = l[:] => Separate individual copy of the list - 2nd variant
l2 = list(l) => Separate individual copy of the list - 3rd variant
l2 = copy.deepcopy(l) => Seperate copying a nested list - import copy necessary
l[0] => First element
l[-1] => Last element
l[-3:] => Last 3 elements
l[2:4] => Elements from index position 2 to 3
l[:2] => Elements from 0 to 1 (exclusive index position 2)
l[2:] => Elements from index position 2 to the end of the list
l[::2] => Every second element [start:end:step]
l[::-1] => Reverse list
9 in l => Check if element is in list
if any(x in st for x in ["ab","cd","de"]): => Check if any elements from the list are in the string
if all(x in st for x in ["ab","cd","de"]): => Check if all elements from the list are in the string
if all(x not in str for x in ["ab","cd"]): => Check if all elements from the list are NOT in the string
for i in l: => Iterate through list content
for i in range(len(l)): => Iterate through list with index
for idx, cont in enumerate(l): => Iterate through list with index and content
for x,y in zip(l1,l2): => Iterate through 2 lists pair-wise (stops when the shorter list is reached)
', '.join(l) => Create string with elements joined together with ", " eg. ["a","b","c"] => a, b, c
a = [1,2,3,4,5] => Define list
list(map(lambda x: x*2, [1,2,3,4,5])) => List is mapped with the lambda function => [2,4,6,8,10]
list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0, [1,2,3,4,5])) => List is filtered with lambda for even numbers => [2,4]
zip([1,2,3],[4,5,6]) => Build paris as tuple => (1,4),(2,5),(3,6)
list(set(l)) => Remove duplicates from a list
list(dict.fromkeys(l)) => Remove duplicates from a list and keep existing order
list(map(int,l)) => Change elements in list to int
lNew = [list(x) for x in zip(*l)] => Transpose nested list (change rows and columns)
l3 = set(l2) - set(l1) => Get difference of 2 lists
1st, 2nd, *rest = ["A","B","C","D","E"] => Unpacking of a list (1st=A, 2nd=B, rest=["C","D","E"])
[l[i:i + C] for i in range(0, len(l), C)] => Split a list (l) in chunks (C)
=> rotate list for n places
""
def rotate(l, n):
return l[-n:] + l[:-n]
""
=> Iterate over 2 lists at the same time using zip
""
animal = ['Cat', 'Dog', 'Fish', 'Goat']
age = [1, 2, 2, 6]
z = zip(animal, age)
for animal, age in z: ...
""
=> Adjust nested list to the same length
""
maxLen = max(map(len, l))
for row in l:
while len(row) < maxLen:
row.append(None)
""
=> Sort list in a specific value-order for eg. the sixth column in the list
""
SORT_ORDER = {"RUSH": 0, "HIGH": 1, "MEDIUM": 2, "LOW": 3, "FINISHED": 4}
l.sort(key=lambda val: SORT_ORDER[val[5]])
""
###### TUPLE
=> ordered, immutable, allows duplicate elements
=> working can be more efficient than with lists - especially with big data - regarding space and runtime
t = (4,5,6) => Create a tuple
t = tuple([3,4,4]) => Create a tuple from a list
t[] => Selection / slicing of elements - same as with lists
l = list(t) => Change tuple to list
t = tuple(l) => Change list to tuples
a,b,c = (0,1,2) => Assigning vars to tuple-elements (a=0, b=1, c=2)
f,*m,l = (0,1,2,3,4) => Assigning to tuple-values (f=0, m=[1,2,3], l=4)
###### DICTIONARY
=> key-value pairs, unordered (till version 3.7), mutable
d = {} => Define empty dict
d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3} => Define dict with content
d = dict(one=1,two=2,three=3) => 2nd way to defince a dict with content
d = dict([("one",1),("two",2),("three",3)]) => Define dict with content (with dupels)
d = dict([["one",1],["two",2],["three",3]]) => Define dict with content (with pairs in nested list)
d = dict(zip(["one","two","three"], [1,2,3])) => Define dict with 2 different lists (1x keys and 1x values)
d["two"] => Access value with key element (error when the key is not in the dict)
d.get("two","N/A") => BETTER: Acesss value with get for key element (no error when the key is not in the dict - returns second parameter instead)
d.setdefault("two","N/A") => Access value - same as get - but also initialize the key when it is not in the dict - with the second parameter)
key = list(d.keys())[list(d.values()).index(v)] => Find key for specific value (v) in dict
list(d.keys()) => Read keys from dict to list
list(d.values()) => Read values from dict to list
len(d) => Count of entries in dict
"three" in d => Check if key is in dict (true / false)
d["four"] = 4 => New entry for dict (key = "four", value = 4)
del d["one"] => Delete specific key in dict
mydict[new_key] = mydict.pop(old_key) => Rename dict-keyname
combined_dict = {**d1, **d2} => Combine 2 dicts (if key is in both dicts - the second value will be taken)
if "xyz" in d: => Check if key is in dict
d2 = d => Copying a dict (all changes will be made in BOTH dicts)
d2 = d.copy() => Copying a dict (NOT WORKING with nested lists in the dict - use deepcopy!)
