diff --git a/packages/cli/package-lock.json b/packages/cli/package-lock.json
index 4185d4e9..9fdacf39 100644
--- a/packages/cli/package-lock.json
+++ b/packages/cli/package-lock.json
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
       "version": "4.5.2",
       "license": "MPL-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@axe-core/webdriverjs": "^4.5.2",
         "axe-core": "^4.6.1",
         "chromedriver": "^108.0.0",
         "colors": "^1.4.0",
@@ -52,17 +51,6 @@
         "node": ">=6.0.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@axe-core/webdriverjs": {
-      "version": "4.5.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@axe-core/webdriverjs/-/webdriverjs-4.5.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7OvK9y6vn4VEGiwosyQd0O14YWaDCIvrVDlDG8bbUauFS6jncZin0rVmuwrPWt40SpHY/uxJypfZgPJcENHuPw==",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "axe-core": "^4.5.2"
-      },
-      "peerDependencies": {
-        "selenium-webdriver": ">3.0.0-beta  || >=2.53.1 || >4.0.0-alpha"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/@babel/code-frame": {
       "version": "7.18.6",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.18.6.tgz",
@@ -3713,14 +3701,6 @@
         "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.9"
       }
     },
-    "@axe-core/webdriverjs": {
-      "version": "4.5.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@axe-core/webdriverjs/-/webdriverjs-4.5.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7OvK9y6vn4VEGiwosyQd0O14YWaDCIvrVDlDG8bbUauFS6jncZin0rVmuwrPWt40SpHY/uxJypfZgPJcENHuPw==",
-      "requires": {
-        "axe-core": "^4.5.2"
-      }
-    },
     "@babel/code-frame": {
       "version": "7.18.6",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.18.6.tgz",
diff --git a/packages/playwright/package-lock.json b/packages/playwright/package-lock.json
index b70a5d20..d4a6a431 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/package-lock.json
+++ b/packages/playwright/package-lock.json
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
         "@types/mocha": "^10.0.0",
         "@types/node": "^18.8.3",
         "@types/test-listen": "^1.1.0",
-        "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures",
+        "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1",
         "chai": "^4.3.6",
         "express": "^4.18.2",
         "mocha": "^10.0.0",
@@ -803,8 +803,7 @@
     },
     "node_modules/axe-test-fixtures": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
-      "resolved": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#ddc6e711051f0f8b834b7c01f1f056b04cf39e70",
-      "integrity": "sha512-liswp82xySChQGfFC/Ar6oWvwMPs+/TVE9vAG+OOaMpgGdlHLLbono82CVyctWNx8vu8R8SgSSdKS8MgQan34g==",
+      "resolved": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#464337d0fb0f3f051dbb8483ca30c559d91b1746",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0"
     },
@@ -4291,10 +4290,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-lCZN5XRuOnpG4bpMq8v0khrWtUOn+i8lZSb6wHZH56ZfbIEv6XwJV84AAueh9/zi7qPVJ/E4yz6fmsiyOmXR4w=="
     },
     "axe-test-fixtures": {
-      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#ddc6e711051f0f8b834b7c01f1f056b04cf39e70",
-      "integrity": "sha512-liswp82xySChQGfFC/Ar6oWvwMPs+/TVE9vAG+OOaMpgGdlHLLbono82CVyctWNx8vu8R8SgSSdKS8MgQan34g==",
+      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#464337d0fb0f3f051dbb8483ca30c559d91b1746",
       "dev": true,
-      "from": "axe-test-fixtures@github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures"
+      "from": "axe-test-fixtures@github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1"
     },
     "balanced-match": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
diff --git a/packages/playwright/package.json b/packages/playwright/package.json
index febfd757..59f906a1 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/package.json
+++ b/packages/playwright/package.json
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
     "@types/mocha": "^10.0.0",
     "@types/node": "^18.8.3",
     "@types/test-listen": "^1.1.0",
-    "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures",
+    "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1",
     "chai": "^4.3.6",
     "express": "^4.18.2",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
diff --git a/packages/playwright/src/index.ts b/packages/playwright/src/index.ts
index 00b9530d..c4c4b230 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright/src/index.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ import type {
   RunOptions,
   AxeResults,
   SerialContextObject,
-  PartialResults
+  PartialResults,
+  ContextObject,
+  SerialSelectorList,
+  SerialSelector,
+  SerialFrameSelector
 } from 'axe-core';
 import { source } from 'axe-core';
 import { normalizeContext, analyzePage } from './utils';
@@ -19,8 +23,8 @@ import AxePartialRunner from './AxePartialRunner';
 
 export default class AxeBuilder {
   private page: Page;
-  private includes: string[][];
-  private excludes: string[][];
+  private includes: SerialSelectorList;
+  private excludes: SerialSelectorList;
   private option: RunOptions;
   private source: string;
   private legacyMode = false;
@@ -43,8 +47,7 @@ export default class AxeBuilder {
    * @returns this
    */
 
