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README.txt
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
= Monte Carlo eXtreme (MCX) =
CUDA Edition
---------------------------------------------------------------------
*Author: Qianqian Fang <q.fang at neu.edu>
*License: GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3)
*Version: 1.9.0 (v2021.2, Glossy Gluon)
*Website: http://mcx.space
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Table of Content:
<toc>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
== # What's New ==
MCX v2021.2 introduces a major new feature - split-voxel MC (SVMC),
published in Biomedical Optics Express recently by Shijie Yan and
Qianqian Fang, see Yan2020 for details. Shortly, SVMC provides a level
of accuracy close to mesh-based MC (MMC) in modeling curved boundaries
but it is 4x to 6x faster than MMC. Several demo scripts of SVMC can
be found in the MCXLAB package under `examples/demo_svmc_*`. Moreover,
MCX v2021.2 provides Debian/Ubuntu packages for easy installation on
these platforms for the first time. In addition, several bugs have
been fixed.
* Introduced Split voxel MC (SVMC) to accurately model curved boundaries
* Added Debian/Ubuntu packages for easy installation
* Added a unified command line interface, photon, to call mcx/mcxcl/mmc
* Fine-tuned Windows installer
* Support CMake in Travis-CI automation
A detailed list of updates is summarized below (key features marked with “*”):
* 2021-02-27 [a3b8457]*open/import JSON input file in MCX Studio
* 2021-01-07 [9811c83] reorder the input data layout to match the change in preprocessing
* 2020-10-22 [991910e] add function comment and revert unnecessary changes
* 2020-10-22 [3343338]*add benchmarks from SVMC paper to mcxlab
* 2020-10-19 [de87cbf] resolve code alignment issue
* 2020-10-18 [5acd287] fix photon detection issue for SVMC mode (by Shijie Yan)
* 2020-10-18 [61dbf63] fix ray-tracing issue after the initial template implementation
* 2020-10-17 [fbb4f8c] initial implementation of template for SVMC mode (by Shijie Yan)
* 2020-10-08 [dad83c6] resolve conflict between two branches to elimate mismatch in demo_focus_mirror_bc.m
* 2020-10-08 [fb61782]*sync master branch into nuvox(SVMC) branch (by Shijie Yan)
* 2020-09-20 [75f08c5] remove empty depends
* 2020-09-20 [fa98229] fix incorrect dependency
* 2020-09-20 [d748d29] add octave package files for mcxlab and mcxtools
* 2020-09-16 [cf3b1f0] fix typo, change default exe path
* 2020-09-16 [15e9946]*fix warnings found by debian packaging at https://mentors.debian.net/package/mcx/
* 2020-09-16 [04bb0e7] add man pages for other binaries
* 2020-09-14 [aca9f97] remove additional debian packging warnings
* 2020-09-14 [ce4e341] add desktop icon files
* 2020-09-14 [eb0aa9f] allow new lines in string values in json
* 2020-09-14 [4b1301a] set default exe folder to /usr/libexec, fall back to ~/bin/
* 2020-09-14 [643e4a1]*add photon as unified cmd for mcx/mcxcl/mmc,polish for debian packaging
* 2020-09-14 [a67bc6d] updates to ease debian packaging
* 2020-09-08 [8983305] Inno Installer Setup paths and file details fixed
* 2020-09-07 [a6bc5a9] another attempt to fix #105
* 2020-09-07 [ca303dd] change default shortcut group name, fix #105
* 2020-09-06 [0313d4c] install mcxstudio to 64bit folder, close #105
* 2020-09-04 [37b4914] add demo script for mirror bc
* 2020-09-04 [e561890] make mcxplotvol work in matlab 2010 or earlier
* 2020-09-04 [9518cfa] handle mirror bc correctly, close #104
* 2020-09-04 [64896aa]*reset pattern center position following a failed launch, fix #103
* 2020-09-02 [5af2e76] fix -geometry 0x0 error, see https://forum.lazarus.freepascal.org/index.php?topic=40593.0
* 2020-09-01 [dd4be78] add cubesph60b to match example/benchmark2
* 2020-08-30 [971ffac] fix extended ascii letters
* 2020-08-29 [6eb9596] update mcxcreate.m, add mcxplotshapes.m to render json shapes
* 2020-08-29 [0199dad] clean up code and add comments for SVMC
* 2020-08-29 [94d55a7]*add mcxcreate, force mcxlab return one output
* 2020-08-28 [d917751] give an error for unsupported single dash option
* 2020-08-28 [093c9ba]*add pre-processing for SVMC mode
* 2020-08-28 [a79e116] add mode delphi in carbon unit
* 2020-08-27 [63e5a5f] handle det radii less than or equal to 0.5, fix #101
* 2020-08-27 [8f93ee2] fix make mex link error
* 2020-08-26 [65f0fe4] fix issrcfrom0 offset
* 2020-08-26 [79f9d70]*multiply voxelsize with det radius
* 2020-08-26 [d5c3c11] fix mcxpreview det radis issue, require srcpos and tend in mcxlab
* 2020-08-24 [1af5507] avoid error on mac
* 2020-08-24 [2fce8e5] add missing carbon unit for mac
* 2020-08-24 [6f11857] add command line option cheatsheet
* 2020-08-24 [5046de0] fix cmake command
* 2020-08-24 [cea663b] test cmake in travis
* 2020-08-24 [782b4a3] massive update of documentation
* 2020-08-24 [041e386] massive update to README to describe all output formats
Between 2020 and 2021, two new journal papers have been published as the
result of this project, including [Yan2020]. Please see the full list at
http://mcx.space/#publication
* [Yan2020] Shijie Yan and Qianqian Fang* (2020), "Hybrid mesh and voxel
based Monte Carlo algorithm for accurate and efficient photon transport
modeling in complex bio-tissues," Biomed. Opt. Express, 11(11) pp. 6262-6270.
https://www.osapublishing.org/boe/abstract.cfm?uri=boe-11-11-6262
---------------------------------------------------------------------
== # Introduction ==
Monte Carlo eXtreme (MCX) is a fast photon transport simulation software for 3D
heterogeneous turbid media. By taking advantage of the massively parallel
threads and extremely low memory latency in a modern graphics processing unit
(GPU), MCX is capable of performing Monte Carlo (MC) photon simulations at a
blazing speed, typically hundreds to a thousand times faster than a fully
optimized CPU-based MC implementation.
