diff --git a/babylon-to-espree/attachComments.js b/babylon-to-espree/attachComments.js
index 4040ce7e..9fc9f339 100644
--- a/babylon-to-espree/attachComments.js
+++ b/babylon-to-espree/attachComments.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+"use strict";
+
 // comment fixes
 module.exports = function (ast, comments, tokens) {
   if (comments.length) {
diff --git a/babylon-to-espree/convertComments.js b/babylon-to-espree/convertComments.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19c6ce8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/babylon-to-espree/convertComments.js
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"use strict";
+
+module.exports = function (comments) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < comments.length; i++) {
+    var comment = comments[i];
+    if (comment.type === "CommentBlock") {
+      comment.type = "Block";
+    } else if (comment.type === "CommentLine") {
+      comment.type = "Line";
+    }
+    // sometimes comments don't get ranges computed,
+    // even with options.ranges === true
+    if (!comment.range) {
+      comment.range = [comment.start, comment.end];
+    }
+  }
+};
diff --git a/babylon-to-espree/convertTemplateType.js b/babylon-to-espree/convertTemplateType.js
index c9537ddd..8b647c39 100644
--- a/babylon-to-espree/convertTemplateType.js
+++ b/babylon-to-espree/convertTemplateType.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+"use strict";
+
 module.exports = function (tokens, tt) {
   var startingToken    = 0;
   var currentToken     = 0;
diff --git a/babylon-to-espree/index.js b/babylon-to-espree/index.js
index 401570b6..94e6832f 100644
--- a/babylon-to-espree/index.js
+++ b/babylon-to-espree/index.js
@@ -1,20 +1,36 @@
-exports.attachComments = require("./attachComments");
-
-exports.toTokens       = require("./toTokens");
-exports.toAST          = require("./toAST");
-
-exports.convertComments = function (comments) {
-  for (var i = 0; i < comments.length; i++) {
-    var comment = comments[i];
-    if (comment.type === "CommentBlock") {
-      comment.type = "Block";
-    } else if (comment.type === "CommentLine") {
-      comment.type = "Line";
-    }
-    // sometimes comments don't get ranges computed,
-    // even with options.ranges === true
-    if (!comment.range) {
-      comment.range = [comment.start, comment.end];
-    }
-  }
+"use strict";
+
+var attachComments  = require("./attachComments");
+var convertComments = require("./convertComments");
+var toTokens        = require("./toTokens");
+var toAST           = require("./toAST");
+
+module.exports = function (ast, traverse, tt, code) {
+  // remove EOF token, eslint doesn't use this for anything and it interferes
+  // with some rules see https://github.com/babel/babel-eslint/issues/2
+  // todo: find a more elegant way to do this
+  ast.tokens.pop();
+
+  // convert tokens
+  ast.tokens = toTokens(ast.tokens, tt, code);
+
+  // add comments
+  convertComments(ast.comments);
+
+  // transform esprima and acorn divergent nodes
+  toAST(ast, traverse, code);
+
+  // ast.program.tokens = ast.tokens;
+  // ast.program.comments = ast.comments;
+  // ast = ast.program;
+
+  // remove File
+  ast.type = "Program";
+  ast.sourceType = ast.program.sourceType;
+  ast.directives = ast.program.directives;
+  ast.body = ast.program.body;
+  delete ast.program;
+  delete ast._paths;
+
+  attachComments(ast, ast.comments, ast.tokens);
 };
diff --git a/babylon-to-espree/toAST.js b/babylon-to-espree/toAST.js
index c26fa5ba..84d77a53 100644
--- a/babylon-to-espree/toAST.js
+++ b/babylon-to-espree/toAST.js
@@ -1,31 +1,21 @@
-var source;
+"use strict";
+
+var convertComments = require("./convertComments");
 
 module.exports = function (ast, traverse, code) {
-  source = code;
+  var state = { source: code };
   ast.range = [ast.start, ast.end];
-  traverse(ast, astTransformVisitor);
+  traverse(ast, astTransformVisitor, null, state);
 };
 
-function changeToLiteral(node) {
+function changeToLiteral(node, state) {
   node.type = "Literal";
   if (!node.raw) {
     if (node.extra && node.extra.raw) {
       node.raw = node.extra.raw;
     } else {
-      node.raw = source.slice(node.start, node.end);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function changeComments(nodeComments) {
-  for (var i = 0; i < nodeComments.length; i++) {
-    var comment = nodeComments[i];
-    if (comment.type === "CommentLine") {
-      comment.type = "Line";
-    } else if (comment.type === "CommentBlock") {
-      comment.type = "Block";
+      node.raw = state.source.slice(node.start, node.end);
     }
-    comment.range = [comment.start, comment.end];
   }
 }
 
@@ -45,24 +35,40 @@ var astTransformVisitor = {
     }
 
     if (node.trailingComments) {
-      changeComments(node.trailingComments);
+      convertComments(node.trailingComments);
     }
 
     if (node.leadingComments) {
-      changeComments(node.leadingComments);
+      convertComments(node.leadingComments);
     }
 
     // make '_paths' non-enumerable (babel-eslint #200)
     Object.defineProperty(node, "_paths", { value: node._paths, writable: true });
   },
-  exit (path) {
+  exit (path, state) {
     var node = path.node;
 