-  public include(selector: string | string[]): this {
-    selector = Array.isArray(selector) ? selector : [selector];
+  public include(selector: SerialFrameSelector): this {
     this.includes.push(selector);
     return this;
   }
@@ -56,8 +59,7 @@ export default class AxeBuilder {
    * @returns this
    */
 
-  public exclude(selector: string | string[]): this {
-    selector = Array.isArray(selector) ? selector : [selector];
+  public exclude(selector: SerialFrameSelector): this {
     this.excludes.push(selector);
     return this;
   }
diff --git a/packages/playwright/src/types.ts b/packages/playwright/src/types.ts
index cf7990ce..f1606e9d 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright/src/types.ts
@@ -4,14 +4,15 @@ import type {
   AxeResults,
   ContextObject,
   CrossTreeSelector,
-  PartialResult
+  PartialResult,
+  SerialContextObject
 } from 'axe-core';
 
 export type PartialResults = PartialResult | null;
 
 export interface AnalyzePageParams {
-  context: ContextObject;
-  options: RunOptions | null;
+  context: SerialContextObject;
+  options: RunOptions;
 }
 
 export interface AxePlaywrightParams {
diff --git a/packages/playwright/src/utils.ts b/packages/playwright/src/utils.ts
index 19b9f3a7..a828901d 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/src/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright/src/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import type { AxeResults, SerialContextObject } from 'axe-core';
+import type {
+  AxeResults,
+  SerialContextObject,
+  SerialSelectorList
+} from 'axe-core';
 import type { AnalyzePageParams, AnalyzePageResponse } from './types';
 
 /**
@@ -9,11 +13,12 @@ import type { AnalyzePageParams, AnalyzePageResponse } from './types';
  */
 
 export const normalizeContext = (
-  includes: string[][],
-  excludes: string[][]
+  includes: SerialSelectorList,
+  excludes: SerialSelectorList
 ): SerialContextObject => {
   const base: SerialContextObject = {
-    exclude: []
+    exclude: [],
+    include: []
   };
   if (excludes.length && Array.isArray(base.exclude)) {
     base.exclude.push(...excludes);
diff --git a/packages/playwright/tests/axe-playwright.spec.ts b/packages/playwright/tests/axe-playwright.spec.ts
index 5f191caa..026c3d32 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/tests/axe-playwright.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright/tests/axe-playwright.spec.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,12 @@ import 'mocha';
 import fs from 'fs';
 import playwright from 'playwright';
 import express from 'express';
-import type { AxeResults } from 'axe-core';
+import type {
+  AxeResults,
+  Result,
+  SerialSelector,
+  SerialSelectorList
+} from 'axe-core';
 import testListen from 'test-listen';
 import { assert } from 'chai';
 import path from 'path';
@@ -426,7 +431,7 @@ describe('@axe-core/playwright', () => {
           return acc.concat(pass.nodes as any);
         }, [])
         .reduce((acc, node: any) => {
-          return acc.concat(node.target);
+          return acc.concat(node.target.flat(1));
         }, []);
     };
     it('with include and exclude', async () => {
@@ -557,6 +562,74 @@ describe('@axe-core/playwright', () => {
       assert.equal(res?.status(), 200);
       assert.deepEqual(actual[0], expected);
     });
+
+    it('with labelled frame', async () => {
+      await page.goto(`${addr}/external/context-include-exclude.html`);
+      const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
+        .include({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', 'html'] })
+        .exclude({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-bar'] })
+        .include({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-baz', 'html'] })
+        .exclude({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-baz', 'input'] })
+        .analyze();
+      const labelResult = results.violations.find(
+        (r: Result) => r.id === 'label'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#foo-bar'));
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('input'));
+      assert.isUndefined(labelResult);
+    });
+
+    it('with include shadow DOM', async () => {
+      await page.goto(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+      const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
+        .include([['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']])
+        .include([['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']])
+        .analyze();
+      assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+      assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#button'));
+    });
+
+    it('with exclude shadow DOM', async () => {
+      await page.goto(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+      const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
+        .exclude([['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']])
+        .exclude([['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']])
+        .analyze();
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+      assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#button'));
+    });
+
+    it('with labelled shadow DOM', async () => {
+      await page.goto(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+      const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
+        .include({ fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1'] })
+        .exclude({ fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2'] })
+        .analyze();
+      assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+    });
+
+    it('with labelled iframe and shadow DOM', async () => {
+      await page.goto(`${addr}/external/shadow-frames.html`);
+      const { violations } = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
+        .exclude({
+          fromFrames: [
+            {
+              fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root', '#shadow-frame']
+            },
+            'input'
+          ]
+        })
+        .options({ runOnly: 'label' })
+        .analyze();
+      assert.equal(violations[0].id, 'label');
+      assert.lengthOf(violations[0].nodes, 2);
+      const nodes = violations[0].nodes;
+      assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['#light-frame', 'input']);
+      assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['#slotted-frame', 'input']);
+    });
   });
 