The algorithm of this software is detailed in the References
[Fang2009,Yu2018,Yan2020]. A short summary of the main features includes:
* 3D heterogeneous media represented by voxelated array
* support over a dozen source forms, including wide-field and pattern illuminations
* boundary reflection support
* time-resolved photon transport simulations
* saving photon partial path lengths and trajectories
* optimized random number generators
* build-in flux/fluence normalization to output Green's functions
* user adjustable voxel resolution
* improved accuracy with atomic operations
* cross-platform graphical user interface
* native Matlab/Octave support for high usability
* flexible JSON interface for future extensions
* multi-GPU support
This software can be used on Windows, Linux and Mac OS. MCX is written in C/CUDA
and requires an NVIDIA GPU (support for AMD/Intel CPUs/GPUs via ROCm is still
under development). A more portable OpenCL implementation of MCX, i.e. MCXCL,
was announced on July, 2012 and supports almost all NVIDIA/AMD/Intel CPU and GPU
models. If your hardware does not support CUDA, please download MCXCL from the
below URL:
http://mcx.space/wiki/index.cgi?Learn#mcxcl
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
== # Requirement and Installation ==
Please read this section carefully. The majority of failures using MCX were
found related to incorrect installation of NVIDIA GPU driver.
Please browse http://mcx.space/#documentation for step-by-step
instructions.
For MCX-CUDA, the requirements for using this software include
* a CUDA capable NVIDIA graphics card
* pre-installed NVIDIA graphics driver
You must install a CUDA capable NVIDIA graphics card in order to use
MCX. A list of CUDA capable cards can be found at [2]. The oldest
graphics card that MCX supports is the Fermi series (circa 2010).
Using the latest NVIDIA card is expected to produce the best
speed. You must have a fermi (GTX 4xx) or newer
(5xx/6xx/7xx/9xx/10xx/20xx series) graphics card. The default release
of MCX supports atomic operations and photon detection.
In the below webpage, we summarized the speed differences
between different generations of NVIDIA GPUs
http://mcx.space/gpubench/
For simulations with large volumes, sufficient graphics memory
is also required to perform the simulation. The minimum amount of
graphics memory required for a MC simulation is Nx*Ny*Nz
bytes for the input tissue data plus Nx*Ny*Nz*Ng*4 bytes for
the output flux/fluence data - where Nx,Ny,Nz are the dimensions of the
tissue volume, Ng is the number of concurrent time gates, 4 is
the size of a single-precision floating-point number.
MCX does not require double-precision capability in your hardware.
To install MCX, you need to download the binary executable compiled for your
computer architecture (32 or 64bit) and platform, extract the package
and run the executable under the <mcx root>/bin directory.
For Windows users, you must make sure you have installed the appropriate
NVIDIA driver for your GPU. You should also configure your OS to run
CUDA simulations. This requires you to open the mcx/setup/win64 folder
using your file explorer, right-click on the "apply_timeout_registry_fix.bat"
file and select "Run as administrator". After confirmation, you should
see a windows command window with message
<pre>
Patching your registry
Done
Press any key to continue ...
</pre>
You MUST REBOOT your Windows computer to make this setting effective.
The above patch modifies your driver settings so that you can run MCX
simulations for longer than a few seconds. Otherwise, when running MCX
for over a few seconds, you will get a CUDA error: "unspecified error".
Please see the below link for details
http://mcx.space/wiki/index.cgi?Doc/FAQ#I_am_getting_a_kernel_launch_timed_out_error_what_is_that
If you use Linux, you may enable Intel integrated GPU (iGPU) for display while
leaving your NVIDIA GPU dedicated for computing using `nvidia-prime`, see
https://forums.developer.nvidia.com/t/solved-run-cuda-on-dedicated-nvidia-gpu-while-connecting-monitors-to-intel-hd-graphics-is-this-possible/47690/6
or choose one of the 4 other approaches in this blog post
https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/3029/~/using-cuda-and-x
== # Running Simulations ==
To run a simulation, the minimum input is a configuration (text) file, and, if
the input file does not contain built-in domain shape descriptions, an external
volume file (a binary file with a specified voxel format via `-K/--mediabyte`).
Typing `mcx` without any parameters prints the help information and a list of
supported parameters, as shown below:
<pre>###############################################################################
# Monte Carlo eXtreme (MCX) -- CUDA #
# Copyright (c) 2009-2021 Qianqian Fang <q.fang at neu.edu> #
# http://mcx.space/ #
# #
# Computational Optics & Translational Imaging (COTI) Lab- http://fanglab.org #
# Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA #
###############################################################################
# The MCX Project is funded by the NIH/NIGMS under grant R01-GM114365 #
###############################################################################
$Rev::e8fdb3$v2021.2$Date::2021-02-07 16:04:46 -05$ by $Author::Qianqian Fang $
###############################################################################
usage: mcx <param1> <param2> ...
