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main.gms
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*** | (C) 2006-2022 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
*** | authors, and contributors see CITATION.cff file. This file is part
*** | of REMIND and licensed under AGPL-3.0-or-later. Under Section 7 of
*** | AGPL-3.0, you are granted additional permissions described in the
*** | REMIND License Exception, version 1.0 (see LICENSE file).
*** | Contact: [email protected]
*** SOF ./main.gms
*' @title REMIND - REgional Model of INvestments and Development
*'
*' @description REMIND is a global multi-regional model incorporating the economy, the climate system
*' and a detailed representation of the energy sector. It solves for an intertemporal Pareto optimum
*' in economic and energy investments in the model regions, fully accounting for interregional trade in
*' goods, energy carriers and emissions allowances. REMIND enables analyses of technology options and
*' policy proposals for climate change mitigation.
*'
*' The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which intertemporal global
*' welfare is optimized subject to equilibrium constraints ([02_welfare]). Intertemporal optimization
*' ([80_optimization]) with perfect foresight is subject to market clearing. The model explicitly represents
*' trade in final goods, primary energy carriers, and when certain climate policies are enabled, emissions
*' allowances ([24_trade]). The macro-economic production factors are capital, labor, and final energy.
*' A nested production function with constant elasticity of substitution determines the final energy demand
*' ([01_macro], [29_CES_parameters]). REMIND uses economic output for investments in the macro-economic
*' capital stock as well as for consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.
*'
*' The macro-economic core and the energy system part are hard-linked via the final energy demand and the
*' costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy in different
*' sectors (transport ([35_transport]), industry ([37_industry]), buildings ([36_buildings])...) and of
*' different type (electric ([32_power]) and non-electric). The primary energy carriers in REMIND include
*' both exhaustible and renewable resources. Exhaustible resources comprise uranium as well as three fossil
*' resources ([31_fossil]), namely coal, oil, and gas. Renewable resources include hydro, wind, solar,
*' geothermal, and biomass ([30_biomass]). More than 50 technologies are available for the conversion of
*' primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers
*' into final energy.
*'
*' The model accounts for the full range of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which are
*' represented by source. REMIND simulates emissions from long-lived GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O), short-lived GHGs
*' (CO, NOx, VOC) and aerosols (SO2, BC, OC). It accounts for these emissions with different levels of detail
*' depending on the types and sources of emissions. It calculates CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, CH4
*' emissions from fossil fuel extraction and residential energy use, and N2O emissions from energy supply
*' based on sources.
*'
*' The code is structured in a modular way, with code belonging either to the model's core, or to one of the
*' modules. The folder structure is as follows: at the top level are the folders config, core, modules and
*' scripts. The config folder contains the REMIND settings and configuration information. The core folder
*' contains all the files that are part of the core. The modules folder holds all the files that belong to
*' the modules, with numbered sub-folders for every module. The scripts folder contains helpful scripts for
*' starting a model run and analysing results.
*'
*' REMIND is run by executing the main.gms file, which loads the configuration information and builds the model,
*' by concatenating all necessary files from the core and modules folders into a single file called full.gms.
*' The concatenation process starts with files from the core and continues with files from activated modules,
*' in increasing order of module-number. It observes the following structure:
*'
*' ```
*' SETS
*'
*' DECLARATION ---> of equations, variables, parameters, and scalars
*'
*' DATAINPUT
*'
*' EQUATIONS
*'
*' PRELOOP ---> initial calibration of e.g. macroeconomic model
*'
*' LOOP
*' ---> read gdx
*' ----------------------------------------------- BEGIN OF NEGISH/NASH ITERATION LOOP -----
*' * BOUNDS
*' * PRESOLVE
*' * SOLVE ---> solve statement in module 80_optimization
*' * POSTSOLVE
*'
*' ---> write gdx
*' ----------------------------------------------- END OF NEGISHI/NASH ITERATATION LOOP ----
*'
*' OUTPUT
*' ```
*'
*'
*' The GAMS code follows a Coding Etiquette:
*'
*' #### Naming conventions:
*'
*' * Please put effort into choosing intelligible names
*' * Don't just enumerate existing names: `budget1`/`budget2`, `tradebal1`/`tradebal2` will cause everyone
*' for the next years much more frustration than if you choose names like `emi_budget_G8`/`emi_budget_Mud`,
*' `tradebal_res`/`tradebal_perm`/`tradebal_good`
*' * Explain the abbreviation you designed in the descriptive text (the part with the `" "` behind each
*' parameter/variable/equation declaration). `directteinv` is easier to memorize if you know it means "Direct technology investment"
*' * Within REMIND files: use Capitalization to improve readability. `XpPerm` is more easily translated into
*' "Export of Permits" than `xpperm`, the first part of the name (after the prefix) should describe the type
*' of parameter/variable (e.g. `sh` for share, `cap` for capacity, `prod` for production, `dem` for demand, `cost` for costs)
*'
*' #### Prefixes:
*' Use the following *prefixes*:
*'
*' * "q_" to designate equations,
*' * "v_" to designate variables,
*' * "s_" to designate scalars,
*' * "f_" to designate file parameters (parameters that contain unaltered data read in from input files),
*' * "o_" to designate output parameters (parameters that do not affect the optimization, but are affected by it),
*' * "p_" to designate other parameters (parameters that were derived from "f_" parameters or defined in code),
*' * "c_" to designate config switches (parameters that enable different configuration choices),
*' * "s_FIRSTUNIT_2_SECONDUNIT" to designate a scalar used to convert from the FIRSTUNIT to the SECONDUNIT
*' through multiplication, e.g. s_GWh_2_EJ.
*'
*' These prefixes are extended in some cases by a second letter:
*'
*' * "?m_" to designate objects used in the core and in at least one module.
*' * "?00_" to designate objects used in a single module, exclusively, with the 2-digit number corresponding
*' to the module number.
