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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN" data-theme="light"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"><title>乌合之众 | Diffday</title><meta name="keywords" content="人性"><meta name="author" content="DiffDay"><meta name="copyright" content="DiffDay"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="theme-color" content="#f7f9fe"><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="apple-touch-fullscreen" content="yes"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="乌合之众"><meta name="application-name" content="乌合之众"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="#f7f9fe"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="乌合之众"><meta property="og:url" content="https://blog.diffday.com/%E4%B9%8C%E5%90%88%E4%B9%8B%E4%BC%97.html"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Diffday"><meta property="og:description" content="此书之所以这么标新立异，与作者信奉的研究哲学分不开：不受外界观点教条影响是发现真理的唯一途径。 在这样的指导思想下，他不怕自己观点与当代所有派别的观点相左，这样的勇猛自然离真相更进一步。因为一旦属于某一学派，观点就必然会受到其偏见和先入为主的观点影响。 无意识 理性不过是人类最近才具有的属性，尚未"><meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN"><meta property="og:image" content="http://cdn.diffday.com/picgo/20241229201706.png"><meta property="article:author" content="DiffDay"><meta property="article:tag"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:image" content="http://cdn.diffday.com/picgo/20241229201706.png"><meta name="description" content="此书之所以这么标新立异，与作者信奉的研究哲学分不开：不受外界观点教条影响是发现真理的唯一途径。 在这样的指导思想下，他不怕自己观点与当代所有派别的观点相左，这样的勇猛自然离真相更进一步。因为一旦属于某一学派，观点就必然会受到其偏见和先入为主的观点影响。 无意识 理性不过是人类最近才具有的属性，尚未"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://cdn.diffday.com/picgo/diff32.ico"><link rel="canonical" href="https://blog.diffday.com/%E4%B9%8C%E5%90%88%E4%B9%8B%E4%BC%97"><link rel="preconnect" href="//npm.elemecdn.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="//npm.onmicrosoft.cn"/><link rel="preconnect" href="//www.google-analytics.com" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preconnect" href="//hm.baidu.com"/><link rel="preconnect" href="//busuanzi.ibruce.info"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="UaMvLIOYuNWHgVq42dlN49RoniU73U6SoqoRnEcit9E"/><meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="code-DN25SBuR8T"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/index.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fortawesome/fontawesome-free/css/all.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/node-snackbar/dist/snackbar.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fancyapps/ui/dist/fancybox/fancybox.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><script>var _hmt = _hmt || [];