   describe('axe.finishRun errors', () => {
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer/package-lock.json b/packages/puppeteer/package-lock.json
index 2a21c87a..778a0214 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer/package-lock.json
+++ b/packages/puppeteer/package-lock.json
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
         "@types/node": "^18.8.3",
         "@types/sinon": "^10.0.13",
         "@types/test-listen": "^1.1.0",
-        "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures",
+        "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1",
         "chai": "^4.3.6",
         "express": "^4.18.2",
         "mocha": "^10.0.0",
@@ -987,8 +987,7 @@
     },
     "node_modules/axe-test-fixtures": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
-      "resolved": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#ddc6e711051f0f8b834b7c01f1f056b04cf39e70",
-      "integrity": "sha512-liswp82xySChQGfFC/Ar6oWvwMPs+/TVE9vAG+OOaMpgGdlHLLbono82CVyctWNx8vu8R8SgSSdKS8MgQan34g==",
+      "resolved": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#464337d0fb0f3f051dbb8483ca30c559d91b1746",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0"
     },
@@ -4996,10 +4995,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-lCZN5XRuOnpG4bpMq8v0khrWtUOn+i8lZSb6wHZH56ZfbIEv6XwJV84AAueh9/zi7qPVJ/E4yz6fmsiyOmXR4w=="
     },
     "axe-test-fixtures": {
-      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#ddc6e711051f0f8b834b7c01f1f056b04cf39e70",
-      "integrity": "sha512-liswp82xySChQGfFC/Ar6oWvwMPs+/TVE9vAG+OOaMpgGdlHLLbono82CVyctWNx8vu8R8SgSSdKS8MgQan34g==",
+      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#464337d0fb0f3f051dbb8483ca30c559d91b1746",
       "dev": true,
-      "from": "axe-test-fixtures@github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures"
+      "from": "axe-test-fixtures@github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1"
     },
     "balanced-match": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer/package.json b/packages/puppeteer/package.json
index 83928677..1f4b4eb2 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer/package.json
+++ b/packages/puppeteer/package.json
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     "@types/node": "^18.8.3",
     "@types/sinon": "^10.0.13",
     "@types/test-listen": "^1.1.0",
-    "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures",
+    "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1",
     "chai": "^4.3.6",
     "express": "^4.18.2",
     "mocha": "^10.0.0",
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer/src/axePuppeteer.ts b/packages/puppeteer/src/axePuppeteer.ts
index 56b5bd0a..d6ce5f38 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer/src/axePuppeteer.ts
+++ b/packages/puppeteer/src/axePuppeteer.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 import assert from 'assert';
-import { RunOptions, SerialContextObject, Spec, AxeResults } from 'axe-core';
+import {
+  RunOptions,
+  SerialContextObject,
+  Spec,
+  AxeResults,
+  SerialSelectorList,
+  SerialFrameSelector
+} from 'axe-core';
 import { Frame, Page } from 'puppeteer';
 import {
   axeGetFrameContext,
@@ -22,8 +29,8 @@ import {
 export class AxePuppeteer {
   private frame: Frame;
   private axeSource?: string;
-  private includes: string[][];
-  private excludes: string[][];
+  private includes: SerialSelectorList;
+  private excludes: SerialSelectorList;
   private axeOptions: RunOptions;
   private config: Spec | null;
   private disabledFrameSelectors: string[];
@@ -62,8 +69,7 @@ export class AxePuppeteer {
    * Selector to include in analysis.
    * This may be called any number of times.
    */
-  public include(selector: string | string[]): this {
-    selector = arrayify(selector);
+  public include(selector: SerialFrameSelector): this {
     this.includes.push(selector);
     return this;
   }
@@ -72,8 +78,7 @@ export class AxePuppeteer {
    * Selector to exclude in analysis.
    * This may be called any number of times.
    */
-  public exclude(selector: string | string[]): this {
-    selector = arrayify(selector);
+  public exclude(selector: SerialFrameSelector): this {
     this.excludes.push(selector);
     return this;
   }
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer/src/utils.ts b/packages/puppeteer/src/utils.ts
index 48919303..1e2f766b 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer/src/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/puppeteer/src/utils.ts
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ export function arrayify<T>(src: T | T[]): T[] {
 }
 