*'
*' Sets are treated differently: instead of a prefix, sets exclusively used within a module get that module's
*' number added as a suffix. If the set is used in more than one module no suffix is given.
*'
*' The units (e.g., TWa, EJ, GtC, GtCO2, ...) of variables and parameters are documented in the declaration files.
*'
*' For the labels of parameters, scalars and set, use double quotes only.
*'
*' #### Commenting:
*'
*' * Comment all parts of the code generously
*' * For all equations, it should become clear from the comments what part of the equation is supposed to do what
*' * Variables and parameters should be declared along with a descriptive text (use `" "` for descriptive text to avoid compilation errors)
*' * Use three asterisks `***` for comments or `*'` if the comment should show up in the documentation of REMIND
*' * Never use 4 asterisks (reserved for GAMS error messages)
*' * Don't use the string `infes` in comments
*' * Don't use `$+number` combinations, e.g., `$20` (this interferes with GAMS error codes).
*' * Indicate the end of a file by inserting `*** EOF filename.inc ***`
*'
*' #### Sets
*'
*' * Don't use set element names with three capital letters (like `ETS` or `ESR`), otherwise the maglcass R
*' library might interpret this as a region name when reading in GDX data
*'
*'
*' #### Equations:
*' The general idea is not to write code and equations as short as possible, but to write them in a way they
*' can be read and understood as fast as possible. To that end:
*'
*' * Write the mathematical operator (`*`, `/`, `+`, `-`) at the beginning of a line, not the end of the last line
*' * Leave a space before and after `+` and `-` operators and equation signs (`=g=`, `=l=`, `=e=`)
*' * Leave a space behind the comma of a sum (not behind the commas in set element calling)
*' * Use indentations to make the structure more readable
*' * Use full quotes (`"feel"`) instead of single quotes (`'feel'`) when specifying individual elements of
*' a set (this makes automatic replacement via sed easier)
*' * Put the equation sign (`=g=`, `=l=`, `=e=`) in a single line without anything else
*'
*'
*' #### Other general rules:
*' * Decompose large model equations into several small equations to enhance readability and model diagnostics
*' * Don't use hard-coded numbers in the equations part of the model
*' * Parameters should not be overwritten in the initialization part of the models. Use if-statements instead.
*' Notable exceptions include parameters that are part a loop iteration, e.g. Negishi weights.
*' * Have your work double-checked! To avoid bugs and problems: If you make major changes to your code, ask an
*' experienced colleague to review the changes before they are pushed to the git main repository.
*' * Use sets and subsets to avoid redundant formulation of code (e.g., for technology groups)
*' * If big data tables are read in exclude them from the `.lst`-file (by using `$offlisting` and `$onlisting`),
*' nevertheless display the parameter afterwards for an easier debugging later
*' * When declaring a parameter/variable/equation always add the sets it is declared for,
*' e.g. `parameter test(x,y);` instead of `parameter test;`
*' * do not set variables for all set entries to zero (if not necessary), as this will blow up memory requirements.
*'
*##################### R SECTION START (VERSION INFO) ##########################
*
* Regionscode: 62eff8f7
*
* Input data revision: 6.316
*
* Last modification (input data): Wed Sep 28 10:35:42 2022
*
*###################### R SECTION END (VERSION INFO) ###########################
*----------------------------------------------------------------------
*** main.gms: main file. welcome to remind!
*----------------------------------------------------------------------
file logfile /""/;
logfile.lw = 0;
logfile.nr = 2;
logfile.nd = 3;
logfile.nw = 0;
logfile.nz = 0;
*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
*** preliminaries:
*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
*** allow empty data sets:
$onempty
*** create dummy identifier to fill empty sets:
$phantom null
*** include unique element list:
$onuellist
*** include $-statements in listing
$ondollar
*** include end-of-line comments
$ONeolcom
*** remove the warnings for very small exponents (x**-60) when post-processing
$offdigit
*** turn profiling off (0) or on (1-3, different levels of detail)
option profile = 0;
*' @code
*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
*' #### Configuration - Settings for Scenatios:
*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
***--------------------- Run name and description -------------------------
$setGlobal c_expname default
$setGlobal c_description REMIND run with default settings
***------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*' #### MODULES
***------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*'--------------------- 01_macro -----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (singleSectorGr)
$setGlobal macro singleSectorGr !! def = singleSectorGr
*'--------------------- 02_welfare ---------------------------------------
*'
*' * (utilitarian)
$setGlobal welfare utilitarian !! def = utilitarian
*'--------------------- 04_PE_FE_parameters ------------------------------
*'
*' * (iea2014): new PE-FE parameters based on IEA 2014
$setGlobal PE_FE_parameters iea2014 !! def = iea2014
*'--------------------- 05_initialCap ------------------------------------
*'
*' * (on): load existing CES parameters matching model configuration
$setGlobal initialCap on !! def = on
*'--------------------- 11_aerosols --------------------------------------
*'
*' * (exoGAINS):
$setGlobal aerosols exoGAINS !! def = exoGAINS
*'--------------------- 15_climate ---------------------------------------
*'
*' * (off): no climate coupling
*' * (magicc): MAGICC - iterative mode, outside of optimization.
*' * (box): Petschel-Held
$setGlobal climate off !! def = off
*'--------------------- 16_downscaleTemperature --------------------------
*'
*** (off)
*** (CMIP5): downscale GMT to regional temperature based on CMIP5 data (between iterations, no runtime impact). Requires climate= 'off' and cm_rcp_scen=none"iterative_target_adj" = 9] curved convergence of CO2 prices between regions until cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr; developed countries have linear path from 0 in 2010 through cm_co2_tax_2020 in 2020;
$setGlobal downscaleTemperature off !! def = off
*'--------------------- 20_growth ------------------------------------------
*'
*** (exogenous): exogenous growth
*** (endogenous): endogenous growth !!Warning: still experimental stuff!!
*** (spillover): endogenous growth with spillover externality !!Warning: not yet calibrated!!
$setglobal growth exogenous !! def = exogenous
*'--------------------- 21_tax ------------------------------------------
*'
*' * (on): tax mechanism active
*' * (off): no tax mechanism
$setglobal tax on !! def = on
*'--------------------- 22_subsidizeLearning -----------------------------
*'
*' * (globallyOptimal): Only works with Nash, gives cooperative solution w.r.t. the learning spillover - this should then be equivalent to the Negishi solution.