where possible parameters include (the first value in [*|*] is the default)
== Required option ==
-f config (--input) read an input file in .json or .inp format
if the string starts with '{', it is parsed as
an inline JSON input file
or
--bench ['cube60','skinvessel',..] run a buint-in benchmark specified by name
run --bench without parameter to get a list
== MC options ==
-n [0|int] (--photon) total photon number (exponential form accepted)
max accepted value:9.2234e+18 on 64bit systems
-r [1|+/-int] (--repeat) if positive, repeat by r times,total= #photon*r
if negative, divide #photon into r subsets
-b [1|0] (--reflect) 1 to reflect photons at ext. boundary;0 to exit
-B '______' (--bc) per-face boundary condition (BC), 6 letters for
/case insensitive/ bounding box faces at -x,-y,-z,+x,+y,+z axes;
overwrite -b if given.
each letter can be one of the following:
'_': undefined, fallback to -b
'r': like -b 1, Fresnel reflection BC
'a': like -b 0, total absorption BC
'm': mirror or total reflection BC
'c': cyclic BC, enter from opposite face
if input contains additional 6 letters,
the 7th-12th letters can be:
'0': do not use this face to detect photon, or
'1': use this face for photon detection (-d 1)
the order of the faces for letters 7-12 is
the same as the first 6 letters
eg: --bc ______010 saves photons exiting at y=0
-u [1.|float] (--unitinmm) defines the length unit for the grid edge
-U [1|0] (--normalize) 1 to normalize flux to unitary; 0 save raw
-E [0|int|mch](--seed) set random-number-generator seed, -1 to generate
if an mch file is followed, MCX "replays"
the detected photon; the replay mode can be used
to calculate the mua/mus Jacobian matrices
-z [0|1] (--srcfrom0) 1 volume origin is [0 0 0]; 0: origin at [1 1 1]
-k [1|0] (--voidtime) when src is outside, 1 enables timer inside void
-Y [0|int] (--replaydet) replay only the detected photons from a given
detector (det ID starts from 1), used with -E
if 0, replay all detectors and sum all Jacobians
if -1, replay all detectors and save separately
-V [0|1] (--specular) 1 source located in the background,0 inside mesh
-e [0.|float] (--minenergy) minimum energy level to trigger Russian roulette
-g [1|int] (--gategroup) number of maximum time gates per run
== GPU options ==
-L (--listgpu) print GPU information only
-t [16384|int](--thread) total thread number
-T [64|int] (--blocksize) thread number per block
-A [1|int] (--autopilot) 1 let mcx decide thread/block size, 0 use -T/-t
-G [0|int] (--gpu) specify which GPU to use, list GPU by -L; 0 auto
or
-G '1101' (--gpu) using multiple devices (1 enable, 0 disable)
-W '50,30,20' (--workload) workload for active devices; normalized by sum
-I (--printgpu) print GPU information and run program
--atomic [1|0] 1: use atomic operations to avoid thread racing
0: do not use atomic operation (not recommended)
== Input options ==
-P '{...}' (--shapes) a JSON string for additional shapes in the grid.
only the root object named 'Shapes' is parsed
and added to the existing domain defined via -f
or --bench
-j '{...}' (--json) a JSON string for modifying all input settings.
this input can be used to modify all existing
settings defined by -f or --bench
-K [1|int|str](--mediabyte) volume data format, use either a number or a str
1 or byte: 0-128 tissue labels
2 or short: 0-65535 (max to 4000) tissue labels
4 or integer: integer tissue labels
99 or labelplus: 32bit composite voxel format
100 or muamus_float: 2x 32bit floats for mua/mus
101 or mua_float: 1 float per voxel for mua
102 or muamus_half: 2x 16bit float for mua/mus
103 or asgn_byte: 4x byte gray-levels for mua/s/g/n
104 or muamus_short: 2x short gray-levels for mua/s
-a [0|1] (--array) 1 for C array (row-major); 0 for Matlab array
== Output options ==
-s sessionid (--session) a string to label all output file names
-O [X|XFEJPM] (--outputtype) X - output flux, F - fluence, E - energy density
/case insensitive/ J - Jacobian (replay mode), P - scattering,
event counts at each voxel (replay mode only)
M - momentum transfer;
-d [1|0] (--savedet) 1 to save photon info at detectors; 0 not save
-w [DP|DSPMXVW](--savedetflag)a string controlling detected photon data fields
/case insensitive/ 1 D output detector ID (1)
2 S output partial scat. even counts (#media)
4 P output partial path-lengths (#media)
8 M output momentum transfer (#media)
16 X output exit position (3)
32 V output exit direction (3)
64 W output initial weight (1)
combine multiple items by using a string, or add selected numbers together
by default, mcx only saves detector ID and partial-path data
-x [0|1] (--saveexit) 1 to save photon exit positions and directions
setting -x to 1 also implies setting '-d' to 1.
same as adding 'XV' to -w.
-X [0|1] (--saveref) 1 to save diffuse reflectance at the air-voxels
right outside of the domain; if non-zero voxels
appear at the boundary, pad 0s before using -X
-m [0|1] (--momentum) 1 to save photon momentum transfer,0 not to save.
