diff --git a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/optimizer/UnwrapCastInBinaryComparison.scala b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/optimizer/UnwrapCastInBinaryComparison.scala
index 6d7b6e56e4e3c..d33c7f2eeb4e0 100644
--- a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/optimizer/UnwrapCastInBinaryComparison.scala
+++ b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/optimizer/UnwrapCastInBinaryComparison.scala
@@ -359,7 +359,17 @@ object UnwrapCastInBinaryComparison extends Rule[LogicalPlan] {
       !fromExp.foldable &&
       fromExp.dataType.isInstanceOf[NumericType] &&
       toType.isInstanceOf[NumericType] &&
-      Cast.canUpCast(fromExp.dataType, toType)
+      canUnwrapCast(fromExp.dataType, toType)
+  }
+
+  private def canUnwrapCast(from: DataType, to: DataType): Boolean = (from, to) match {
+    // SPARK-39476: It's not safe to unwrap cast from Integer to Float or from Long to Float/Double,
+    // since the length of Integer/Long may exceed the significant digits of Float/Double.
+    case (IntegerType, FloatType) => false
+    case (LongType, FloatType) => false
+    case (LongType, DoubleType) => false
+    case _ if from.isInstanceOf[NumericType] => Cast.canUpCast(from, to)
+    case _ => false
   }
 
   private[optimizer] def getRange(dt: DataType): Option[(Any, Any)] = dt match {
diff --git a/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/UnwrapCastInComparisonEndToEndSuite.scala b/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/UnwrapCastInComparisonEndToEndSuite.scala
index e6f0426428bd4..c27097562e5c4 100644
--- a/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/UnwrapCastInComparisonEndToEndSuite.scala
+++ b/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/UnwrapCastInComparisonEndToEndSuite.scala
@@ -190,5 +190,36 @@ class UnwrapCastInComparisonEndToEndSuite extends QueryTest with SharedSparkSess
     }
   }
 
+  test("SPARK-39476: Should not unwrap cast from Long to Double/Float") {
+    withTable(t) {
+      Seq((6470759586864300301L))
+        .toDF("c1").write.saveAsTable(t)
+      val df = spark.table(t)
+
+      checkAnswer(
+        df.where("cast(c1 as double) == cast(6470759586864300301L as double)")
+          .select("c1"),
+        Row(6470759586864300301L))
+
+      checkAnswer(
+        df.where("cast(c1 as float) == cast(6470759586864300301L as float)")
+          .select("c1"),
+        Row(6470759586864300301L))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("SPARK-39476: Should not unwrap cast from Integer to Float") {
+    withTable(t) {
+      Seq((33554435))
+        .toDF("c1").write.saveAsTable(t)
+      val df = spark.table(t)
+
+      checkAnswer(
+        df.where("cast(c1 as float) == cast(33554435 as float)")
+          .select("c1"),
+        Row(33554435))
+    }
+  }
+
   private def decimal(v: BigDecimal): Decimal = Decimal(v, 5, 2)
 }