d2 = dict(d) => Copying a dict (NOT WORKING with nested lists in the dict - use deepcopy!)
d2 = copy.deepcopy(d) => Copying a dict (dicts will be handled seperate) - import copy necessary
d.update(d2) => Dict d get updated with d2 (all existing keys are overwritten - and new added)
for key in d.keys(): => Iterate through dict keys
for key in sorted(d.keys()): => Iterate through sorted dict keys ascending
for key in sorted(d.keys(),reverse=True): => Iterate through sorted dict keys descending
for val in d.values(): => Iterate through dict values
for key, val in d.items(): => Iterate through keys and values of the dict
d = {x[0]: x[1:] for x in l} => built dict with dict-comprehension
d = {k: v for k, v in sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)} => Sort dict descending according to values (=item[1])
d = {k: v for k, v in sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: x[0])} => Sort dict ascending according to keys (=item[0])
d = {k: v for k, v in sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: (-x[1],x[0]))} => Dict sorted: 1st value-desc (x[0]) - 2nd key-ascnd (-x[0])
l = sorted(d.items(), key=lambda e: e[1][2]) => Sort dict and output list, sorted according to the 3rd element of the list in the dict
l = sorted(d.items(), key=lambda e: e[1][2], reverse=True) => Sort dict and output list, sorted according to the 3rd element of the list in the dict - descending
d3 = {key: d1.get(key,0)+d2.get(key,0) for key in set(d1)|set(d2)} => Merge 2 dictionaries
=> save dict to pkl-file
""
import pickle
with open("fn.pkl", "wb") as f:
pickle.dump(dict, f)
""
=> read dict from pkl-file
""
import pickle
with open('fn.pkl', 'rb') as f:
d = pickle.load(f)
""
###### SETS
=> unordered, mutable, no duplicates
s=set() => Define empty set - {} would define a dict and not a set
s = {1,1,2,2,3,4} => Define set with content
s = set("Hello") => Define empty set - returns: {"o","l","H","e"}
s2 = {1,7,8} => Define second set
s.add(5) => Add element in set1
s.update([10,11,12]) => Add several elements to set1
s & s2 => Intersection of 2 sets (same as: s.intersection(s2))
s | s2 => Untion of 2 sets (same as: s.union(s2))
s - s2 => Difference of 2 sets (same as: s.difference(s2))
s <= s2 => True if s is subset from s2 (same as: s.issubset(s2))
3 in s => Check if element is in set
s.clear() => Clear the set
s.pop() => Delete lowest elmeent in set
s.remove(5) => Delete element 5 from set - but key error possible
s.discard(5) => Delete element 5 from set - NO key error possible
for i in s: => Iterate through set content
s2 = s1 => Copying a set (all changes will be made in BOTH sets)
s2 = s.copy() => Copying a set (set will be handled seperate)
s2 = set(s) => Copying a set 2nd method (set will be handled seperate)
s = frozenset(1,2,3) => Define a frozenset - no changes are possible in the set - union, intersection aso. will work
s = {x for x in l} => Create a set with set-comprehension form a list as basis
###### CONTROL STRUCTURES and ITERATIONS
=> If / elif / else
""
if x > 10: pass
elif x > 10: pass
else: pass
""
if (10 < a < 20)... => Use 2 conditions in one line (instead of (a>10 and a<20)
if a<10 & b>10 & c==4... => Connecting different control structures with logical and &
for i in range(5): => 5 iterations from 0 to 4
for i in range(0, 5, 1) => 5 iterations from 0 to 4 (start, end, step)
for i in range(4, -1, -1) => Iterations descending from 4 to 0
while x < 4: => While loop with break condition
while True: => Endless while loop - has to be exited with break
break => Break loop completely
continue => Break actual loop run - continue with next loop run
###### FUNCTIONS, DECORATORS
=> description of the function in form of a docstring
""
def printNumAbbr(value):
'''
eg. Make abbreviaton for numeric value in thousands (K), millions (M), billions (B) or trillions (T)
:param value: numeric value which should be abbreviated
:return: string value with maximum possible abbreviation
'''
""
=> Define function - with default value 0 if no input is given
""
def add(x=0,y=0):
erg = x+y # Calculation in function
return erg # Return value from the function
""
=> Optional argument in the funtction (first element is must - second optional)
""
def pet (animal,n1=None,n2="x")
pet("Cat") # Calling function with n1=None and n2 = "x"
pet("Cat","name") # Calling function with n1=name and n2 = "X"
pet("Cat",n2="xyz") # Calling function with n1=None and n2 = "xyz" (third parameter has to be named when calling)