same as adding 'M' to the -w flag
-q [0|1] (--saveseed) 1 to save photon RNG seed for replay; 0 not save
-M [0|1] (--dumpmask) 1 to dump detector volume masks; 0 do not save
-H [1000000] (--maxdetphoton) max number of detected photons
-S [1|0] (--save2pt) 1 to save the flux field; 0 do not save
-F [mc2|...] (--outputformat) fluence data output format:
mc2 - MCX mc2 format (binary 32bit float)
jnii - JNIfTI format (http://openjdata.org)
bnii - Binary JNIfTI (http://openjdata.org)
nii - NIfTI format
hdr - Analyze 7.5 hdr/img format
tx3 - GL texture data for rendering (GL_RGBA32F)
the bnii/jnii formats support compression (-Z) and generate small files
load jnii (JSON) and bnii (UBJSON) files using below lightweight libs:
MATLAB/Octave: JNIfTI toolbox https://github.com/fangq/jnifti,
MATLAB/Octave: JSONLab toolbox https://github.com/fangq/jsonlab,
Python: PyJData: https://pypi.org/project/jdata
JavaScript: JSData: https://github.com/fangq/jsdata
-Z [zlib|...] (--zip) set compression method if -F jnii or --dumpjson
is used (when saving data to JSON/JNIfTI format)
0 zlib: zip format (moderate compression,fast)
1 gzip: gzip format (compatible with *.gz)
2 base64: base64 encoding with no compression
3 lzip: lzip format (high compression,very slow)
4 lzma: lzma format (high compression,very slow)
5 lz4: LZ4 format (low compression,extrem. fast)
6 lz4hc: LZ4HC format (moderate compression,fast)
--dumpjson [-,0,1,'file.json'] export all settings, including volume data using
JSON/JData (http://openjdata.org) format for
easy sharing; can be reused using -f
if followed by nothing or '-', mcx will print
the JSON to the console; write to a file if file
name is specified; by default, prints settings
after pre-processing; '--dumpjson 2' prints
raw inputs before pre-processing
== User IO options ==
-h (--help) print this message
-v (--version) print MCX revision number
-l (--log) print messages to a log file instead
-i (--interactive) interactive mode
== Debug options ==
-D [0|int] (--debug) print debug information (you can use an integer
or or a string by combining the following flags)
-D [''|RMP] 1 R debug RNG
/case insensitive/ 2 M store photon trajectory info
4 P print progress bar
combine multiple items by using a string, or add selected numbers together
== Additional options ==
--root [''|string] full path to the folder storing the input files
--gscatter [1e9|int] after a photon completes the specified number of
scattering events, mcx then ignores anisotropy g
and only performs isotropic scattering for speed
--internalsrc [0|1] set to 1 to skip entry search to speedup launch
--maxvoidstep [1000|int] maximum distance (in voxel unit) of a photon that
can travel before entering the domain, if
launched outside (i.e. a widefield source)
--maxjumpdebug [10000000|int] when trajectory is requested (i.e. -D M),
use this parameter to set the maximum positions
stored (default: 1e7)
== Example ==
example: (list built-in benchmarks)
mcx --bench
or (list supported GPUs on the system)
mcx -L
or (use multiple devices - 1st,2nd and 4th GPUs - together with equal load)
mcx --bench cube60b -n 1e7 -G 1101 -W 10,10,10
or (use inline domain definition)
mcx -f input.json -P '{"Shapes":[{"ZLayers":[[1,10,1],[11,30,2],[31,60,3]]}]}'
or (use inline json setting modifier)
mcx -f input.json -j '{"Optode":{"Source":{"Type":"isotropic"}}}'
or (dump simulation in a single json file)
mcx --bench cube60planar --dumpjson
</pre>
To further illustrate the command line options, below one can find a sample command
mcx -A 0 -t 16384 -T 64 -n 1e7 -G 1 -f input.json -r 2 -s test -g 10 -d 1 -w dpx -b 1
the command above asks mcx to manually (`-A 0`) set GPU threads, and launch 16384
GPU threads (`-t`) with every 64 threads a block (`-T`); a total of 1e7 photons (`-n`)
are simulated by the first GPU (`-G 1`) and repeat twice (`-r`) - i.e. total 2e7 photons;
the media/source configuration will be read from a JSON file named `input.json`
(`-f`) and the output will be labeled with the session id “test” (`-s`); the
simulation will run 10 concurrent time gates (`-g`) if the GPU memory can not
simulate all desired time gates at once. Photons passing through the defined
detector positions are saved for later rescaling (`-d`), and the saved photon
data include detector id (letter 'd' in -w), partial path (letter 'p' in -w)
and exit position (letter 'x' in -w); refractive index mismatch is considered
at media boundaries (`-b`).
Historically, MCX supports an extended version of the input file format (.inp)
used by tMCimg. However, we are phasing out the .inp support and strongly
encourage users to adopt JSON formatted (.json) input files. Many of the
advanced MCX options are only supported in the JSON input format.
A legacy .inp MCX input file looks like this:
<pre>
1000000 # total photon, use -n to overwrite in the command line
29012392 # RNG seed, negative to generate, use -E to overwrite
30.0 30.0 0.0 1 # source position (in grid unit), the last num (optional) sets --srcfrom0 (-z)
0 0 1 0 # initial directional vector, 4th number is the focal-length, 0 for collimated beam, nan for isotropic
0.e+00 1.e-09 1.e-10 # time-gates(s): start, end, step
semi60x60x60.bin # volume ('unsigned char' binary format, or specified by -K/--mediabyte)
1 60 1 60 # x voxel size in mm (isotropic only), dim, start/end indices
1 60 1 60 # y voxel size, must be same as x, dim, start/end indices
1 60 1 60 # y voxel size, must be same as x, dim, start/end indices
1 # num of media
1.010101 0.01 0.005 1.37 # scat. mus (1/mm), g, mua (1/mm), n
4 1.0 # detector number and default radius (in grid unit)
30.0 20.0 0.0 2.0 # detector 1 position (real numbers in grid unit) and individual radius (optional)
30.0 40.0 0.0 # ..., if individual radius is ignored, MCX will use the default radius
20.0 30.0 0.0 #
40.0 30.0 0.0 #
pencil # source type (optional)
0 0 0 0 # parameters (4 floats) for the selected source
0 0 0 0 # additional source parameters
</pre>
Note that the scattering coefficient mus=musp/(1-g).
