diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 1041f54..4494535 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ DSE_SCHEMA_VERSION ?= 1.2.8
 export DSE_SCHEMA_URL ?= $(DSE_SCHEMA_REPO)/releases/download/v$(DSE_SCHEMA_VERSION)/dse-schemas.tar.gz
 
 DSE_NCODEC_REPO ?= https://github.com/boschglobal/dse.standards
-DSE_NCODEC_VERSION ?= 1.0.7
+DSE_NCODEC_VERSION ?= 1.0.8
 export DSE_NCODEC_URL ?= $(DSE_NCODEC_REPO)/archive/refs/tags/v$(DSE_NCODEC_VERSION).zip
 
 
diff --git a/doc/content/apis/modelc/examples/model_create.c b/doc/content/apis/modelc/examples/model_create.c
index 715e53c..ef4a1ee 100644
--- a/doc/content/apis/modelc/examples/model_create.c
+++ b/doc/content/apis/modelc/examples/model_create.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ typedef struct {
 
 static inline double* _index(ExtendedModelDesc* m, const char* v, const char* s)
 {
-    ModelSignalIndex idx = m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
+    ModelSignalIndex idx = signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
     if (idx.scalar == NULL) log_fatal("Signal not found (%s:%s)", v, s);
     return idx.scalar;
 }
diff --git a/dse/mocks/simmock.c b/dse/mocks/simmock.c
index 913c1c0..0f7504f 100644
--- a/dse/mocks/simmock.c
+++ b/dse/mocks/simmock.c
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ void simmock_load(SimMock* mock)
 
         void* handle = dlopen(
             model->mi->model_definition.full_path, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
-        if (handle == NULL) log_notice("ERROR: dlopen call: %s", dlerror());
+        if (handle == NULL) log_error("ERROR: dlopen call: %s", dlerror());
         assert_non_null(handle);
         model->vtable.create = dlsym(handle, MODEL_CREATE_FUNC_NAME);
         model->vtable.step = dlsym(handle, MODEL_STEP_FUNC_NAME);
diff --git a/dse/modelc/examples/binary/model.c b/dse/modelc/examples/binary/model.c
index 942379b..1037f15 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/examples/binary/model.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/examples/binary/model.c
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 typedef struct {
     SignalVector* sv;
     uint32_t      index;
-    char*         buffer;
+    uint8_t*      buffer;
     uint32_t      buffer_size;
 } BinarySignalDesc;
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ typedef struct {
 static inline double* _index_scalar(
     ExtendedModelDesc* m, const char* v, const char* s)
 {
-    ModelSignalIndex idx = m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
+    ModelSignalIndex idx = signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
     if (idx.scalar == NULL) log_fatal("Signal not found (%s:%s)", v, s);
     return idx.scalar;
 }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ static inline double* _index_scalar(
 static inline BinarySignalDesc _index_binary(
     ExtendedModelDesc* m, const char* v, const char* s)
 {
-    ModelSignalIndex idx = m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
+    ModelSignalIndex idx = signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
     if (idx.binary == NULL) log_fatal("Signal not found (%s:%s)", v, s);
 
     BinarySignalDesc ret = {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ ModelDesc* model_create(ModelDesc* model)
 
 static inline int _format_message(BinarySignalDesc* b, int v)
 {
-    return snprintf(b->buffer, b->buffer_size, "count is %d", v);
+    return snprintf((char*)b->buffer, b->buffer_size, "count is %d", v);
 }
 
 int model_step(ModelDesc* model, double* model_time, double stop_time)
@@ -82,22 +82,24 @@ int model_step(ModelDesc* model, double* model_time, double stop_time)
     ExtendedModelDesc* m = (ExtendedModelDesc*)model;
 
     /* Print the binary signal. */
+    uint8_t* buffer;
+    size_t len;
+    signal_read(m->binary.message.sv, m->binary.message.index, &buffer, &len);
     log_info("Message (%s) : %s",
-        m->binary.message.sv->signal[m->binary.message.index],
-        m->binary.message.sv->binary[m->binary.message.index]);
+        m->binary.message.sv->signal[m->binary.message.index], buffer);
 
     /* Scalar signals. */
     *(m->scalars.counter) += 1;
     /* Binary signals. */
-    int len = _format_message(&(m->binary.message), (int)*(m->scalars.counter));
-    if (len >= (int)(m->binary.message.buffer_size - 1)) {
+    len = _format_message(&(m->binary.message), (int)*(m->scalars.counter));
+    if (len >= (m->binary.message.buffer_size - 1)) {
         m->binary.message.buffer = realloc(m->binary.message.buffer, len + 1);
         m->binary.message.buffer_size = len + 1;
         _format_message(&(m->binary.message), (int)*(m->scalars.counter));
     }
     signal_reset(m->binary.message.sv, m->binary.message.index);
     signal_append(m->binary.message.sv, m->binary.message.index,
-        m->binary.message.buffer, strlen(m->binary.message.buffer) + 1);
+        m->binary.message.buffer, strlen((char*)m->binary.message.buffer) + 1);
 