 export function normalizeContext(
-  includes: string[][],
-  excludes: string[][],
+  includes: Axe.SerialSelectorList,
+  excludes: Axe.SerialSelectorList,
   disabledFrameSelectors: string[]
 ): Axe.SerialContextObject {
   const base: Axe.SerialContextObject = {
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer/test/axePuppeteer.test.ts b/packages/puppeteer/test/axePuppeteer.test.ts
index fd253e04..8f8d2c80 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer/test/axePuppeteer.test.ts
+++ b/packages/puppeteer/test/axePuppeteer.test.ts
@@ -375,6 +375,15 @@ describe('AxePuppeteer', function () {
 
   describe('context', () => {
     describe('with include and exclude', () => {
+      const flatPassesTargets = (results: Axe.AxeResults): string[] => {
+        return results.passes
+          .reduce((acc, pass) => {
+            return acc.concat(pass.nodes as any);
+          }, [])
+          .reduce((acc, node: any) => {
+            return acc.concat(node.target.flat(1));
+          }, []);
+      };
       it('passes both .include and .exclude', async () => {
         const axeSource = `
           window.axe = {
@@ -405,6 +414,74 @@ describe('AxePuppeteer', function () {
 
         await expectAsyncToNotThrow(() => axePip.analyze());
       });
+
+      it('with labelled frame', async () => {
+        await page.goto(`${addr}/external/context-include-exclude.html`);
+        const results = await new AxePuppeteer(page)
+          .include({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', 'html'] })
+          .exclude({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-bar'] })
+          .include({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-baz', 'html'] })
+          .exclude({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-baz', 'input'] })
+          .analyze();
+        const labelResult = results.violations.find(
+          (r: Axe.Result) => r.id === 'label'
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#foo-bar'));
+        assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('input'));
+        assert.isUndefined(labelResult);
+      });
+
+      it('with include shadow DOM', async () => {
+        await page.goto(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+        const results = await new AxePuppeteer(page)
+          .include([['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']])
+          .include([['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']])
+          .analyze();
+        assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+        assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+        assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#button'));
+      });
+
+      it('with exclude shadow DOM', async () => {
+        await page.goto(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+        const results = await new AxePuppeteer(page)
+          .exclude([['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']])
+          .exclude([['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']])
+          .analyze();
+        assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+        assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+        assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#button'));
+      });
+
+      it('with labelled shadow DOM', async () => {
+        await page.goto(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+        const results = await new AxePuppeteer(page)
+          .include({ fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1'] })
+          .exclude({ fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2'] })
+          .analyze();
+        assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+        assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+      });
+
+      it('with labelled iframe and shadow DOM', async () => {
+        await page.goto(`${addr}/external/shadow-frames.html`);
+        const { violations } = await new AxePuppeteer(page)
+          .exclude({
+            fromFrames: [
+              {
+                fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root', '#shadow-frame']
+              },
+              'input'
+            ]
+          })
+          .options({ runOnly: 'label' })
+          .analyze();
+        assert.equal(violations[0].id, 'label');
+        assert.lengthOf(violations[0].nodes, 2);
+        const nodes = violations[0].nodes;
+        assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['#light-frame', 'input']);
+        assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['#slotted-frame', 'input']);
+      });
     });
 