""
=> Function with infinite arguments
""
def varargs(*args): print(args)
varargs(1,2,3) # Outputs (1,2,3)
def keyword_args(**kwargs):
print(kwargs)
keyword_args("a"=3, "b"=4) # Outputs {"a":3, "b":4}
""
=> decorator template
""
def my_decorator(func): # Define decorator
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): # Decorator with * arguments
#Do... # Do something before the functions
result=func(*args,**kwargs) # Run the function
#Do... # Do something after the functions
return result # Return the results from the function
return wrapper
""
=> decorator
""
extend behaviour of a function with a decorators
def start_end_decorator(func): # Define the decorator with function "func" as input-parameter
def wrapper(): # Inside the decorator a wrapper function has to be defined
print("Start") # Decorated code which is executed before the core code from the function
func() # Calling the function itself
print("End") # Decorated code which is executed after the core code from the function
return wrapper # Results from the decorator have to be given back
@start_end_decorator # Defines this decorator for the following function "print_name"
def print_name(): # Normal content of the function
print("xyz") # Core functionality of the function
print_name() # Now when the function is executed - outputs not only "xyz" - also "Start" before and "End" after
""
=> decorator with function arguments
""
def start_end_decorator(func): # Define the decorator with function "func" as input-parameter
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): # Inside the decorator a wrapper function has to be defined
print("Start") # Decorated code which is executed before the core code from the function
result = (*args,**kwargs) # Calling the function itself
print("End ") # Decorated code which is executed after the core code from the function
return result
return wrapper # Results from the decorator have to be given back
@start_end_decorator # Defines this decorator for the following function "add5"
def add5(x): # Normal content of the function with one argument
return x + 5 # Core functionality of the function
result = add5(10) # Outputs "Start" => "End" => 15
print(result)
""
###### GENERATORS, YIELD
=> very memory efficient
=> Defines the generator with 3 yield statements
""
def mygenerator():
yield 3
yield 2
yield 1
""
g = mygenerator() => Creates the generator and stores in g (=generator type)
for i in g: print(i) => Outputs 3,2,1
print(next(g)) => Outputs 3
print(next(g)) => Outputs 2
sum(g) => Sum-Function can also use a generator => result is 6
sorted(g) => Sorted-Function can use generator => returns list with sorted elements [1,2,3]
###### EXCEPTIONS
=> try / except
""
try:
a = 5 / 0
except FileNotFoundError as error:
print(f"File not found with this error:)
print("Exception: ",error) # Prints exception "division by zero"
except Exception as error:
print(f"Problems finding file {fn} - skipped...")
continue
""
=> assert / raise
""
x = -5
assert (x>=0), "x is not positive" # Checks / Assert some condition => prints "x is not positive"
if x<0: raise Exception("x should positive") # Raises an exception => prints "Exception: x should be positive"
""
###### LAMBDA, MAP, FILTER
add10 = lambda x: x+10 => functions with one argument - add10(5) => 15
mult = lambda x,y: x*y => functions with two arguments for multiplying - mult(2,7) => 14
=> p = [(1,2),(15,1),(5,-1),(10,4)]
sorted(p) => output is sorted with first element then second element => [(1,2),(5,-1),(10,4),(15,1)]
sorted(p,key=lambda x:x[1]) => output is sorted by the second element => [(5,-1),(15,1),(1,2),(10,4)]
sorted(p,key=lambda x:x[0]+x[1]) => output is sorted by the sum of both => [(1,2),(5,-1),(10,4),(15,1)]
=> a = [1,2,3,4,5]
list(map(lambda x: x*2,a)) => list is mapped with the lambda function => [2,4,6,8,10]
c=[x*2 for x in a] => also possible with list comprehension => [2,4,6,8,10]
list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0,a)) => list is filtered with lambda for even numbers => [2,4]
c=[x for x in a if x%2==0] => also possible with list comprehension => [2,4]
###### CLASSES, DATACLASSES
=> Define a class
""
class Human(object):
species = "Homo Sapiens" # Fix variable / class variable for all instances of the class
def __init__(self,name): # Constructor - automatically applied when an instance is created
self.name = name # Name is assigned to the instance of the classe (self.)