     *model_time = stop_time;
     return 0;
diff --git a/dse/modelc/examples/doc/apis/model_create.c b/dse/modelc/examples/doc/apis/model_create.c
index 715e53c..ef4a1ee 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/examples/doc/apis/model_create.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/examples/doc/apis/model_create.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ typedef struct {
 
 static inline double* _index(ExtendedModelDesc* m, const char* v, const char* s)
 {
-    ModelSignalIndex idx = m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
+    ModelSignalIndex idx = signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
     if (idx.scalar == NULL) log_fatal("Signal not found (%s:%s)", v, s);
     return idx.scalar;
 }
diff --git a/dse/modelc/examples/extended/model.c b/dse/modelc/examples/extended/model.c
index ebe14f0..4d9a2b7 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/examples/extended/model.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/examples/extended/model.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ typedef struct {
 
 static inline double* _index(ExtendedModelDesc* m, const char* v, const char* s)
 {
-    ModelSignalIndex idx = m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
+    ModelSignalIndex idx = signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
     if (idx.scalar == NULL) log_fatal("Signal not found (%s:%s)", v, s);
     return idx.scalar;
 }
diff --git a/dse/modelc/examples/gateway/gateway.c b/dse/modelc/examples/gateway/gateway.c
index 0921b4f..e909351 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/examples/gateway/gateway.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/examples/gateway/gateway.c
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
                         sv->name, i, sv->length[i], sv->buffer_size[i],
                         sv->binary[i], sv->signal[i]);
                     /* Exchange/update the gateway signal. */
-                    char buffer[100];
-                    snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "st=%f,index=%d",
+                    uint8_t buffer[100];
+                    snprintf((char*)buffer, sizeof(buffer), "st=%f,index=%d",
                         model_time, i);
                     signal_reset(sv, i);
-                    signal_append(sv, i, buffer, strlen(buffer) + 1);
+                    signal_append(sv, i, buffer, strlen((char*)buffer) + 1);
                 }
             } else {
                 /* Scalar vector. */
diff --git a/dse/modelc/examples/ncodec/model.c b/dse/modelc/examples/ncodec/model.c
index 33687ac..fbd3ca3 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/examples/ncodec/model.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/examples/ncodec/model.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ typedef struct {
 
 static inline NCODEC* _index(ExtendedModelDesc* m, const char* v, const char* s)
 {
-    ModelSignalIndex idx = m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
+    ModelSignalIndex idx = signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
     if (idx.binary == NULL) log_fatal("Signal not found (%s:%s)", v, s);
 
     NCODEC* nc = signal_codec(idx.sv, idx.signal);
diff --git a/dse/modelc/examples/runtime/sim/model.c b/dse/modelc/examples/runtime/sim/model.c
index cfc6656..7227040 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/examples/runtime/sim/model.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/examples/runtime/sim/model.c
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ typedef struct {
 
 static inline NCODEC* _index(ExtendedModelDesc* m, const char* v, const char* s)
 {
-    ModelSignalIndex idx = m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
+    ModelSignalIndex idx = signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, v, s);
     if (idx.binary == NULL) log_fatal("Signal not found (%s:%s)", v, s);
 
-    NCODEC* nc = idx.sv->codec(idx.sv, idx.signal);
+    NCODEC* nc = signal_codec(idx.sv, idx.signal);
     if (nc == NULL) log_fatal("NCodec object not available (%s:%s)", v, s);
 
     return nc;
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ int model_step(ModelDesc* model, double* model_time, double stop_time)
 
     /* Scalar signals. */
     ModelSignalIndex counter =
-        m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, "scalar_vector", "counter");
+        signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, "scalar_vector", "counter");
     if (counter.scalar == NULL) return -EINVAL;
     *(counter.scalar) += 1;
 
diff --git a/dse/modelc/examples/simer/model.c b/dse/modelc/examples/simer/model.c
index e68e4c3..19bbe59 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/examples/simer/model.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/examples/simer/model.c
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ ModelDesc* model_create(ModelDesc* model)
     if (getenv("COUNTER_NAME")) {
         counter_name = getenv("COUNTER_NAME");
     }
-    m->counter = m->model.index((ModelDesc*)m, "data", counter_name);
+    m->counter = signal_index((ModelDesc*)m, "data", counter_name);
     if (m->counter.scalar == NULL) log_fatal("Signal not found (%s)", counter_name);
 