*' * (off): do not subsidize learning. Default setting for Negishi. With Nash, this gives the non-cooperative solution w.r.t. the learning spillover.
$setglobal subsidizeLearning off !! def = off
*'---------------------- 23_capitalMarket -------------------------------
*'
*' * (imperfect): Imperfect capital market: brings initial consumption shares closer to empirical data
*' * (perfect): Perfect capital market (results in large short-term capital flows from North to South)
*' * (debt_limit): Weak imperfection of capital market by debt and surplus growth limits
$setglobal capitalMarket debt_limit !! def = debt_limit
*'---------------------- 24_trade ---------------------------------------
*'
*' * (standard): macro-economic commodities and primary energy commodities trading
*' * (se_trade): macro-economic commodities, primary energy commodities and secondary energy hydrogen and electricitiy trading
*' * (capacity): capacity-based trade implementation
$setglobal trade standard !! def = standard
*'---------------------- 26_agCosts ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (off): agricultural costs zero, no trade taken into account
*' * (costs): includes total landuse costs
*' * (costs_trade): includes agricultural production costs and the MAgPIE trade balance
$setglobal agCosts costs !! def = costs
*'--------------------- 29_CES_parameters ----------------------------
*'
*' * (load): load existing CES parameters matching model configuration
*' * (calibrate): calculate new CES parameters based on v_cesIO trajectories -- under development!
$setglobal CES_parameters load !! def = load
*'--------------------- 30_biomass ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (exogenous): exogenous biomass extraction and costs
*' * (magpie_40): using supplycurved derived from MAgpIE 4.0
$setglobal biomass magpie_40 !! def = magpie_hightccost
*'--------------------- 31_fossil ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (timeDepGrades): time-dependent grade stucture of fossil resources (oil & gas only)
*' * (grades2poly) : simplified version of the time-dependent grade realization (using polynomial functions)
*' * (exogenous) : exogenous fossil extraction and costs
$setglobal fossil grades2poly !! def = grades2poly
*'--------------------- 32_power ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (IntC) : Power sector formulation with Integration Cost (IntC) markups and curtailment for VRE integration - linearly increasing with VRE share -, and fixed capacity factors for dispatchable power plants
*' * (RLDC) : Power sector formulation with Residual Load Duration Curve (RLDC) formulation for VRE power integration, and flexible capacity factors for dispatchable power plants
*' * (DTcoup) : Power sector formulation with coupling to DIETER
$setglobal power IntC !! def = IntC
*'--------------------- 33_CDR ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (off) : no carbon dioxide removal technologies except BECCS
*' * (weathering) : includes enhanced weathering
*' * (DAC) : includes direct air capture
*' * (all) : includes all CDR technologies
$setglobal CDR DAC !! def = DAC
*'--------------------- 35_transport ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (complex): transport realization including electricity in the transport sector (*RP*)
*' * (edge_esm): transport realization with detailed modes/vehicles representation (*AD*, *MR*)
$setglobal transport edge_esm !! def = edge_esm
*'--------------------- 36_buildings ---------------------------------
*'
*' * (simple): representation of the demand in terms of energy carriers
*' * (services_with_capital): representation of the demand by energy service with capital
*' * (services_putty): representation of the demand by energy service with capital and with putty-clay for buildings insulation
$setglobal buildings simple !! def = simple
*'--------------------- 37_industry ----------------------------------
*'
*' * (fixed_shares): fixed shares of industry sub-sectors (cement, chemicals,
*' * steel, other) in industry FE use
*' * (subsectors): models industry subsectors explicitly with individual CES nests
*' * for cement, chemicals, steel, and otherInd production.
$setglobal industry subsectors !! def = subsectors
*'--------------------- 39_CCU ---------------------------------
*'
*' * (on): simple representation of carbon capture and utilization technologies, first only example of syngas (H22CH4)
*' * (off): no representation of carbon caputre and utilization technologies.
$setglobal CCU on !! def = on
*'--------------------- 40_techpol ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (none): no technology policies
*' * (lowCarbonPush): [works only with Negishi] global low-carbon push until 2030: PV, CSP, Wind, Gas-CCS, Bio-CCS and Electromobility
*' * (coalPhaseout): [works only with Negishi] global phase-out of new freely-emitting coal conversion, caps all coal routes with the exception of coaltr: coal solids can still expand
*' * (coalPhaseoutRegional): [works only with Negishi] global phase-out of new freely-emitting coal conversion, caps all coal routes with the exception of coaltr: coal solids can still expand
*' * (CombLowCandCoalPO): [works only with Negishi] combination of lowCarbonPush and coalPhaseout
*' * (NDC): Technology targets for 2030 for spv,wind,tnrs.
*' * (NPi): Reference technology targets, mostly already enacted (N)ational (P]ol(i)cies, mostly for 2020
*' * (EVmandates): mandate for electric vehicles - used for UBA project
$setglobal techpol none !! def = none
*'--------------------- 41_emicapregi ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (none): no regional emission caps
*' * (CandC): contraction and convergence allocation (under construction)
*' * (GDPint): GDP intensity allocation (under construction)
*' * (POPint): sovereignity (per cap.) allocation (under construction)
*' * (exog): exogenous emission cap path (generic) (under construction)
*' * (PerCapitaConvergence): based on CandC: convergence, to be run with emiscen = 4
*' * (AbilityToPay): mitigation requirement shared based on per-capita GDP, to be run with emiscen = 4
$setglobal emicapregi none !! def = none
*'--------------------- 42_banking ----------------------------------------
*'
*' * (off): no banking and borrowing of emission permits, no when-flexibility
*' * (banking): only banking allowed, no borrowing at all
$setglobal banking off !! def = off
*'--------------------- 45_carbonprice ----------------------------------------
*' This module defines the carbon price pm_taxCO2eq, with behaviour across regions governed by similar principles (e.g. global targets, or all following NDC or NPi policies).