The volume file (semi60x60x60.bin in the above example),
can be read in two ways by MCX: row-major[3] or column-major
depending on the value of the user parameter "-a". If the volume file
was saved using matlab or fortran, the byte order is column-major,
and you should use "-a 0" or leave it out of the command line.
If it was saved using the fwrite() in C, the order is row-major,
and you can either use "-a 1".
You may replace the binary volume file by a JSON-formatted shape file.
Please refer to Section V for details.
The time gate parameter is specified by three numbers:
start time, end time and time step size (in seconds). In
the above example, the configuration specifies a total time
window of [0 1] ns, with a 0.1 ns resolution. That means the
total number of time gates is 10.
MCX provides an advanced option, -g, to run simulations when
the GPU memory is limited. It specifies how many time gates to simulate
concurrently (when the GPU does not have sufficient memory to simulate
all desired time gates all together). Users may want to limit that number
to less than the total number specified in the input file - and by default
it runs one gate at a time in a single simulation. But if there's
enough memory based on the memory requirement in Section II, you can
simulate all 10 time gates (from the above example) concurrently by using
"-g 10" in which case you have to make sure the video card has at least
60*60*60*10*5=10MB of free memory. If you do not include the -g,
MCX will assume you want to simulate just 1 time gate at a time..
If you specify a time-gate number greater than the total number in the
input file, (e.g, "-g 20") MCX will stop when the 10 time-gates are
completed. If you use the autopilot mode (-A), then the time-gates
are automatically estimated for you.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
== # Using JSON-formatted input files ==
Starting from version 0.7.9, MCX accepts a JSON-formatted input file in
addition to the legacy .inp input files. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
is a portable, human-readable and "fat-free" text format to represent
complex and hierarchical data. Using the JSON format makes a input file
self-explanatory, extensible and easy-to-interface with other applications
(like MATLAB and Python).
A sample JSON input file can be found under the examples/quicktest
folder. The same file, qtest.json, is also shown below:
<pre>
{
"Help": {
"[en]": {
"Domain::VolumeFile": "file full path to the volume description file, can be a binary or JSON file",
"Domain::Dim": "dimension of the data array stored in the volume file",
"Domain::OriginType": "similar to --srcfrom0, 1 if the origin is [0 0 0], 0 if it is [1.0,1.0,1.0]",
"Domain::LengthUnit": "define the voxel length in mm, similar to --unitinmm",
"Domain::Media": "the first medium is always assigned to voxels with a value of 0 or outside of
the volume, the second row is for medium type 1, and so on. mua and mus must
be in 1/mm unit",
"Session::Photons": "if -n is not specified in the command line, this defines the total photon number",
"Session::ID": "if -s is not specified in the command line, this defines the output file name stub",
"Forward::T0": "the start time of the simulation, in seconds",
"Forward::T1": "the end time of the simulation, in seconds",
"Forward::Dt": "the width of each time window, in seconds",
"Optode::Source::Pos": "the grid position of the source, can be non-integers, in grid unit",
"Optode::Detector::Pos": "the grid position of a detector, can be non-integers, in grid unit",
"Optode::Source::Dir": "the unitary directional vector of the photon at launch",
"Optode::Source::Type": "source types, must be one of the following:
pencil,isotropic,cone,gaussian,planar,pattern,fourier,arcsine,disk,fourierx,fourierx2d,
zgaussian,line,slit,pencilarray,pattern3d",
"Optode::Source::Param1": "source parameters, 4 floating-point numbers",
"Optode::Source::Param2": "additional source parameters, 4 floating-point numbers"
}
},
"Domain": {
"VolumeFile": "semi60x60x60.bin",
"Dim": [60,60,60],
"OriginType": 1,
"LengthUnit": 1,
"Media": [
{"mua": 0.00, "mus": 0.0, "g": 1.00, "n": 1.0},
{"mua": 0.005,"mus": 1.0, "g": 0.01, "n": 1.0}
]
},
"Session": {
"Photons": 1000000,
"RNGSeed": 29012392,
"ID": "qtest"
},
"Forward": {
"T0": 0.0e+00,
"T1": 5.0e-09,
"Dt": 5.0e-09
},
"Optode": {
"Source": {
"Pos": [29.0, 29.0, 0.0],
"Dir": [0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
"Type": "pencil",
"Param1": [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
"Param2": [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
},
"Detector": [
{
"Pos": [29.0, 19.0, 0.0],
"R": 1.0
},
{
"Pos": [29.0, 39.0, 0.0],
"R": 1.0
},
{
"Pos": [19.0, 29.0, 0.0],
"R": 1.0
},
{
"Pos": [39.0, 29.0, 0.0],
"R": 1.0
}
]
}
}
</pre>
A JSON input file requiers several root objects, namely "Domain", "Session",
"Forward" and "Optode". Other root sections, like "Help", will be ignored.
Each object is a data structure providing information
indicated by its name. Each object can contain various sub-fields.
The orders of the fields in the same level are flexible. For each field,
you can always find the equivalent fields in the *.inp input files.
For example, The "VolumeFile" field under the "Domain" object
is the same as Line#6 in qtest.inp; the "RNGSeed" under "Session" is
the same as Line#2; the "Optode.Source.Pos" is the same as the
triplet in Line#3; the "Forward.T0" is the same as the first number
in Line#5, etc.
An MCX JSON input file must be a valid JSON text file. You can validate
your input file by running a JSON validator, for example http://jsonlint.com/
You should always use "" to quote a "name" and separate parallel
items by ",".
MCX accepts an alternative form of JSON input, but using it is not
recommended. In the alternative format, you can use <tt>"rootobj_name.field_name": value</tt>
to represent any parameter directly in the root level. For example
<pre>
{
"Domain.VolumeFile": "semi60x60x60.json",
"Session.Photons": 10000000,
...