     // See #58
diff --git a/packages/webdriverio/package-lock.json b/packages/webdriverio/package-lock.json
index 20b8af82..7b35a606 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverio/package-lock.json
+++ b/packages/webdriverio/package-lock.json
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
         "@types/node": "^18.8.3",
         "@types/test-listen": "^1.1.0",
         "@wdio/sync": "^7.25.1",
-        "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures",
+        "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1",
         "chai": "^4.3.6",
         "chromedriver": "^108.0.0",
         "delay": "^5.0.0",
@@ -1230,8 +1230,7 @@
     },
     "node_modules/axe-test-fixtures": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
-      "resolved": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#ddc6e711051f0f8b834b7c01f1f056b04cf39e70",
-      "integrity": "sha512-liswp82xySChQGfFC/Ar6oWvwMPs+/TVE9vAG+OOaMpgGdlHLLbono82CVyctWNx8vu8R8SgSSdKS8MgQan34g==",
+      "resolved": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#464337d0fb0f3f051dbb8483ca30c559d91b1746",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0"
     },
@@ -6347,10 +6346,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-lCZN5XRuOnpG4bpMq8v0khrWtUOn+i8lZSb6wHZH56ZfbIEv6XwJV84AAueh9/zi7qPVJ/E4yz6fmsiyOmXR4w=="
     },
     "axe-test-fixtures": {
-      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#ddc6e711051f0f8b834b7c01f1f056b04cf39e70",
-      "integrity": "sha512-liswp82xySChQGfFC/Ar6oWvwMPs+/TVE9vAG+OOaMpgGdlHLLbono82CVyctWNx8vu8R8SgSSdKS8MgQan34g==",
+      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#464337d0fb0f3f051dbb8483ca30c559d91b1746",
       "dev": true,
-      "from": "axe-test-fixtures@github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures"
+      "from": "axe-test-fixtures@github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1"
     },
     "axios": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/packages/webdriverio/package.json b/packages/webdriverio/package.json
index d855806b..9c18cec9 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverio/package.json
+++ b/packages/webdriverio/package.json
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     "@types/node": "^18.8.3",
     "@types/test-listen": "^1.1.0",
     "@wdio/sync": "^7.25.1",
-    "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures",
+    "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1",
     "chai": "^4.3.6",
     "chromedriver": "^108.0.0",
     "delay": "^5.0.0",
diff --git a/packages/webdriverio/src/index.ts b/packages/webdriverio/src/index.ts
index 8556383d..a59bd415 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverio/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/webdriverio/src/index.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,13 @@ import {
 } from './utils';
 
 import type { Browser } from 'webdriverio';
-import type { RunOptions, AxeResults, SerialContextObject } from 'axe-core';
+import type {
+  RunOptions,
+  AxeResults,
+  SerialContextObject,
+  SerialSelectorList,
+  SerialFrameSelector
+} from 'axe-core';
 import type {
   Options,
   CallbackFunction,
@@ -27,8 +33,8 @@ import type {
 export default class AxeBuilder {
   private client: Browser<'async'>;
   private axeSource: string;
-  private includes: Selector[] = [];
-  private excludes: Selector[] = [];
+  private includes: SerialSelectorList = [];
+  private excludes: SerialSelectorList = [];
   private option: RunOptions = {};
   private disableFrameSelectors: string[] = [];
   private legacyMode = false;
@@ -73,8 +79,7 @@ export default class AxeBuilder {
    * Selector to include in analysis.
    * This may be called any number of times.
    */
-  public include(selector: Selector): this {
-    selector = Array.isArray(selector) ? selector : [selector];
+  public include(selector: SerialFrameSelector): this {
     this.includes.push(selector);
     return this;
   }
@@ -83,8 +88,7 @@ export default class AxeBuilder {
    * Selector to exclude in analysis.
    * This may be called any number of times.
    */
-  public exclude(selector: Selector): this {
-    selector = Array.isArray(selector) ? selector : [selector];
+  public exclude(selector: SerialFrameSelector): this {
     this.excludes.push(selector);
     return this;
   }
diff --git a/packages/webdriverio/src/test.ts b/packages/webdriverio/src/test.ts
index c367cfe3..736ffb81 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverio/src/test.ts
+++ b/packages/webdriverio/src/test.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import delay from 'delay';
 import AxeBuilder from '.';
 import { logOrRethrowError } from './utils';
 import { WdioBrowser } from './types';
-import type { AxeResults } from 'axe-core';
+import type { AxeResults, Result } from 'axe-core';
 
 const connectToChromeDriver = (port: number): Promise<void> => {
   let socket: net.Socket;
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ describe('@axe-core/webdriverio', () => {
                 return acc.concat(pass.nodes as any);
               }, [])
               .reduce((acc, node: any) => {
-                return acc.concat(node.target);
+                return acc.concat(node.target.flat(1));
               }, []);
           };
 