     /* Set initial values. */
diff --git a/dse/modelc/model.h b/dse/modelc/model.h
index c560dd5..2e3dc13 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/model.h
+++ b/dse/modelc/model.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #ifndef DSE_MODELC_MODEL_H_
 #define DSE_MODELC_MODEL_H_
 
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
@@ -188,7 +189,6 @@ DLL_PUBLIC const char* model_instance_annotation(
 
 
 /* Signal Interface. */
-
 typedef int (*BinarySignalAppendFunc)(
     SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index, void* data, uint32_t len);
 typedef int (*BinarySignalResetFunc)(SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index);
@@ -249,8 +249,12 @@ typedef struct SignalVector {
 
 
 /* Provided by ModelC (virtual methods of SignalVectorVTable). */
+DLL_PUBLIC ModelSignalIndex signal_index(
+    ModelDesc* m, const char* vname, const char* name);
+DLL_PUBLIC int signal_read(
+    SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index, uint8_t** data, size_t* len);
 DLL_PUBLIC int signal_append(
-    SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index, void* data, uint32_t len);
+    SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index, uint8_t* data, size_t len);
 DLL_PUBLIC int         signal_reset(SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index);
 DLL_PUBLIC int         signal_release(SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index);
 DLL_PUBLIC void*       signal_codec(SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index);
diff --git a/dse/modelc/model/model.c b/dse/modelc/model/model.c
index b3691c4..07fbecc 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/model/model.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/model/model.c
@@ -584,11 +584,11 @@ NULL
 : The specified annotation was not found.
 
 */
-const char* model_annotation(ModelDesc* m, const char* name)
+const char* model_annotation(ModelDesc* model, const char* name)
 {
-    if (m && m->mi) {
+    if (model && model->mi) {
         YamlNode* a = dse_yaml_find_node(
-            m->mi->model_definition.doc, "metadata/annotations");
+            model->mi->model_definition.doc, "metadata/annotations");
         if (a) return dse_yaml_get_scalar(a, name);
     }
     return NULL;
@@ -618,10 +618,10 @@ NULL
 : The specified annotation was not found.
 
 */
-const char* model_instance_annotation(ModelDesc* m, const char* name)
+const char* model_instance_annotation(ModelDesc* model, const char* name)
 {
-    if (m && m->mi) {
-        YamlNode* a = dse_yaml_find_node(m->mi->spec, "annotations");
+    if (model && model->mi) {
+        YamlNode* a = dse_yaml_find_node(model->mi->spec, "annotations");
         if (a) return dse_yaml_get_scalar(a, name);
     }
     return NULL;
diff --git a/dse/modelc/model/signal.c b/dse/modelc/model/signal.c
index e609c0f..bf15730 100644
--- a/dse/modelc/model/signal.c
+++ b/dse/modelc/model/signal.c
@@ -437,6 +437,93 @@ void model_sv_destroy(SignalVector* sv)
 }
 
 
+/**
+signal_index
+============
+
+A model may use this method to index a signal that is contained within the
+Signal Vectors of the Model Descriptor.
+
+Parameters
+----------
+model (ModelDesc*)
+: The Model Descriptor object representing an instance of this model.
+
+vname (const char*)
+: The name (alias) of the Signal Vector.
+
+name (const char*)
+: The name of the signal within the Signal Vector. When set to NULL the index
+  will match on Signal Vector (vanme) only.
+
+Returns
+-------
+ModelSignalIndex
+: An index. When valid, either the `scalar` or `binary` fields will be set to
+  a valid pointer (i.e. not NULL). When `sname` is not specified the index will
+  contain a valid pointer to a Signal Vector object only (i.e. both `scalar`
+  and `binary` will be set to NULL).
+
+*/
+ModelSignalIndex signal_index(
+    ModelDesc* model, const char* vname, const char* name)
+{
+    if (model && model->index) {
+        return model->index(model, vname, name);
+    }
+    return (ModelSignalIndex){};
+}
+
+
+/**
+signal_read
+===========
+
+Read data from the specified binary signal. Returns pointer to the internal
+binary signal buffers.
+
+Parameters
+----------
+sv (SignalVector*)
+: The Signal Vector object containing the signal.
+
+index (uint32_t)
+: Index of the signal in the Signal Vector object.
+
+data (uint8_t*)
+: Address/pointer to the data of the binary signal.
+
+len (size_t)
+: Length of the data.
+
+Returns
+-------
+0
+: The operation completed without error.
+
+-EINVAL (-22)
+: Bad arguments.
+
+<>0
+: Indicates an error condition. Inspect `errno` for additional information.
+*/
+inline int signal_read(
+    SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index, uint8_t** data, size_t* len)
+{
+    if (data == NULL || len == NULL) return -EINVAL;
+    *data = NULL;
+    *len = 0;
+
+    if (sv && index < sv->count && sv->is_binary) {
+        *data = (uint8_t*)sv->binary[index];
+        *len = (size_t)sv->length[index];
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+}
+
+
 /**
 signal_append
 =============
@@ -452,10 +539,10 @@ sv (SignalVector*)
 index (uint32_t)
 : Index of the signal in the Signal Vector object.
 