self.tresor = [] # Tresor is assigned as list to the instance of the class (self.)
def say(self, msg): # Methode of the class
return "{name}: {message}".format(name=self.name, message=msg)
elf.tresor.append(msg) # Tesor of the instance gets a new value in the list
@classmethod # Class methode - is used by all instances
def get_species(cls):
return cls.species
@staticmethod # Static methode - is called without class or method
def grunt():
return "*grunt*"
""
i = Human(name="Ian") => Create instance of the class
print(i.say("Hi")) => Call the methode of the class (output: "Ian: Hi")
j = Human(name="Joel") => Create additonal instance of the class
print(i.say("Hallo")) => Call the methode of the class (output: "Joel: Hallo")
i.get_species() => Output "Homo Sapiens"
j.get_species() => Same output "Homo Sapiens"
Human.species = "Was Neues" => Change of the class variable - applies for all instances
Human.grunt() => Aufruf der statischen Methode => Ausgabe: "*grunt*"
=> Dataclasses
""
from dataclasses import dataclass # import dataclass necessary
@dataclass # define a dataclass
class Coordinate: # class is defined an need NO __init__, __repr__, __eq__
x: int # __init__ no necessary - values get assigned automatically
y: int = 10 # __repr__ print for the string-represantion is automatic => Coordinate(x=4, y=5)
a = Coordinate(4, 5)
@dataclass (frozen=True) # defines a unmutable instance
asdict(dc) # converts the dataclass to a dict
astuple(dc) # converts the dataclass to a tuple
""
###### TXT FILES
with open ("fn.txt","r") as f: print(f.read() => Read textfile - and print it
with open ("fn.txt","r+") as f: print(f.read() => Open File for Read and Write
=> Read textfile - stored in list per line
""
with open(fn, encoding="mac_roman", errors="ignore") as f:
lines = f.read().splitlines()
""
=> Read json textfile to dict
""
with open(fn, encoding="mac_roman", errors="ignore") as data:
info = json.load(data)
""
=> Write txtfile - from list
""
fn = "".join(i for i in wTitle if i not in "\/:*?<>|" and i not in '"')
with open(fn, "w", encoding="mac_roman", errors="ignore") as f:
lines = f.writelines(["Hello\n", "World", "NextLine"])
""
=> Write txtfile - from string
""
fn = "".join(i for i in wTitle if i not in "\/:*?<>|" and i not in '"')
with open(fn, "w", encoding="mac_roman", errors="ignore") as f:
f.write("some text")
""
=> Write only a max-size in a txt-file (eg. only a maximum of 50kb will be written)
""
maxSize = 50*1024 # 50kb in bytes
totalSize = 0
fn = "".join(i for i in wTitle if i not in "\/:*?<>|" and i not in '"')
with open(fn, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
for l in foundText.split("\n"):
sizeLine = len(l.encode('utf-8'))
if totalSize + sizeLine > maxSize:
print("Reached the maximum file size limit. Stopping further writes.")
break
f.write(l)
totalSize += sizeLine
""
with open("fn.txt","a") as obj: obj.write("\nNoch ein Text") => Append text in the next line
if os.path.exists(fn) == False: => Check if file allready exists
with open (fn,"a") as f: f.write("init") => Create and initialize file when not exisiting
f.read() => Read content to string
f.seek(0) => Set the current postion in the file to beginning
f.write(s) => Write s to the f-file opened
=> Try/Except - checks if file can be saved
""
while True:
try: # otherwise outputs a error message
writer.save ()
break
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error happened: {e}")
traceback.print_exc() # Outputs the detailed error message
input ("File Open not possible - pls close and press <Enter>")
""
###### JSON FORMAT
import json => Import json-module
fn = "numbers.json" => Assign JSON-filename
with open(fn) as data: info = json.load(data) => Convert json to dict
json_format = json.dumps(d,indent=2) => Convert / Encode a dict to a json-file (with indent for better reading)
json_format = json.dumps(d,sort_keys=True) => Convert / Encode a dict to a json-file (with sorting the keys)
person = json.loads(json_format) => Convert / Decode a json-file to a dict
with open(fn.json,"r") as data: d=json.load(file) => Reading information in json-format
print(json.dumps(erg, indent=4, sort_keys=True)) => Pretty-Print formatted json-file
=> UTF8-errors