}
</pre>
You can even mix the alternative format with the standard format.
If any input parameter has values in both formats in a single input
file, the standard-formatted value has higher priority.
To invoke the JSON-formatted input file in your simulations, you
can use the "-f" command line option with MCX, just like using an
.inp file. For example:
mcx -A 1 -n 20 -f onecube.json -s onecubejson
The input file must have a ".json" suffix in order for MCX to
recognize. If the input information is set in both command line,
and input file, the command line value has higher priority
(this is the same for .inp input files). For example, when
using "-n 20", the value set in "Session"/"Photons" is overwritten
to 20; when using "-s onecubejson", the "Session"/"ID" value is modified.
If your JSON input file is invalid, MCX will quit and point out
where the format is incorrect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
== # Using JSON-formatted shape description files ==
Starting from v0.7.9, MCX can also use a shape
description file in the place of the volume file.
Using a shape-description file can save you from making
a binary .bin volume. A shape file uses more descriptive
syntax and can be easily understood and shared with others.
Samples on how to use the shape files are included under
the example/shapetest folder.
The sample shape file, shapes.json, is shown below:
<pre>
{
"MCX_Shape_Command_Help":{
"Shapes::Common Rules": "Shapes is an array object. The Tag field sets the voxel value for each
region; if Tag is missing, use 0. Tag must be smaller than the maximum media number in the
input file.Most parameters are in floating-point (FP). If a parameter is a coordinate, it
assumes the origin is defined at the lowest corner of the first voxel, unless user overwrite
with an Origin object. The default origin of all shapes is initialized by user's --srcfrom0
setting: if srcfrom0=1, the lowest corner of the 1st voxel is [0,0,0]; otherwise, it is [1,1,1]",
"Shapes::Name": "Just for documentation purposes, not parsed in MCX",
"Shapes::Origin": "A floating-point (FP) triplet, set coordinate origin for the subsequent objects",
"Shapes::Grid": "Recreate the background grid with the given dimension (Size) and fill-value (Tag)",
"Shapes::Sphere": "A 3D sphere, centered at C0 with radius R, both have FP values",
"Shapes::Box": "A 3D box, with lower corner O and edge length Size, both have FP values",
"Shapes::SubGrid": "A sub-section of the grid, integer O- and Size-triplet, inclusive of both ends",
"Shapes::XLayers/YLayers/ZLayers": "Layered structures, defined by an array of integer triples:
[start,end,tag]. Ends are inclusive in MATLAB array indices. XLayers are perpendicular to x-axis, and so on",
"Shapes::XSlabs/YSlabs/ZSlabs": "Slab structures, consisted of a list of FP pairs [start,end]
both ends are inclusive in MATLAB array indices, all XSlabs are perpendicular to x-axis, and so on",
"Shapes::Cylinder": "A finite cylinder, defined by the two ends, C0 and C1, along the axis and a radius R",
"Shapes::UpperSpace": "A semi-space defined by inequality A*x+B*y+C*z>D, Coef is required, but not Equ"
},
"Shapes": [
{"Name": "Test"},
{"Origin": [0,0,0]},
{"Grid": {"Tag":1, "Size":[40,60,50]}},
{"Sphere": {"Tag":2, "O":[30,30,30],"R":20}},
{"Box": {"Tag":0, "O":[10,10,10],"Size":[10,10,10]}},
{"Subgrid": {"Tag":1, "O":[13,13,13],"Size":[5,5,5]}},
{"UpperSpace":{"Tag":3,"Coef":[1,-1,0,0],"Equ":"A*x+B*y+C*z>D"}},
{"XSlabs": {"Tag":4, "Bound":[[5,15],[35,40]]}},
{"Cylinder": {"Tag":2, "C0": [0.0,0.0,0.0], "C1": [15.0,8.0,10.0], "R": 4.0}},
{"ZLayers": [[1,10,1],[11,30,2],[31,50,3]]}
]
}
</pre>
A shape file must contain a "Shapes" object in the root level.
Other root-level fields are ignored. The "Shapes" object is a
JSON array, with each element representing a 3D object or
setting. The object-class commands include "Grid", "Sphere",
"Box" etc. Each of these object include a number of sub-fields
to specify the parameters of the object. For example, the
"Sphere" object has 3 subfields, "O", "R" and "Tag". Field "O"
has a value of 1x3 array, representing the center of the sphere;
"R" is a scalar for the radius; "Tag" is the voxel values.
The most useful command is "[XYZ]Layers". It contains a
series of integer triplets, specifying the starting index,
ending index and voxel value of a layered structure. If multiple
objects are included, the subsequent objects always overwrite
the overlapping regions covered by the previous objects.
There are a few ways for you to use shape description records
in your MCX simulations. You can save it to a JSON shape file, and
put the file name in Line#6 of your .inp file, or set as the
value for Domain.VolumeFile field in a .json input file.
In these cases, a shape file must have a suffix of .json.
You can also merge the Shapes section with a .json input file
by simply appending the Shapes section to the root-level object.
You can find an example, jsonshape_allinone.json, under
examples/shapetest. In this case, you no longer need to define
the "VolumeFile" field in the input.
Another way to use Shapes is to specify it using the -P (or --shapes)
command line flag. For example:
mcx -f input.json -P '{"Shapes":[{"ZLayers":[[1,10,1],[11,30,2],[31,60,3]]}]}'
This will first initialize a volume based on the settings in the
input .json file, and then rasterize new objects to the domain and
overwrite regions that are overlapping.
For both JSON-formatted input and shape files, you can use
the JSONlab toolbox [4] to load and process in MATLAB.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
== # Output data formats ==
MCX may produces several output files depending user's simulation settings.
Overall, MCX produces two types of outputs, 1) data accummulated within the
3D volume of the domain (volumetric output), and 2) data stored for each detected
photon (detected photon data).