-data (void*)
+data (uint8_t*)
 : Address/pointer to the data which should be appended to the binary signal.
 
-len (uint32_t)
+len (size_t)
 : Length of the provided data buffer being appended.
 
 Returns
@@ -473,11 +560,11 @@ Returns
 : Indicates an error condition. Inspect `errno` for additional information.
 */
 inline int signal_append(
-    SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index, void* data, uint32_t len)
+    SignalVector* sv, uint32_t index, uint8_t* data, size_t len)
 {
     if (sv && index < sv->count && sv->is_binary) {
         if (sv->vtable.append) {
-            return sv->vtable.append(sv, index, data, len);
+            return sv->vtable.append(sv, index, (void*)data, len);
         } else {
             return -ENOSYS;
         }
diff --git a/extra/external/oss_repos.cmake b/extra/external/oss_repos.cmake
index 6b788ba..78dcd9d 100644
--- a/extra/external/oss_repos.cmake
+++ b/extra/external/oss_repos.cmake
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 # OSS Projects can be listed here, even if they are not used by the
 # External Projects, to maintain an accurate inventory of OSS Projects.
 
-set(ExternalProject__DSE_NCODEC__URL  https://github.com/boschglobal/dse.standards/archive/refs/tags/v1.0.8.tar.gz)
 set(ExternalProject__EVENT__URL       https://github.com/libevent/libevent/archive/refs/tags/release-2.1.12-stable.tar.gz)
 set(ExternalProject__YAML__URL        https://github.com/yaml/libyaml/archive/0.2.5.tar.gz)
 set(ExternalProject__MSGPACK__URL     https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-c/archive/refs/tags/cpp-3.3.0.tar.gz)
diff --git a/tests/cmocka/model/interface/test_model_api.c b/tests/cmocka/model/interface/test_model_api.c
index 9d342da..fde7280 100644
--- a/tests/cmocka/model/interface/test_model_api.c
+++ b/tests/cmocka/model/interface/test_model_api.c
@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@ void test_model_api__binary_stream_reset(void** state)
             mock, BINARY_INST_NAME, b_checks, ARRAY_SIZE(b_checks), NULL);
         /* Inject some binary data, if reset is called, this will be ignored. */
         SignalVector* sv = mock->sv_network_tx;
-        char foobar[100] = "foobar";
+        unsigned char foobar[100] = "foobar";
         for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
             signal_reset(sv, j);
-            signal_append(sv, j, foobar, strlen(foobar) + 1);
+            signal_append(sv, j, foobar, strlen((char*)foobar) + 1);
         }
         /* Step the model. */
         assert_int_equal(simmock_step(mock, true), 0);
diff --git a/tests/cmocka/model/test_signal.c b/tests/cmocka/model/test_signal.c
index 342267d..32adfe4 100644
--- a/tests/cmocka/model/test_signal.c
+++ b/tests/cmocka/model/test_signal.c
@@ -89,6 +89,65 @@ static int test_teardown(void** state)
 }
 