@@ -1119,6 +1119,90 @@ describe('@axe-core/webdriverio', () => {
             assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#hazaar'));
             assert.isDefined(labelResult);
           });
+
+          it('with labelled frame', async () => {
+            await client.url(`${addr}/context-include-exclude.html`);
+            const results = await new AxeBuilder({ client })
+              .include({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', 'html'] })
+              .exclude({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-bar'] })
+              .include({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-baz', 'html'] })
+              .exclude({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-baz', 'input'] })
+              .analyze();
+            const labelResult = results.violations.find(
+              (r: Result) => r.id === 'label'
+            );
+            assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#foo-bar'));
+            assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('input'));
+            assert.isUndefined(labelResult);
+          });
+
+          it('with include shadow DOM', async () => {
+            await client.url(`${addr}/shadow-dom.html`);
+            const results = await new AxeBuilder({ client })
+              .include([['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']])
+              .include([['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']])
+              .analyze();
+            assert.isTrue(
+              flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1')
+            );
+            assert.isTrue(
+              flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2')
+            );
+            assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#button'));
+          });
+
+          it('with exclude shadow DOM', async () => {
+            await client.url(`${addr}/shadow-dom.html`);
+            const results = await new AxeBuilder({ client })
+              .exclude([['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']])
+              .exclude([['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']])
+              .analyze();
+            assert.isFalse(
+              flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1')
+            );
+            assert.isFalse(
+              flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2')
+            );
+            assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#button'));
+          });
+
+          it('with labelled shadow DOM', async () => {
+            await client.url(`${addr}/shadow-dom.html`);
+            const results = await new AxeBuilder({ client })
+              .include({
+                fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']
+              })
+              .exclude({
+                fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']
+              })
+              .analyze();
+            assert.isTrue(
+              flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1')
+            );
+            assert.isFalse(
+              flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2')
+            );
+          });
+
+          it('with labelled iframe and shadow DOM', async () => {
+            await client.url(`${addr}/shadow-frames.html`);
+            const { violations } = await new AxeBuilder({ client })
+              .exclude({
+                fromFrames: [
+                  {
+                    fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root', '#shadow-frame']
+                  },
+                  'input'
+                ]
+              })
+              .options({ runOnly: 'label' })
+              .analyze();
+            assert.equal(violations[0].id, 'label');
+            assert.lengthOf(violations[0].nodes, 2);
+            const nodes = violations[0].nodes;
+            assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['#light-frame', 'input']);
+            assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['#slotted-frame', 'input']);
+          });
         });
 