*'
*' * (none): no tax policy (combined with all emiscens except emiscen eq 9)
*' * (exponential): 5% exponential increase over time of the tax level in 2020 set via cm_co2_tax_2020 (combined with emiscen eq 9 and cm_co2_tax_2020>0)
*' * (expoLinear): 5% exponential increase until c_expoLinear_yearStart, linear increase thereafter
*' * (exogenous): carbon price is specified using an external input file or using the switch cm_regiExoPrice
*' * (linear): linear increase over time of the tax level in 2020 set via cm_co2_tax_2020 (combined with emiscen eq 9 and cm_co2_tax_2020>0)
*' * (diffPriceSameCost) ! experimental ! adjusts regional carbon prices until regional mitigation costs (in NPV GDP) are equal across regions. Use with iterative_adjust=2, emiscen=9. Experimental feature, you are responsible to check for convergence yourself (check that p45_mitiCostRel is about constant over iterations)
*' * (temperatureNotToExceed): [test and verify before using it!] Find the optimal carbon carbon tax (set cm_emiscen=1"iterative_target_adj" = 9] curved convergence of CO2 prices between regions until cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr; developed countries have linear path from 0 in 2010 through cm_co2_tax_2020 in 2020;
*' * (NDC2constant): linearly phase in global constant price from NDC prices (default 2020-2040 phase-in)
*' * (diffCurvPhaseIn2Lin): [REMIND 2.1 default for validation peakBudget runs, in combination with "iterative_target_adj" = 9] curved convergence of CO2 prices between regions until cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr; developed countries have linear path from 0 in 2010 through cm_co2_tax_2020 in 2020;
*' * (diffPhaseIn2Constant): !experimental! linearly phase in global constant price, with starting values differentiated by GDP/cap
*' * (NDC): implements a carbon price trajectory consistent with the NDC targets (up to 2030) and a trajectory of comparable ambition post 2030 (1.25%/yr price increase and regional convergence of carbon price). Choose version using cm_NDC_version "2022_cond", "2022_uncond", or replace 2022 by 2021 or 2018 to get all NDC published until end of these years.
$setglobal carbonprice none !! def = none
*'--------------------- 46_carbonpriceRegi ---------------------------------
*' This module applies a markup pm_taxCO2eqRegi on top of pm_taxCO2eq to achieve additional intermediate targets.
*'
*' * (none): no regional carbonprice policies
*' * (NDC): implements a carbon price markup trajectory consistent with the NDC targets between 2030 and 2070
*' * (netZero): implements a carbon price markup trajectory consistent with the net zero targets
$setglobal carbonpriceRegi none !! def = none
*'--------------------- 47_regipol -----------------------------------------
*' The regiCarbonPrice realisation defines more detailed region or emissions market specific targets, overwriting the behaviour of pm_taxCO2eq and pm_taxCO2eqRegi for these regions.
*'
*' * (none): no regional policies
*' * (regiCarbonPrice): Region specific or region group independent carbon price and additional policies.
$setglobal regipol none !! def = none
*'--------------------- 50_damages ---------------------------------------
*'
*' * (off): no damages on GDP
*' * (DiceLike): DICE-like damages (linear-quadratic damages on GDP). Choose specification via cm_damage_DiceLike_specification
*' * (BurkeLike): Burke-like damages (growth rate damages on GDP). Choose specification via cm_damage_BurkeLike_specification and cm_damage_BurkeLike_persistenceTime
*' * (KWLike): Damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020)
*' * (KW_SE): Damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but for the upper bound of the damages based on their standard error calculation
*' * (KWTCint): Combines aggregate damages from Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) and tropical cyclone damages from Krichene et al. (2022)
*' * (Labor): Labor supply damages from Dasgupta et al. (2021)
*' * (TC): tropical cyclone damages from Krichene et al. (2022)
$setGlobal damages off !! def = off
*'--------------------- 51_internalizeDamages ----------------------------
*'
*' * (off):
*' * (DiceLikeItr): Internalize DICE-like damages (calculate the SCC) adjust cm_damages_SccHorizon. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
*' * (BurkeLikeItr): Internalize Burke-like damages (calculate the SCC) adjust cm_damages_SccHorizo. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
*' * (KWlikeItr): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
*' * (KWlikeItrCPnash): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but with Nash SCC, i.e. each region only internalizes its own damages. Requires cm_emiscen set to9 for now.
*' * (KWlikeItrCPreg): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020), but with regional SCC instead of a global uniform price. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
*' * (KW_SEitr): Internalize damage function based on Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) for upper limit based on standard error. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
*' * (KWTCintItr): Internalize combined damages from Kalkuhl & Wenz (2020) and from tropical cyclones. Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
*' * (LabItr): Internalize labor supply damages based on Dasgupta et al. (2021). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
*' * (TCitr): Internalize tropical cyclone damage function based on Krichene et al. (2022). Requires cm_emiscen set to 9 for now.
$setGlobal internalizeDamages off !! def = off
*'--------------------- 70_water -------------------------------------------
*'
*' * (off): no water demand taken into account
*' * (exogenous): exogenous water demand is calculated based on data on water demand coefficients and cooling shares
*' * (heat): as exogenous only that vintage structure in combination with time dependent cooling shares as vintages and efficiency factors are also considered and demand is a function of excess heat as opposed to electricity output
$setglobal water off !! def = off
*'--------------------- 80_optimization ----------------------------------
*'
*' * (nash): Nash solution. Adjust cm_nash_autoconverge to needs.
