diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3e1db85..3f08a46 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -423,11 +423,11 @@ function y() {
 
 The *y*-accessor is invoked for each [node](#simulation_nodes) in the simulation, being passed the *node* and its zero-based *index*. The resulting number is then stored internally, such that the target *y*-coordinate of each node is only recomputed when the force is initialized or when this method is called with a new *y*, and not on every application of the force.
 
-<a name="forceRadial" href="#forceRadial">#</a> d3.<b>forceRadial</b>(<i>radius</i>[, <i>x</i>][, <i>y</i>]) [<>](https://github.com/d3/d3-force/blob/master/src/radial.js "Source")
+<a name="forceRadial" href="#forceRadial">#</a> d3.<b>forceRadial</b>(<i>radius</i>[, <i>x</i>][, <i>y</i>][, <i>angle</i>]) [<>](https://github.com/d3/d3-force/blob/master/src/radial.js "Source")
 
 [<img alt="Radial Force" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/d3/d3-force/master/img/radial.png" width="420" height="219">](https://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/cd98bf52e9067e26945edd95e8cf6ef9)
 
-Creates a new positioning force towards a circle of the specified [*radius*](#radial_radius) centered at ⟨[*x*](#radial_x),[*y*](#radial_y)⟩. If *x* and *y* are not specified, they default to ⟨0,0⟩.
+Creates a new positioning force towards a circle of the specified [*radius*](#radial_radius) centered at ⟨[*x*](#radial_x),[*y*](#radial_y)⟩, and with a preferred [*angle*](#radial_angle). If *x* and *y* are not specified, they default to ⟨0,0⟩. If *radius* or *angle* are not specified (or null), they are ignored.
 
 <a name="radial_strength" href="#radial_strength">#</a> <i>radial</i>.<b>strength</b>([<i>strength</i>]) [<>](https://github.com/d3/d3-force/blob/master/src/radial.js "Source")
 
@@ -445,14 +445,37 @@ The strength accessor is invoked for each [node](#simulation_nodes) in the simul
 
 <a name="radial_radius" href="#radial_radius">#</a> <i>radial</i>.<b>radius</b>([<i>radius</i>]) [<>](https://github.com/d3/d3-force/blob/master/src/radial.js "Source")
 
-If *radius* is specified, sets the circle *radius* to the specified number or function, re-evaluates the *radius* accessor for each node, and returns this force. If *radius* is not specified, returns the current *radius* accessor.
+If *radius* is specified, sets the circle *radius* to the specified number or function, re-evaluates the *radius* accessor for each node, and returns this force. If *radius* is not specified, returns the current *radius* accessor. If *angle* is null, the force ignores the radius (see [*radial*.angle](#radial_angle)).
 
 The *radius* accessor is invoked for each [node](#simulation_nodes) in the simulation, being passed the *node* and its zero-based *index*. The resulting number is then stored internally, such that the target radius of each node is only recomputed when the force is initialized or when this method is called with a new *radius*, and not on every application of the force.
 
 <a name="radial_x" href="#radial_x">#</a> <i>radial</i>.<b>x</b>([<i>x</i>]) [<>](https://github.com/d3/d3-force/blob/master/src/radial.js "Source")
 
-If *x* is specified, sets the *x*-coordinate of the circle center to the specified number and returns this force. If *x* is not specified, returns the current *x*-coordinate of the center, which defaults to zero.
+If *x* is specified, sets the *x*-coordinate accessor to the specified number or function, re-evaluates the *x*-accessor for each node, and returns this force. If *x* is not specified, returns the current *x*-accessor, which defaults to:
+
+```js
+function x() {
+  return 0;
+}
+```
+
+The *x*-accessor is invoked for each [node](#simulation_nodes) in the simulation, being passed the *node* and its zero-based *index*. The resulting number is then stored internally, such that the target *x*-coordinate of each node is only recomputed when the force is initialized or when this method is called with a new *x*, and not on every application of the force.
 
 <a name="radial_y" href="#radial_y">#</a> <i>radial</i>.<b>y</b>([<i>y</i>]) [<>](https://github.com/d3/d3-force/blob/master/src/radial.js "Source")
 