         describe('setLegacyMode', () => {
diff --git a/packages/webdriverio/src/utils.ts b/packages/webdriverio/src/utils.ts
index e18f4692..242a7678 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverio/src/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/webdriverio/src/utils.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
   RunOptions,
   Spec,
   PartialResults,
+  SerialSelectorList,
   SerialContextObject
 } from 'axe-core';
 import type { Selector, WdioBrowser } from './types';
@@ -33,8 +34,8 @@ export const isWebdriverClient = (client: WdioBrowser): boolean => {
  * Get running context
  */
 export const normalizeContext = (
-  includes: Selector[],
-  excludes: Selector[],
+  includes: SerialSelectorList,
+  excludes: SerialSelectorList,
   disabledFrameSelectors: string[]
 ): SerialContextObject => {
   const base: SerialContextObject = {
diff --git a/packages/webdriverjs/package-lock.json b/packages/webdriverjs/package-lock.json
index 56b6e106..4184b1ae 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverjs/package-lock.json
+++ b/packages/webdriverjs/package-lock.json
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
         "@types/selenium-webdriver": "^4.1.5",
         "@types/sinon": "^10.0.13",
         "@types/test-listen": "^1.1.0",
-        "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures",
+        "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1",
         "chai": "^4.3.6",
         "chaimocha": "^1.10.0",
         "chromedriver": "^108.0.0",
@@ -1010,8 +1010,7 @@
     },
     "node_modules/axe-test-fixtures": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
-      "resolved": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#ddc6e711051f0f8b834b7c01f1f056b04cf39e70",
-      "integrity": "sha512-liswp82xySChQGfFC/Ar6oWvwMPs+/TVE9vAG+OOaMpgGdlHLLbono82CVyctWNx8vu8R8SgSSdKS8MgQan34g==",
+      "resolved": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#464337d0fb0f3f051dbb8483ca30c559d91b1746",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0"
     },
@@ -5742,10 +5741,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-lCZN5XRuOnpG4bpMq8v0khrWtUOn+i8lZSb6wHZH56ZfbIEv6XwJV84AAueh9/zi7qPVJ/E4yz6fmsiyOmXR4w=="
     },
     "axe-test-fixtures": {
-      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#ddc6e711051f0f8b834b7c01f1f056b04cf39e70",
-      "integrity": "sha512-liswp82xySChQGfFC/Ar6oWvwMPs+/TVE9vAG+OOaMpgGdlHLLbono82CVyctWNx8vu8R8SgSSdKS8MgQan34g==",
+      "version": "git+ssh://git@github.com/dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures.git#464337d0fb0f3f051dbb8483ca30c559d91b1746",
       "dev": true,
-      "from": "axe-test-fixtures@github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures"
+      "from": "axe-test-fixtures@github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1"
     },
     "axios": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/packages/webdriverjs/package.json b/packages/webdriverjs/package.json
index 8631af54..6fb88750 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverjs/package.json
+++ b/packages/webdriverjs/package.json
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     "@types/selenium-webdriver": "^4.1.5",
     "@types/sinon": "^10.0.13",
     "@types/test-listen": "^1.1.0",
-    "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures",
+    "axe-test-fixtures": "github:dequelabs/axe-test-fixtures#v1",
     "chai": "^4.3.6",
     "chaimocha": "^1.10.0",
     "chromedriver": "^108.0.0",
diff --git a/packages/webdriverjs/src/index.ts b/packages/webdriverjs/src/index.ts
index a7ccf6e0..fdf544a5 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverjs/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/webdriverjs/src/index.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 import { WebDriver } from 'selenium-webdriver';
-import { RunOptions, Spec, AxeResults, SerialContextObject } from 'axe-core';
-import { source } from 'axe-core';
+import {
+  RunOptions,
+  Spec,
+  AxeResults,
+  SerialContextObject,
+  SerialSelectorList,
+  source,
+  SerialFrameSelector
+} from 'axe-core';
 import { CallbackFunction, BuilderOptions, Selector } from './types';
 import { normalizeContext } from './utils/index';
 import AxeInjector from './axe-injector';
@@ -16,8 +23,8 @@ import assert from 'assert';
 class AxeBuilder {
   private driver: WebDriver;
   private axeSource: string;
-  private includes: Selector[];
-  private excludes: Selector[];
+  private includes: SerialSelectorList;
+  private excludes: SerialSelectorList;
   private option: RunOptions;
   private config: Spec | null;
   private builderOptions: BuilderOptions;
@@ -44,8 +51,7 @@ class AxeBuilder {
    * Selector to include in analysis.
    * This may be called any number of times.
    */
-  public include(selector: Selector): this {
-    selector = Array.isArray(selector) ? selector : [selector];
+  public include(selector: SerialFrameSelector): this {
     this.includes.push(selector);
     return this;
   }
@@ -54,8 +60,7 @@ class AxeBuilder {
    * Selector to exclude in analysis.
    * This may be called any number of times.
    */
-  public exclude(selector: Selector): this {
-    selector = Array.isArray(selector) ? selector : [selector];
+  public exclude(selector: SerialFrameSelector): this {
     this.excludes.push(selector);
     return this;
   }
diff --git a/packages/webdriverjs/src/utils/index.ts b/packages/webdriverjs/src/utils/index.ts
index 6eb1fee1..db51638f 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverjs/src/utils/index.ts
+++ b/packages/webdriverjs/src/utils/index.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-import type { SerialContextObject } from 'axe-core';
+import type { SerialContextObject, SerialSelectorList } from 'axe-core';
 import { Selector } from '../types';
 