*' * (negishi): calculates a Negishi solution (social planner)
*' * (testOneRegi): solves the problem for one region for given prices (taken from gdx).
*' ! Warning: For development purposes only !
$setGlobal optimization nash !! def = nash
*'--------------------- 81_codePerformance -------------------------------
*'
*' * (off): nothing happens
*' * (on): test code performance: noumerous (30) succesive runs performed in a triangle, tax0, tax30, tax150, all growing exponentially,
*' therefore use carbonprice|exponential, c_emiscen|9, and cm_co2_tax_2020|0.
$setGlobal codePerformance off !! def = off
***-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*' #### SWITCHES
***-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
parameter
cm_iteration_max "number of iterations, if optimization is set to negishi or testOneRegi; used in nash mode only with cm_nash_autoconvergence = 0"
;
cm_iteration_max = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_abortOnConsecFail "number of iterations of consecutive failures of one region after which to abort"
;
cm_abortOnConsecFail = 5; !! def = 5
*'
parameter
c_solver_try_max "maximum number of inner iterations within one Negishi iteration (<10)"
;
c_solver_try_max = 2; !! def = 2
*'
parameter
c_keep_iteration_gdxes "save intermediate iteration gdxes"
;
c_keep_iteration_gdxes = 0; !! def = 0
*' additonal info for c_keep_iteration_gdxes
*'
*' * (0) gdx files are NOT saved
*' * (1) gdx files are saved
parameter
cm_keep_presolve_gdxes "save gdxes for all regions/solver tries/nash iterations for debugging"
;
cm_keep_presolve_gdxes = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_nash_autoconverge "choice of nash convergence mode"
;
cm_nash_autoconverge = 1; !! def = 1
*' additional information for cm_nash_autoconverge
*'
*' * (0): manually set number of iterations by adjusting cm_iteration_max
*' * (1): run until solution is sufficiently converged - coarse tolerances, quick solution. ! donot use in production runs !
*' * (2): run until solution is sufficiently converged - fine tolerances, for production runs.
*'
parameter
cm_emiscen "policy scenario choice"
;
cm_emiscen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
*' * (0): no global budget. Policy may still be prescribed by 41_emicaprei module.
*' * (1): BAU
*' * (2): temperature cap
*' * (3): CO2 concentration cap
*' * (4): emission time path
*' * (5): forcing target from 2010 (not to exceed)
*' * (6): budget
*' * (8): forcing target from 2100 onwards (overshoot scen)
*' * (9): tax scenario (requires running module 21_tax "on"), tax level controlled by module 45_carbonprice and cm_co2_tax_2020, other ghg etc. controlled by cm_rcp_scen
*' *RP* WARNING: cm_emiscen 3 should not be used anymore, as the MACs are not updated anymore.
*' *JeS* WARNING: data for cm_emiscen 4 only exists for multigas_scen 2 bau scenarios and for multigas_scen 1
*'
parameter
cm_co2_tax_2020 "level of co2 tax in year 2020 in $ per t CO2eq, makes sense only for emiscen eq 9 and 45_carbonprice exponential"
*** (-1): default setting equivalent to no carbon tax
*** (any number >= 0): tax level in 2020, with 5% exponential increase over time
;
cm_co2_tax_2020 = -1; !! def = -1
*'
parameter
cm_co2_tax_growth "growth rate of carbon tax"
*** (any number >= 0): rate of exponential increase over time
;
cm_co2_tax_growth = 1.05; !! def = 1.05
*'
parameter
c_macscen "use of mac"
*** (1): on
*** (2): off
;
c_macscen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_nucscen "nuclear option choice"
*** (1): no fnrs, tnrs completely free after 2020
*** (2): no fnrs, tnrs with restricted new builds until 2030 (based on current data on plants under construction, planned or proposed)
*** (3): no tnrs no fnrs
*** (4): fix at bau level
*** (5): no new nuclear investments after 2020
*** (6): +33% investment costs (tnrs) & uranium resources increased by a factor of 10
;
cm_nucscen = 2; !! def = 2
*'
parameter
cm_ccapturescen "carbon capture option choice, no carbon capture only if CCS and CCU are switched off!"
*** (1): yes
*** (2): no carbon capture (only if CCS and CCU are switched off!)
*** (3): no bio carbon capture
*** (4): no carbon capture in the electricity sector
;
cm_ccapturescen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_bioliqscen "bioenergy liquids technology choise"
*** (0): no technologies
*** (1): all technologies
;
c_bioliqscen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_bioh2scen "bioenergy hydrogen technology choice"
*** (0): no technologies
*** (1): all technologies
;
c_bioh2scen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_shGreenH2 "lower bound on share of green hydrogen in all hydrogen from 2030 onwards"
*** (a number between 0 and 1): share
;
c_shGreenH2 = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
c_shBioTrans "upper bound on share of bioliquids in transport from 2025 onwards"
*** (a number between 0 and 1): share
;
c_shBioTrans = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_shSynLiq "lower bound on share of synfuels in SE liquids by 2045, gradual scale-up before"
*** (a number between 0 and 1): share
;
cm_shSynLiq = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_shSynGas "lower bound on share of synthetic gas in SE gases by 2045, gradual scale-up before"
;
cm_shSynGas = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_IndCCSscen "CCS for Industry"
;
cm_IndCCSscen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_optimisticMAC "assume optimistic Industry MAC from AR5 Ch. 10?"