-    [
-      fixDirectives,
-    ].forEach((fixer) => {
-      fixer(path);
-    });
+    // fixDirectives
+    if (path.isFunction() || path.isProgram()) {
+      var directivesContainer = node;
+      var body = node.body;
+      if (node.type !== "Program") {
+        directivesContainer = body;
+        body = body.body;
+      }
+      if (directivesContainer.directives) {
+        for (var i = directivesContainer.directives.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          var directive = directivesContainer.directives[i];
+          directive.type = "ExpressionStatement";
+          directive.expression = directive.value;
+          delete directive.value;
+          directive.expression.type = "Literal";
+          changeToLiteral(directive.expression, state);
+          body.unshift(directive);
+        }
+        delete directivesContainer.directives;
+      }
+    }
 
     if (path.isJSXText()) {
       node.type = "Literal";
@@ -71,7 +77,7 @@ var astTransformVisitor = {
 
     if (path.isNumericLiteral() ||
         path.isStringLiteral()) {
-      changeToLiteral(node);
+      changeToLiteral(node, state);
     }
 
     if (path.isBooleanLiteral()) {
@@ -104,7 +110,7 @@ var astTransformVisitor = {
     }
 
     if (path.isClassMethod() || path.isObjectMethod()) {
-      var code = source.slice(node.key.end, node.body.start);
+      var code = state.source.slice(node.key.end, node.body.start);
       var offset = code.indexOf("(");
 
       node.value = {
@@ -211,7 +217,8 @@ var astTransformVisitor = {
 
     // template string range fixes
     if (path.isTemplateLiteral()) {
-      node.quasis.forEach((q) => {
+      for (var j = 0; j < node.quasis.length; j++) {
+        var q = node.quasis[j];
         q.range[0] -= 1;
         if (q.tail) {
           q.range[1] += 1;
@@ -224,34 +231,7 @@ var astTransformVisitor = {
         } else {
           q.loc.end.column += 2;
         }
-      });
+      }
     }
   }
 };
-
-
-function fixDirectives (path) {
-  if (!(path.isProgram() || path.isFunction())) return;
-
-  var node = path.node;
-  var directivesContainer = node;
-  var body = node.body;
-
-  if (node.type !== "Program") {
-    directivesContainer = body;
-    body = body.body;
-  }
-
-  if (!directivesContainer.directives) return;
-
-  directivesContainer.directives.reverse().forEach((directive) => {
-    directive.type = "ExpressionStatement";
-    directive.expression = directive.value;
-    delete directive.value;
-    directive.expression.type = "Literal";
-    changeToLiteral(directive.expression);
-    body.unshift(directive);
-  });
-  delete directivesContainer.directives;
-}
-// fixDirectives
diff --git a/babylon-to-espree/toToken.js b/babylon-to-espree/toToken.js
index dcfd48f8..6173f760 100644
--- a/babylon-to-espree/toToken.js
+++ b/babylon-to-espree/toToken.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+"use strict";
+
 module.exports = function (token, tt, source) {
   var type = token.type;
   token.range = [token.start, token.end];
diff --git a/babylon-to-espree/toTokens.js b/babylon-to-espree/toTokens.js
index 1f06d3e5..81ec9850 100644
--- a/babylon-to-espree/toTokens.js
+++ b/babylon-to-espree/toTokens.js
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
+"use strict";
+
 var convertTemplateType = require("./convertTemplateType");
 var toToken = require("./toToken");
 
 module.exports = function (tokens, tt, code) {
   // transform tokens to type "Template"
   convertTemplateType(tokens, tt);
-  var transformedTokens = tokens.filter((token) => {
-    return token.type !== "CommentLine" && token.type !== "CommentBlock";
-  });
 
-  for (var i = 0, l = transformedTokens.length; i < l; i++) {
-    transformedTokens[i] = toToken(transformedTokens[i], tt, code);
+  var transformedTokens = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++) {
+    var token = tokens[i];
+    if (token.type !== "CommentLine" && token.type !== "CommentBlock") {
+      transformedTokens.push(toToken(token, tt, code));
+    }
   }
 
   return transformedTokens;
diff --git a/index.js b/index.js
index 3b243cc8..b56f74e5 100644
--- a/index.js
+++ b/index.js
@@ -428,33 +428,7 @@ exports.parseNoPatch = function (code, options) {
     throw err;
   }
 
-  // remove EOF token, eslint doesn't use this for anything and it interferes with some rules
-  // see https://github.com/babel/babel-eslint/issues/2 for more info
-  // todo: find a more elegant way to do this
-  ast.tokens.pop();
-
-  // convert tokens
-  ast.tokens = babylonToEspree.toTokens(ast.tokens, tt, code);
-
-  // add comments
-  babylonToEspree.convertComments(ast.comments);
-
-  // transform esprima and acorn divergent nodes
-  babylonToEspree.toAST(ast, traverse, code);
-
-  // ast.program.tokens = ast.tokens;
-  // ast.program.comments = ast.comments;
-  // ast = ast.program;
-
-  // remove File
-  ast.type = "Program";
-  ast.sourceType = ast.program.sourceType;
-  ast.directives = ast.program.directives;
-  ast.body = ast.program.body;
-  delete ast.program;
-  delete ast._paths;
-
-  babylonToEspree.attachComments(ast, ast.comments, ast.tokens);
+  babylonToEspree(ast, traverse, tt, code);
 
   return ast;
 };