 
+typedef struct IndexTC {
+    const char* v;
+    const char* s;
+    bool is_binary;
+    uint32_t vi;
+    uint32_t si;
+} IndexTC;
+
+void test_signal__index(void** state)
+{
+    ModelCMock* mock = *state;
+    ModelDesc* m = mock->mi->model_desc;
+    SignalVector* sv_save = mock->mi->model_desc->sv;
+
+    assert_non_null(m);
+    assert_non_null(m->index);
+
+    /* find the indexes. */
+    SignalVector* sv = sv_save;
+    uint32_t scalar_index = 0;
+    while (sv && sv->name) {
+        if (strcmp(sv->name, "scalar") == 0) break;
+        /* Next signal vector. */
+        sv++;
+        scalar_index++;
+    }
+    sv = sv_save;
+    uint32_t binary_index = 0;
+    while (sv && sv->name) {
+        if (strcmp(sv->name, "binary") == 0) break;
+        /* Next signal vector. */
+        sv++;
+        binary_index++;
+    }
+
+    IndexTC tc[] = {
+        { .v = "scalar_vector", .s = "scalar_foo", .vi = scalar_index, .si = 0, .is_binary = false },
+        { .v = "scalar_vector", .s = "scalar_bar", .vi = scalar_index, .si = 1, .is_binary = false },
+        { .v = "binary_vector", .s = "binary_foo", .vi = binary_index, .si = 0, .is_binary = true },
+        { .v = "binary_vector", .s = "binary_bar", .vi = binary_index, .si = 1, .is_binary = true },
+    };
+    // Check the test cases.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(tc); i++) {
+        ModelSignalIndex msi = signal_index(m, tc[i].v, tc[i].s);
+        assert_non_null(msi.sv);
+        assert_string_equal(msi.sv->alias, tc[i].v);
+        assert_int_equal(msi.vector, tc[i].vi);
+        assert_int_equal(msi.signal, tc[i].si);
+        if (tc[i].is_binary) {
+            assert_null(msi.scalar);
+            assert_non_null(msi.binary);
+        } else {
+            assert_non_null(msi.scalar);
+            assert_null(msi.binary);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
 void test_signal__scalar(void** state)
 {
     ModelCMock* mock = *state;
@@ -178,11 +237,16 @@ void test_signal__binary(void** state)
         "application/custom-stream",
     };
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sv->count; i++) {
-        char*    test_val = strdup(sv->signal[i]);
-        uint32_t test_val_len = strlen(test_val) + 1;
+        unsigned char* test_val = (unsigned char*)strdup(sv->signal[i]);
+        uint32_t test_val_len = strlen((char*)test_val) + 1;
         assert_string_equal(sv->signal[i], expected_names[i]);
         assert_string_equal(sv->mime_type[i], expected_mime_types[i]);
+        uint8_t* buffer;
+        size_t buffer_len;
         /* Check the value. */
+        signal_read(sv, i, &buffer, &buffer_len);
+        assert_null(buffer);
+        assert_int_equal(buffer_len, 0);
         assert_null(sv->binary[i]);
         assert_int_equal(sv->length[i], 0);
         assert_int_equal(sv->buffer_size[i], 0);
@@ -191,9 +255,12 @@ void test_signal__binary(void** state)
         /* Append to the value. */
         signal_append(sv, i, test_val, test_val_len);
         assert_non_null(sv->binary[i]);
-        assert_string_equal((char*)sv->binary[i], test_val);
+        assert_string_equal((char*)sv->binary[i], (char*)test_val);
         assert_int_equal(sv->length[i], test_val_len);
         assert_int_equal(sv->buffer_size[i], test_val_len);
+        signal_read(sv, i, &buffer, &buffer_len);
+        assert_string_equal((char*)buffer, (char*)test_val);
+        assert_int_equal(buffer_len, test_val_len);
         /* Reset the value. */
         signal_reset(sv, i);
         assert_true(sv->reset_called[i]);
@@ -206,6 +273,8 @@ void test_signal__binary(void** state)
         assert_non_null(sv->binary[i]);
         assert_int_equal(sv->length[i], test_val_len);
         assert_int_equal(sv->buffer_size[i], test_val_len);
+        signal_read(sv, i, &buffer, &buffer_len);
+        assert_int_equal(buffer_len, test_val_len);
         /* Release the value. */
         signal_release(sv, i);
         assert_null(sv->binary[i]);
@@ -304,8 +373,8 @@ void test_signal__binary_echo(void** state)
     assert_int_equal(sv->length[1], 0);
     assert_false(sv->reset_called[0]);
     assert_false(sv->reset_called[1]);
-    char*    test_val = strdup(sv->signal[0]);
-    uint32_t test_val_len = strlen(test_val) + 1;
+    unsigned char* test_val = (unsigned char*)strdup(sv->signal[0]);
+    uint32_t test_val_len = strlen((char*)test_val) + 1;
 
 
     /* Append to one signal. */
@@ -343,6 +412,7 @@ int run_signal_tests(void)
     void* t = test_teardown;
 
     const struct CMUnitTest tests[] = {
+        cmocka_unit_test_setup_teardown(test_signal__index, s, t),
         cmocka_unit_test_setup_teardown(test_signal__scalar, s, t),
         cmocka_unit_test_setup_teardown(test_signal__binary, s, t),
         cmocka_unit_test_setup_teardown(test_signal__annotations, s, t),