;
cm_optimisticMAC = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_CCS_cement "CCS for cement sub-sector"
;
cm_CCS_cement = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_CCS_chemicals "CCS for chemicals sub-sector"
;
cm_CCS_chemicals = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_CCS_steel "CCS for steel sub-sector"
;
cm_CCS_steel = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_solscen "solar option choice"
*** (1): yes
*** (2): no solar
*** (3): fix at bau level
;
c_solscen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_bioenergy_tax "level of bioenergy sustainability tax in fraction of bioenergy price"
*** The tax is only applied to purpose grown 2nd generation (lignocellulosic)
*** biomass and the level increases linearly with bioenergy demand. A value of 1
*** refers to a tax level of 100% at a production of 200 EJ/ 1.5 /yr or 150% at 300 EJ/yr, for example).
*** (0): setting equivalent to no tax
*** (1.5): (default), implying a tax level of 150% at a demand of
*** 200 EJ/yr (or 75% at 100 EJ/yr)
*** (any number >= 0): defines tax level at 200 EJ/yr
;
cm_bioenergy_tax = 1.5; !! def = 1.5
*'
parameter
cm_bioenergymaxscen "choose bound on global pebiolc production excluding residues"
*** (0): no bound
*** (1): 100 EJ global bioenergy potential
*** (2): 200 EJ global bioenergy potential
*** (3): 300 EJ global bioenergy potential
*** (4): 152 EJ global bioenergy potential
*** (6): 75 EJ (2050) and 90 EJ (2100) global bioenergy potential (linear
*** interpolation in between)
;
cm_bioenergymaxscen = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_tradecost_bio "choose financal tradecosts for biomass (purpose grown pebiolc)"
*** (1): low tradecosts (for other SSP scenarios than SSP2)
;
cm_tradecost_bio = 2; !! def = 2
*'
parameter
cm_1stgen_phaseout "choose if 1st generation biofuels should phase out after 2030 (vm_deltaCap=0)"
*** (0): 1st generation biofuels after 2020 are fixed at upper limit of resource potential (maxprod)
*** (1): no new capacities for 1st generation biofuel technologies may be built after 2030 -> phaseout until ~2060
;
cm_1stgen_phaseout = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_biolc_tech_phaseout "Switch that allows for a full phaseout of all bioenergy technologies globally"
*** Only working with magpie_40 realization of 30_biomass module.
*** (0): (default) No phaseout
*** (1): Phaseout capacities of all bioenergy technologies using pebiolc, as far
*** as historical bounds on bioenergy technologies allow it. This covers
*** all types of lignocellulosic feedstocks, i.e. purpose grown biomass and
*** residues. Lower bounds on future electricity production due to NDC
*** tagets in p40_ElecBioBound are removed. The first year, in which no new
*** capacities are allowed, is 2025 or cm_startyear if larger.
;
cm_biolc_tech_phaseout = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_cprice_red_factor "reduction factor for price on co2luc when calculating the revenues. Replicates the reduction applied in MAgPIE"
;
cm_cprice_red_factor = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_startyear "first optimized modelling time step [year]"
*** (2005): standard for BAU to check if model is well calibrated
*** (2015): standard for all policy runs (eq. to fix2010) and production baselines, especially if various baselines with varying parameters are explored
*** (....): later start for delay policy runs, eg. 2025 for what used to be delay2020
*AG* and *CB* for cm_startyear greater than 2005, you have to copy the fulldata.gdx (rename it to: input_ref.gdx) from the run you want to build your new run onto.
;
cm_startyear = 2005; !! def = 2005 for a BAU, 2015 for policy runs
*'
parameter
c_start_budget "start of GHG budget limit"
;
c_start_budget = 2100; !! def = 2100
*'
parameter
cm_prtpScen "pure rate of time preference standard values"
*** (1): 1 %
*** (3): 3 %
;
cm_prtpScen = 3; !! def = 3
*'
parameter
cm_fetaxscen "choice of final energy tax path, subsidy path and inconvenience cost path, values other than 0 make setting module 21_tax on"
*** *RP* even if set to 0, the PE inconvenience cost per SO2-cost for coal are always on if module 21_tax is on
*** (0): no tax, sub, inconv
*** (1): constant t,s,i (used in SSP 5 and ADVANCE WP3.1 HighOilSub)
*** (2): converging tax, phased out sub (-2030), no inconvenience cost so far (used in SSP 1)
*** (3): constant tax, phased out sub (-2050), no inconvenience cost so far (used in SSP 2)
*** (4): constant tax, phased out sub (-2030), no inconvenience cost so far (used in SDP)
;
cm_fetaxscen = 3; !! def = 3
*'
parameter
cm_multigasscen "scenario on GHG portfolio to be included in permit trading scheme"
*** (1): CO2 only
*** (2): all GHG
*** (3): all GHG excl CO2 emissions from LULUCF
;
cm_multigasscen = 2; !! def = 2
*'
parameter
cm_permittradescen "scenario on permit trade"
*** (1): full permit trade (no restrictions)
*** (2): no permit trade (only domestic mitigation)
*** (3): limited trade (certain percentage of GDP)
;
cm_permittradescen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_limit_peur_scen "limit total uranium production"
*** (0): off
*** (1): on
*** (2): high tradecosts (default and SSP2)
;
cm_limit_peur_scen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_rentdiscoil "[grades2poly] discount factor for the oil rent"
;
cm_rentdiscoil = 0.2; !! def 0.2
*'
parameter
cm_rentdiscoil2 "[grades2poly] discount factor for the oil rent achieved in 2100"
;
cm_rentdiscoil2 = 0.9; !! def 0.9
*'
parameter
cm_rentconvoil "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 oil rent"
;
cm_rentconvoil = 50; !! def 50
*'
parameter
cm_rentdiscgas "[grades2poly] discount factor for the gas rent"
;
cm_rentdiscgas = 0.6; !! def 0.6
*'
parameter
cm_rentdiscgas2 "[grades2poly] discount factor for the gas rent achieved in 2100"
;
cm_rentdiscgas2 = 0.8; !! def 0.8
*'
parameter
cm_rentconvgas "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 gas rent"
;
cm_rentconvgas = 50; !! def 50
*'
parameter
cm_rentdisccoal "[grades2poly] discount factor for the coal rent"
;
cm_rentdisccoal = 0.4; !! def 0.4
*'
parameter
cm_rentdisccoal2 "[grades2poly] discount factor for the coal rent achieved in 2100"
;
cm_rentdisccoal2 = 0.6; !! def 0.6
*'
parameter
cm_rentconvcoal "[grades2poly] number of years required to converge to the 2100 coal rent"
;
cm_rentconvcoal = 50; !! def 50
*'
parameter
c_cint_scen "additional GHG emissions from mining fossil fuels"
*** (0): switch is off (emissions are not accounted)
*** (1): switch is on (emissions are accounted)
;
c_cint_scen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
cm_so2tax_scen "level of SO2 tax"
*** (0): so2 tax is set to zero
*** (1): so2 tax is low
*** (2): so2 tax is standard
*** (3): so2 tax is high
*** (4): so2 tax intermediary between 1 and 2, multiplying (1) tax by the ratio (3) and (2)
;
cm_so2tax_scen = 1; !! def =
*'
parameter
cm_damage "cm_damage factor for forcing overshoot"