 /**
  * Get running context
  */
 export const normalizeContext = (
-  include: Selector[],
-  exclude: Selector[]
+  include: SerialSelectorList,
+  exclude: SerialSelectorList
 ): SerialContextObject => {
   const base: SerialContextObject = {
     exclude: []
diff --git a/packages/webdriverjs/tests/axe-webdriverjs.spec.ts b/packages/webdriverjs/tests/axe-webdriverjs.spec.ts
index 9f438a92..ebd316e4 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverjs/tests/axe-webdriverjs.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/webdriverjs/tests/axe-webdriverjs.spec.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import 'mocha';
-import { AxeResults, Spec } from 'axe-core';
+import { AxeResults, Result } from 'axe-core';
 import { WebDriver } from 'selenium-webdriver';
 import express from 'express';
 import chromedriver from 'chromedriver';
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ describe('@axe-core/webdriverjs', () => {
           return acc.concat(pass.nodes as any);
         }, [])
         .reduce((acc, node: any) => {
-          return acc.concat(node.target);
+          return acc.concat(node.target.flat(1));
         }, []);
     };
     it('with include and exclude', async () => {
@@ -615,6 +615,74 @@ describe('@axe-core/webdriverjs', () => {
       assert.strictEqual(results.violations[0].id, 'image-alt');
       assert.strictEqual(results.violations[1].id, 'region');
     });
+
+    it('with labelled frame', async () => {
+      await driver.get(`${addr}/external/context-include-exclude.html`);
+      const results = await new AxeBuilder(driver)
+        .include({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', 'html'] })
+        .exclude({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-bar'] })
+        .include({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-baz', 'html'] })
+        .exclude({ fromFrames: ['#ifr-inc-excl', '#foo-baz', 'input'] })
+        .analyze();
+      const labelResult = results.violations.find(
+        (r: Result) => r.id === 'label'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#foo-bar'));
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('input'));
+      assert.isUndefined(labelResult);
+    });
+
+    it('with include shadow DOM', async () => {
+      await driver.get(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+      const results = await new AxeBuilder(driver)
+        .include([['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']])
+        .include([['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']])
+        .analyze();
+      assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+      assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#button'));
+    });
+
+    it('with exclude shadow DOM', async () => {
+      await driver.get(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+      const results = await new AxeBuilder(driver)
+        .exclude([['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1']])
+        .exclude([['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2']])
+        .analyze();
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+      assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#button'));
+    });
+
+    it('with labelled shadow DOM', async () => {
+      await driver.get(`${addr}/external/shadow-dom.html`);
+      const results = await new AxeBuilder(driver)
+        .include({ fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root-1', '#shadow-button-1'] })
+        .exclude({ fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root-2', '#shadow-button-2'] })
+        .analyze();
+      assert.isTrue(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-1'));
+      assert.isFalse(flatPassesTargets(results).includes('#shadow-button-2'));
+    });
+
+    it('with labelled iframe and shadow DOM', async () => {
+      await driver.get(`${addr}/external/shadow-frames.html`);
+      const { violations } = await new AxeBuilder(driver)
+        .exclude({
+          fromFrames: [
+            {
+              fromShadowDom: ['#shadow-root', '#shadow-frame']
+            },
+            'input'
+          ]
+        })
+        .options({ runOnly: 'label' })
+        .analyze();
+      assert.equal(violations[0].id, 'label');
+      assert.lengthOf(violations[0].nodes, 2);
+      const nodes = violations[0].nodes;
+      assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['#light-frame', 'input']);
+      assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['#slotted-frame', 'input']);
+    });
   });
 
   describe('callback()', () => {
diff --git a/packages/webdriverjs/tests/example/package-lock.json b/packages/webdriverjs/tests/example/package-lock.json
index 6bce4d81..ef76f46a 100644
--- a/packages/webdriverjs/tests/example/package-lock.json
+++ b/packages/webdriverjs/tests/example/package-lock.json
@@ -10172,6 +10172,11 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-Oei9OH4tRh0YqU3GxhX79dM/mwVgvbZJaSNaRk+bshkj0S5cfHcgYakreBjrHwatXKbz+IoIdYLxrKim2MjW0Q==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "axe-core": {
+      "version": "4.6.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/axe-core/-/axe-core-4.6.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-L3ZNbXPTxMrl0+qTXAzn9FBRvk5XdO56K8CvcCKtlxv44Aw2w2NCclGuvCWxHPw1Riiq3ncP/sxFYj2nUqdoTw=="
+    },
     "axios": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/axios/-/axios-1.2.1.tgz",