-If *y* is specified, sets the *y*-coordinate of the circle center to the specified number and returns this force. If *y* is not specified, returns the current *y*-coordinate of the center, which defaults to zero.
+If *y* is specified, sets the *y*-coordinate accessor to the specified number or function, re-evaluates the *y*-accessor for each node, and returns this force. If *y* is not specified, returns the current *y*-accessor, which defaults to:
+
+```js
+function y() {
+  return 0;
+}
+```
+
+The *y*-accessor is invoked for each [node](#simulation_nodes) in the simulation, being passed the *node* and its zero-based *index*. The resulting number is then stored internally, such that the target *y*-coordinate of each node is only recomputed when the force is initialized or when this method is called with a new *y*, and not on every application of the force.
+
+<a name="radial_angle" href="#radial_angle">#</a> <i>radial</i>.<b>angle</b>([<i>angle</i>]) [<>](https://github.com/d3/d3-force/blob/master/src/radial.js "Source")
+
+If *angle* is specified, sets the preferred *angle* to the specified number or function, re-evaluates the *angle* accessor for each node, and returns this force. If *angle* is not specified, returns the current *angle* accessor. If *angle* is null, the force ignores the preferred angle.
+
+The *angle* accessor is invoked for each [node](#simulation_nodes) in the simulation, being passed the *node* and its zero-based *index*. The resulting number is then stored internally, such that the target angle of each node is only recomputed when the force is initialized or when this method is called with a new *angle*, and not on every application of the force.
+
diff --git a/src/math.js b/src/math.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d38afca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/math.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export var pi = Math.PI;
+export var radians = pi / 180;
diff --git a/src/radial.js b/src/radial.js
index 609516b..3fe3ff1 100644
--- a/src/radial.js
+++ b/src/radial.js
@@ -1,24 +1,52 @@
 import constant from "./constant.js";
+import {radians} from "./math.js";
 
-export default function(radius, x, y) {
+function value(x) {
+  if (typeof x === "function") return x;
+  if (x === null || x === undefined || isNaN(x = +x)) return;
+  return constant(x);
+}
+
+export default function(radius, x, y, angle) {
   var nodes,
       strength = constant(0.1),
       strengths,
-      radiuses;
+      radii,
+      xs,
+      ys,
+      angles;
 
-  if (typeof radius !== "function") radius = constant(+radius);
-  if (x == null) x = 0;
-  if (y == null) y = 0;
+  radius = value(radius);
+  x = value(x) || constant(0);
+  y = value(y) || constant(0);
+  angle = value(angle);
 
   function force(alpha) {
     for (var i = 0, n = nodes.length; i < n; ++i) {
       var node = nodes[i],
-          dx = node.x - x || 1e-6,
-          dy = node.y - y || 1e-6,
-          r = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy),
-          k = (radiuses[i] - r) * strengths[i] * alpha / r;
-      node.vx += dx * k;
-      node.vy += dy * k;
+          dx = node.x - xs[i] || 1e-6,
+          dy = node.y - ys[i] || 1e-6,
+          r = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
+
+      if (radius) {
+        var k = ((radii[i] - r) * strengths[i] * alpha) / r;
+        node.vx += dx * k;
+        node.vy += dy * k;
+      }
+
+      if (angle) {
+        var a = Math.atan2(dy, dx),
+          diff = angles[i] - a,
+          q = r * Math.sin(diff) * (strengths[i] * alpha);
+
+        // the factor below augments the "unease" for points that are opposite
+        // the correct direction: in that case, though sin(diff) is small,
+        // tan(diff/2) is very high
+        q *= Math.hypot(1, Math.tan(diff / 2));
+
+        node.vx += -q * Math.sin(a);
+        node.vy += q * Math.cos(a);
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -26,10 +54,16 @@ export default function(radius, x, y) {
     if (!nodes) return;
     var i, n = nodes.length;
     strengths = new Array(n);
-    radiuses = new Array(n);
+    radii = new Array(n);
+    xs = new Array(n);
+    ys = new Array(n);
+    angles = new Array(n);
     for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-      radiuses[i] = +radius(nodes[i], i, nodes);
-      strengths[i] = isNaN(radiuses[i]) ? 0 : +strength(nodes[i], i, nodes);
+      if (radius) radii[i] = +radius(nodes[i], i, nodes);
+      xs[i] = +x(nodes[i], i, nodes);
+      ys[i] = +y(nodes[i], i, nodes);
+      if (angle) angles[i] = +angle(nodes[i], i, nodes) * radians;
+      strengths[i] = isNaN(radii[i]) ? 0 : +strength(nodes[i], i, nodes);
     }
   }
 
@@ -38,19 +72,23 @@ export default function(radius, x, y) {
   };
 
   force.strength = function(_) {
-    return arguments.length ? (strength = typeof _ === "function" ? _ : constant(+_), initialize(), force) : strength;
+    return arguments.length ? (strength = value(_) || constant(1), initialize(), force) : strength;
   };
 
   force.radius = function(_) {
-    return arguments.length ? (radius = typeof _ === "function" ? _ : constant(+_), initialize(), force) : radius;
+    return arguments.length ? (radius = value(_), initialize(), force) : radius;
   };
 
   force.x = function(_) {
-    return arguments.length ? (x = +_, force) : x;
+    return arguments.length ? (x = value(_) || constant(0), initialize(), force) : x;
   };
 
   force.y = function(_) {
-    return arguments.length ? (y = +_, force) : y;
+    return arguments.length ? (y = value(_) || constant(0), initialize(), force) : y;
+  };
+
+force.angle = function(_) {
+    return arguments.length ? (angle = value(_), initialize(), force) : y;
   };
 
   return force;