*** *JeS* can be used to lower forcing overshoot in cm_emiscen 8 scenarios, use only with box model!
;
cm_damage = 0.005; !! def = 0.005
*'
parameter
cm_solwindenergyscen "scenario for fluctuating renewables, 1 is reference, 2 is pessimistic with limits to fluctuating SE el share"
*** (0) advanced - cheap investment costs, higher learning rates for pv, csp and wind
*** (1) reference - normal investment costs & learning rates for pv, csp and wind EMF27-3nd round Adv scenario
*** (2) pessimistic EMF27 and AWP 2 - share of PV, wind&CSP limited to 20%. Learning rates reduced by 20%, floor costs increased by 40%. EMF27-3nd round Cons scenario
*** (3) frozen - no learning after 2010, share of PV, wind&CSP limited to 20%. EMF27-3rd round Frozen scenario
*** (4) pessimistic SSP: pessimistic techno-economic assumptions
;
cm_solwindenergyscen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_techAssumptScen "scenario for assumptions of energy technologies based on SSP scenarios, 1: SSP2 (default), 2: SSP1, 3: SSP5"
*** *JH* This flag defines an energy technology scenario
*** (1) SSP2: reference scenario - default investment costs & learning rates for pv, csp and wind
*** (2) SSP1: advanced renewable energy techno., pessimistic for nuclear and CCS
*** (3) SSP5: pessimistic techno-economic assumptions
;
c_techAssumptScen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_ccsinjecratescen "CCS injection rate factor, 0.5% by default yielding a 60 Mt per year IR"
*** *JH* This flag determines the upper bound of the CCS injection rate
*** *LP* CCS refers to carbon sequestration, carbon capture is modelled separately
*** (0) no "CCS" as in no carbon sequestration at all
*** (1) reference case: 0.005
*** (2) lower estimate: 0.0025
*** (3) upper estimate: 0.075
*** (4) unconstrained: 1
*** (5) sustainability case: 0.001
;
c_ccsinjecratescen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_ccscapratescen "CCS capture rate"
*** *JH* This flag determines the CO2 capture rate of CCS technologies
*** (1) reference
*** (2) increased capture rate
;
c_ccscapratescen = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_export_tax_scen "choose which oil export tax is used in the model. 0 = none, 1 = fix"
;
c_export_tax_scen = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_iterative_target_adj "whether or not a tax or a budget target should be iteratively adjusted depending on actual emission or forcing level"
*** (0): no iterative adjustment
*** (2): iterative adjustment II based on magicc calculated forcing (for both budget and tax runs), see modules/ 0 /magicc/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
*** (3): [requires 45_carbonprice = "NDC" and emiscen = 9] iterative adjustment III for tax based on 2025 or 2030 regionally differentiated emissions, see module/45_carbonprice/<NDC/NPi2018>/postsolve.gms for algorithm of adjustment
*** (4): iterative adjustment IV for both budget and tax runs based on CO2 FF&I emissions 2020-2100, see core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
*** (5): iterative adjustment V for both budget and tax runs based on CO2 emissions 2020-2100, see core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
*** (6): iterative adjustment VI for both budget and tax runs based on peak CO2 emissions budget, without changing temporal profile (i.e. with overshoot), see core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
*** (7): iterative adjustment VII for tax runs based on peak CO2 emissions, with change of temporal tax profile after time of peak budget, aiming for net-zero thereafter, see core/postsolve.gms for direct algorithms of adjustment
*** (9): [REMIND 2.1 default for validation peakBudget runs, in combination with carbonprice = none; after the peaking year annual increase by cm_taxCO2inc_after_peakBudgYr. Automatically shifts cm_peakBudgYr to find the correct peaking year for a given .