=== Volumetric output ===
By default, MCX stores a 4D array denoting the fluence-rate at each voxel in
the volume, with a dimension of Nx*Ny*Nz*Ng, where Nx/Ny/Nz are the voxel dimension
of the domain, and Ng is the total number of time gates. The output data are
stored in the format of single-precision floating point numbers. One may choose
to output different physical quantities by setting the `-O` option. When the
flag `-X/--saveref` is used, the output volume may contain the total diffuse
reflectance only along the background-voxels adjacent to non-zero voxels.
A negative sign is added for the diffuse reflectance raw output to distinguish
it from the fuence data in the interior voxels.
When photon-sharing (simultaneous simulations of multiple patterns) or photon-replay
(the Jacobian of all source/detector pairs) is used, the output array may be extended
to a 5D array, with the left-most/fastest index being the number of patterns Ns (in the
case of photon-sharing) or src/det pairs (in replay), denoted as Ns.
Several data formats can be used to store the 3D/4D/5D volumetric output.
==== mc2 files ====
The `.mc2` format is simply a binary dump of the entire volumetric data output,
consisted of the voxel values (single-precision floating-point) of all voxels and
time gates. The file contains a continuous buffer of a single-precision (4-byte)
5D array of dimension `Ns*Nx*Ny*Nz*Ng`, with the fastest index being the left-most
dimension (i.e. column-major, similar to MATLAB/FORTRAN).
To load the mc2 file, one should call `loadmc2.m` and must provide explicitly
the dimensions of the data. This is because mc2 file does not contain the data
dimension information.
Saving to .mc2 volumetric file is depreciated as we are transitioning towards
JNIfTI/JData formatted outputs (.jnii).
==== nii files ====
The NIfTI-1 (.nii) format is widely used in neuroimaging and MRI community to
store and exchange ND numerical arrays. It contains a 352 byte header, followed
by the raw binary stream of the output data. In the header, the data dimension
information as well as other metadata is stored.
A .nii output file can be generated by using `-F nii` in the command line.
The .nii file is widely supported among data processing platforms, including
MATLAB and Python. For example
* niftiread.m/niftiwrite in MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox
* JNIfTI toolbox by Qianqian Fang (https://github.com/fangq/jnifti/tree/master/lib/matlab)
* PyNIfTI for Python http://niftilib.sourceforge.net/pynifti/intro.html
==== jnii files ====
The JNIfTI format represents the next-generation scientific data storage
and exchange standard and is part of the OpenJData initiative (http://openjdata.org)
led by the MCX author Dr. Qianqian Fang. The OpenJData project aims at developing
easy-to-parse, human-readable and easy-to-reuse data storage formats based on
the ubiquitously supported JSON/binary JSON formats and portable JData data annotation
keywords. In short, .jnii file is simply a JSON file with capability of storing
binary strongly-typed data with internal compression and built in metadata.
The format standard (Draft 1) of the JNIfTI file can be found at
https://github.com/fangq/jnifti
A .jnii output file can be generated by using `-F jnii` in the command line.
The .jnii file can be potentially read in nearly all programming languages
because it is 100% comaptible to the JSON format. However, to properly decode
the ND array with built-in compression, one should call JData compatible
libraries, which can be found at http://openjdata.org/wiki
Specifically, to parse/save .jnii files in MATLAB, you should use
* JSONLab for MATLAB (https://github.com/fangq/jsonlab) or install `octave-jsonlab` on Fedora/Debian/Ubuntu
* `jsonencode/jsondecode` in MATLAB + `jdataencode/jdatadecode` from JSONLab (https://github.com/fangq/jsonlab)
To parse/save .jnii files in Python, you should use
* PyJData module (https://pypi.org/project/jdata/) or install `python3-jdata` on Debian/Ubuntu
In Python, the volumetric data is loaded as a `dict` object where `data['NIFTIData']`
is a NumPy `ndarray` object storing the volumetric data.
==== bnii files ====
The binary JNIfTI file is also part of the JNIfTI specification and the OpenJData
project. In comparison to text-based JSON format, .bnii files can be much smaller
and faster to parse. The .bnii format is also defined in the BJData specification
https://github.com/fangq/bjdata
and is the binary interface to .jnii. A .bnii output file can be generated by
using `-F bnii` in the command line.
The .bnii file can be potentially read in nearly all programming languages
because it was based on UBJSON (Universal Binary JSON). However, to properly decode
the ND array with built-in compression, one should call JData compatible
libraries, which can be found at http://openjdata.org/wiki
Specifically, to parse/save .jnii files in MATLAB, you should use one of
* JSONLab for MATLAB (https://github.com/fangq/jsonlab) or install `octave-jsonlab` on Fedora/Debian/Ubuntu
* `jsonencode/jsondecode` in MATLAB + `jdataencode/jdatadecode` from JSONLab (https://github.com/fangq/jsonlab)
To parse/save .jnii files in Python, you should use
* PyJData module (https://pypi.org/project/jdata/) or install `python3-jdata` on Debian/Ubuntu
In Python, the volumetric data is loaded as a `dict` object where `data['NIFTIData']`
is a NumPy `ndarray` object storing the volumetric data.
=== Detected photon data ===
If one defines detectors, MCX is able to store a variety of photon data when a photon
is captured by these detectors. One can selectively store various supported data fields,
including partial pathlengths, exit position and direction, by using the `-w/--savedetflag`
flag. The storage of detected photon information is enabled by default, and can be
disabled using the `-d` flag.
The detected photon data are stored in a separate file from the volumetric output.
The supported data file formats are explained below.
==== mch files ====
The .mch file, or MC history file, is stored by default, but we strongly encourage users
to adpot the newly implemented JSON/.jdat format for easy data sharing.