;
cm_iterative_target_adj = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_NDC_divergentScenario "choose scenario about convergence of CO2eq prices in NDC realization of module 45_carbonprice"
*** (0) 70 years after 2030
*** (1) 120 years after 2030
*** (2) until year 3000 ("never")
;
cm_NDC_divergentScenario = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_gdximport_target "whether or not the starting value for iteratively adjusted budgets, tax scenarios, or forcing targets (emiscen 5,6,8,9) should be read in from the input.gdx"
*** (0): no import, the default starting value as specified in modules/ 0 /on/input/tax_CO2.inc, core/input/data_emibudget.inc, modules/15_climate/box/datainput.gms is used
*** (1): the values from the gdx are read in (works only if the gdx has a parameter value) ATTENTION: make sure that the values from the gdx have the right structure (e.g. regionally differentiated or not)
;
cm_gdximport_target = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_gs_ew "grain size (for enhanced weathering, CDR module) [micrometre]"
;
cm_gs_ew = 20; !! def = 20
*'
parameter
cm_LimRock "limit amount of rock spread each year [Gt]"
;
cm_LimRock = 1000; !! def = 1000
*'
parameter
c_tau_so2_xmpt "switch for temporarily (mainly in the past) exempting chinese SO2 emissions from the SO2 tax"
;
c_tau_so2_xmpt = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_expoLinear_yearStart "time at which carbon price increases lineraly instead of exponentially"
;
cm_expoLinear_yearStart = 2050; !! def = 2050
*'
parameter
c_budgetCO2from2020FFI "carbon budget for CO2 emissions starting from 2020 from FFI (in GtCO2)"
;
c_budgetCO2from2020FFI = 700; !! def = 700
*'
parameter
c_abtrdy "first year in which advanced bio-energy technology are ready (unit is year; e.g. 2050)"
;
c_abtrdy = 2010; !! def = 2010
*'
parameter
c_abtcst "scaling of the cost of advanced bio-energy technologies (no unit, 50% increase means 1.5)"
;
c_abtcst = 1; !! def = 1
*'
parameter
c_budgetCO2from2020 "carbon budget for all CO2 emissions starting from 2020 (in GtCO2)"
*** budgets from AR6 for 2020-2100 (including 2020), for 1.5 C: 400 Gt CO2, for 2 C: 1150 Gt CO2
;
c_budgetCO2from2020 = 1150; !! def = 1150
*'
parameter
cm_trdcst "parameter to scale trade export cost for gas"
;
cm_trdcst = 1.5; !! def = 1.5
*'
parameter
cm_trdadj "parameter scale the adjustment cost parameter for increasing gas trade export"
;
cm_trdadj = 2; !! def = 2.0
*'
parameter
cm_postTargetIncrease "carbon price increase per year after regipol emission target is reached (euro per tCO2)"
;
cm_postTargetIncrease = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_emiMktTargetDelay "number of years for delayed price change in the emission tax convergence algorithm. Not applied to first target set."
;
cm_emiMktTargetDelay = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
c_refcapbnd "switch for fixing refinery capacities to the SSP2 levels in 2010 (if equal zero then no fixing)"
;
c_refcapbnd = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_damages_BurkeLike_specification "empirical specification for Burke-like damage functions"
*** def = 0; {0,5} Selects the main Burke specification "pooled, short-run" (0) or an alternative one "pooled, long-run "(5)
;
cm_damages_BurkeLike_specification = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_damages_BurkeLike_persistenceTime "persistence time in years for Burke-like damage functions"
*** def = 30; Persistence time (half-time) in years. Highly uncertain, but may be in between 5 and 55 years.
;
cm_damages_BurkeLike_persistenceTime = 30; !! def = 30
*'
parameter
cm_damages_SccHorizon "Horizon for SCC calculation. Damages cm_damagesSccHorizon years into the future are internalized."
*** def = 100; Horizon for SCC calculation. Damages cm_damagesSccHorizon years into the future are internalized.
;
cm_damages_SccHorizon = 100; !! def = 100
*'
parameter
cm_damage_KWSE "standard error for Kalkuhl & Wenz damages"
*** def = 0; {1.645 for 90% CI, 1.96 for 95% CI, no correction when 0}
;
cm_damage_KWSE = 0; !! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_carbonprice_temperatureLimit "not-to-exceed temperature target in degree above pre-industrial"
;
cm_carbonprice_temperatureLimit = 1.8; !! def = 1.8
*'
parameter
cm_frac_CCS "tax on CCS to reflect risk of leakage, formulated as fraction of ccs O&M costs"
;
cm_frac_CCS = 10; !! def = 10
*'
parameter
cm_frac_NetNegEmi "tax on CDR to reflect risk of overshooting, formulated as fraction of carbon price"
;
cm_frac_NetNegEmi = 0.5; !! def = 0.5
*'
parameter
cm_DiscRateScen "Scenario for the implicit discount rate applied to the energy efficiency capital"
*** (0) Baseline without higher discount rate: No additional discount rate
*** (1) Baseline with higher discount rate: Increase the discount rate by 10%pts from 2005 until the end
*** (2) Energy Efficiency policy: 10%pts higher discount rate until cm_start_year and 0 afterwards.
*** (3) Energy Efficiency policy: higher discount rate until cm_start_year and 25% of the initial value afterwards.
*** (4) Energy Efficiency policy: higher discount rate until cm_start_year, decreasing to 25% value linearly until 2030.
;
cm_DiscRateScen = 0;!! def = 0
*'
parameter
cm_noReboundEffect "Switch for allowing a rebound effect when closing the efficiency gap (cm_DiscRateScen)"
*** def <- -3 , price sensitivity of logit function for heating and cooking technological choice
;
cm_noReboundEffect = 0;
*'
parameter
cm_priceSensiBuild "Price sensitivity of energy carrier choice in buildings"
*** def <- -3 , price sensitivity of logit function for heating and cooking technological choice
;
cm_priceSensiBuild = -3;
*'
parameter
cm_peakBudgYr "date of net-zero CO2 emissions for peak budget runs without overshoot"
*** time of net-zero CO2 emissions (peak budget), requires emiscen to 9 and cm_iterative_target_adj to 7, will potentially be adjusted by algorithms
;
cm_peakBudgYr = 2050; !! def = 2050
*'
parameter
cm_taxCO2inc_after_peakBudgYr "annual increase of CO2 price after the Peak Budget Year in $ per tCO2"
;
cm_taxCO2inc_after_peakBudgYr = 3; !! def = 3
*'
parameter
cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr "Year at which regional CO2 prices converge in module 45 realization diffPhaseIn2LinFlex"
;
cm_CO2priceRegConvEndYr = 2050; !! def = 2050
*'
parameter
cm_GDPcovid "GDP correction for covid"
*** switch to turn on short-term GDP loss by covid-19
*** *ML* emulates a schock, only feasible with start year 2020, don't use in calibration