The .mch file contains a 256 byte binary header, followed by a 2-D numerical array
of dimensions #savedphoton * #colcount as recorded in the header.
typedef struct MCXHistoryHeader{
char magic[4]; /**< magic bits= 'M','C','X','H' */
unsigned int version; /**< version of the mch file format */
unsigned int maxmedia; /**< number of media in the simulation */
unsigned int detnum; /**< number of detectors in the simulation */
unsigned int colcount; /**< how many output files per detected photon */
unsigned int totalphoton; /**< how many total photon simulated */
unsigned int detected; /**< how many photons are detected (not necessarily all saved) */
unsigned int savedphoton; /**< how many detected photons are saved in this file */
float unitinmm; /**< what is the voxel size of the simulation */
unsigned int seedbyte; /**< how many bytes per RNG seed */
float normalizer; /**< what is the normalization factor */
int respin; /**< if positive, repeat count so total photon=totalphoton*respin; if negative, total number is processed in respin subset */
unsigned int srcnum; /**< number of sources for simultaneous pattern sources */
unsigned int savedetflag; /**< number of sources for simultaneous pattern sources */
int reserved[2]; /**< reserved fields for future extension */
} History;
When the `-q` flag is set to 1, the detected photon initial seeds are also stored
following the detected photon data, consisting of a 2-D byte array of #savedphoton * #seedbyte.
To load the mch file, one should call `loadmch.m` in MATLAB/Octave.
Saving to .mch history file is depreciated as we are transitioning towards
JSON/JData formatted outputs (.jdat).
==== jdat files ====
When `-F jnii` is specified, instead of saving the detected photon into the legacy .mch format,
a .jdat file is written, which is a pure JSON file. This file contains a hierachical data
record of the following JSON structure
{
"MCXData": {
"Info":{
"Version":
"MediaNum":
"DetNum":
...
"Media":{
...
}
},
"PhotonData":{
"detid":
"nscat":
"ppath":
"mom":
"p":
"v":
"w0":
},
"Trajectory":{
"photonid":
"p":
"w0":
},
"Seed":[
...
]
}
}
where "Info" is required, and other subfields are optional depends on users' input.
Each subfield in this file may contain JData 1-D or 2-D array constructs to allow
storing binary and compressed data.
Although .jdat and .jnii have different suffix, they are both JSON/JData files and
can be opened/written by the same JData compatible libraries mentioned above, i.e.
For MATLAB
* JSONLab for MATLAB (https://github.com/fangq/jsonlab) or install `octave-jsonlab` on Fedora/Debian/Ubuntu
* `jsonencode/jsondecode` in MATLAB + `jdataencode/jdatadecode` from JSONLab (https://github.com/fangq/jsonlab)
For Python
* PyJData module (https://pypi.org/project/jdata/) or install `python3-jdata` on Debian/Ubuntu
In Python, the volumetric data is loaded as a `dict` object where `data['MCXData']['PhotonData']`
stores the photon data, `data['MCXData']['Trajectory']` stores the trajectory data etc.
=== Photon trajectory data ===
For debugging and plotting purposes, MCX can output photon trajectories, as polylines,
when `-D M` flag is attached, or mcxlab is asked for the 5th output. Such information
can be stored in one of the following formats.
==== mct files ====
By default, MCX stores the photon trajectory data in to a .mct file MC trajectory, which
uses the same binary format as .mch but renamed as .mct. This file can be loaded to
MATLAB using the same `loadmch.m` function.
Using .mct file is depreciated and users are encouraged to migrate to .jdat file
as described below.
==== jdat files ====
When `-F jnii` is used, MCX merges the trajectory data with the detected photon and
seed data and saved as a JSON-compatible .jdat file. The overall structure of the
.jdat file as well as the relevant parsers can be found in the above section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
== # Using MCXLAB in MATLAB and Octave ==
MCXLAB is the native MEX version of MCX for Matlab and GNU Octave. It includes
the entire MCX code in a MEX function which can be called directly inside
Matlab or Octave. The input and output files in MCX are replaced by convenient
in-memory struct variables in MCXLAB, thus, making it much easier to use
and interact. Matlab/Octave also provides convenient plotting and data
analysis functions. With MCXLAB, your analysis can be streamlined and speed-
up without involving disk files.
Please read the mcxlab/README.txt file for more details on how to
install and use MCXLAB.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
== # Using MCX Studio GUI ==
MCX Studio is a graphics user interface (GUI) for MCX. It gives users
a straightforward way to set the command line options and simulation
parameters. It also allows users to create different simulation tasks
and organize them into a project and save for later use.
MCX Studio can be run on many platforms such as Windows,
GNU Linux and Mac OS.
To use MCX Studio, it is suggested to put the mcxstudio binary
in the same directory as the mcx command; alternatively, you can
also add the path to mcx command to your PATH environment variable.
Once launched, MCX Studio will automatically check if mcx
binary is in the search path, if so, the "GPU" button in the
toolbar will be enabled. It is suggested to click on this button
once, and see if you can see a list of GPUs and their parameters
printed in the output field at the bottom part of the window.
If you are able to see this information, your system is ready
to run MCX simulations. If you get error messages or not able
to see any usable GPU, please check the following:
* are you running MCX Studio/MCX on a computer with a supported card?
* have you installed the CUDA/NVIDIA drivers correctly?
* did you put mcx in the same folder as mcxstudio or add its path to PATH?
If your system has been properly configured, you can now add new simulations
by clicking the "New" button. MCX Studio will ask you to give a session
ID string for this new simulation. Then you are allowed to adjust the parameters
based on your needs. Once you finish the adjustment, you should click the
"Verify" button to see if there are missing settings. If everything looks