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pageFillDescription: '无意识, 群体性, 民族性, 种族, 传统, 时间, 制度, 对英美宪政滴灌式变化的吹捧, 教育, 营造真理, 领袖的行为方式, 同质性群体此书之所以这么标新立异与作者信奉的研究哲学分不开不受外界观点教条影响是发现真理的唯一途径在这样的指导思想下他不怕自己观点与当代所有派别的观点相左这样的勇猛自然离真相更进一步因为一旦属于某一学派观点就必然会受到其偏见和先入为主的观点影响无意识理性不过是人类最近才具有的属性尚未完美到能够揭示无意识的规律无意识对我们的行为有着十分重要的影响就像一种不为人知的力量在起作用历史告诉我们当文明赖以生存的道德因素失去威力时它也就被无意识的野蛮群体解散了创造和领导着文明的从来都是少数的高级知识分子而不是群体群体只有强大的破坏力他们的规则永远是渴望回到野蛮阶段组成种族的个体在无意识因素方面是十分相似的差异主要来自性格中有意识的一面比如受教育的结果在人们的情感领域如宗教政治道德和爱恨最卓越的人才也不见得比平民百姓高明多少在集体的气氛下个人的智能差异被削弱了他们的个性也被削弱了形成群体后个体的才智就变得平庸了这就是为什么群体完成不了高智商的工作处于群体中时约束个人的责任感便荡然无存就可以为所欲为了群体性群体常常夸大自己的情感所以要想打动他们只能用最极端的感情才可以专横和偏狭是一切类型群体的共性但在不同群体中强度却不一样有些民族只关心自己所属的宗派是否还具有独立性甚至发展到必须通过暴力手段让与他们意见相左的人改变信念才算独立这种单一而顽固的对只有的理解与英美人具有的强烈的个人独立精神是不一样的高深的观念必须通过改造才能被群众接受民众的想象力是政治家的权利基础无论给群众提供的是哪种观念只有当它们具有绝对的毫不妥协的和简单明了的形式时才能产生绝佳的影响力它们都会披上形象化的外衣也只有以这种形式出现才能被群体接受该如何影响群体的想象力绝对不可以采用论证的方式因为影响民众想象力的并不是事实本身而是它扩散和传播的方式民族性群体信念和观点的基础受蓄积因素影响最大这些因素包括种族传统时间制度和教育各民族无法选择自己认为最好的制度相同的制度名下掩盖着极不相同的东西就是这些蓄积性因素种族种族的重要性远远超过其他因素种族所有的文明要素都仅仅是其禀赋的外在表现而已传统代表着过去的观念需要和感情是种族综合作用的产物民族是在历史中形成的有机体只能通过缓慢的世代累积的过程发生变化种族精神代表着文明状态群体精神代表着野蛮状态种族的差别造成了有多少个国家就有多少种不同形式的社会主义和民主的局面遗传的心理结构在人们感觉和思维方式上造成巨大的差别在大型集会中把不同国家的工人代表聚集在一起往往弄得意见纷纷不欢而散有些为了实现自己的利益会寻求国家干预有些更多求助于个人的主动性就像喜欢集权和不把国家当回事的民族差别一样各种制度和政府对一个民族的生活只能产生很小的影响民族主要受其种族禀赋支配也就是说受着某些品质的遗传残留的支配而所谓禀赋这是这些品质的总和种族和日常生活中我们必须遵循的条条框框是决定我们命运的神秘原因传统没有传统文明是不可能的没有对这些传统的破坏进步也是不可能的理想的方式是保留过去的制度只用不易觉察的方式一点一滴的加以改革这种理想很难实现在一个民族被传统习俗捆绑过死而失去变革的能力在这种情况下暴力革命也是徒劳因为革命的结果要么像打碎的锁链被重新拼接在一起过去的统治原封不动重现要么对被打碎的事物撒手不管衰败后很快出现无政府状态时间漫长的时间造就了自己的作品一致的环境不间断的种族通婚以及共同生活等因素共同施加了它们的影响小群体逐渐融合成一个大整体形成了一个种族即一个有着共同特征和情感的群体因为遗传的作用它们越来越稳固这群人变成了一个民族获得某种理想之后才能形成一个理想的民族这个理想具有什么样的性质并不十分重要不管是罗马式的崇拜雅典式的强盛还是真主安拉式的胜利都足以让种族中的每个人在情感和思想上达到完全的统一时间做完创建性的工作后便开始搞破坏文明一旦止步不前注定会走向衰落标志就是种族理想的衰弱理想衰弱过程中个人的个性和智力增长但人群最终会变成一群缺乏团结一致的个体回到自己的原始状态一群乌合之众制度政治制度形成需要上百年的时间改变它也同样如此在某一个时刻对一个民族有益的制度对另一个民族也许是有害的决定各民族命运的是它们的性格而不是它们的政府社会组织和所有生命有机体一样复杂大自然从不以我们普遍流行的方式进行变革而是采取一些激烈的手段因而变革对于一个民族而言是有致命危险的无论此变革在理论上是多么出色对英美宪政滴灌式变化的吹捧需求和时间承担着完善宪政的责任最明智的做法就是像英美人一样让这两个因素发挥作用与欧洲大陆民族一拥而上发疯般制定出来的宪法文本与英国的宪法进行了比较并指出英国的宪法总是一点一滴慢慢地发生变化收到直接需求的影响而不是受思辨性的推理的影响教育教育是我们在一定程度上影响国民心智的唯一手段生活中取得成功的条件是判断力经验开拓精神和个性这些素质都不是书本能够带来的附上作者的观点废除可恶的教科书和可悲的考试代之以实质性的教育对多数人来说可能更为有利于适用从工厂矿山法庭书房建筑工地和医院获得大量的感观印象和看到各种工具材料和操作对各种细节的累积和消化默默的推敲或迟或早会促使他们产生新的组合简化创意改进或发明体验能让人们对人对事有一个敏锐而准确的概念并掌握处理它们的各种方法在最能出成果的年级被剥夺了所有这些宝贵的亲身接触而一直被关在学校里是可悲的过多的过于沉重的知识在考试后将不断流失被培养好时已经快到了精力衰退的年纪结婚生子落入生活的俗套这就是平庸的生活比起个人前程完全取决于他在十几二十岁的一次几小时考试的做法注重实践能力和实物教学发展的英美教育体制更民主对社会更有利有关教育国家用教科书制造出这么多有文凭的人却只能利用其中的一小部分从而使另一些人无事可做培养出心怀不满和不适应自己生活状况的人英美有用的人才还具备自主创业的能力如果条件允许可能在岁之前就能发生相反中国成了反面典型作者批评法国越来越像中国看齐造成了巨额的人才浪费缺少丰富的常识和意志力结果是进入世界后会接二连三的遇到痛苦的挫折营造真理群体从来不渴望真理面对那些不合口味的证据他们会不加理睬谁为他们制造幻想他们就把谁当做主人曾经社会主义的强大也在于它是有活力的最后幻想鼓吹者是无视现实敢于向人类承诺幸福的人群体不善推理却急于行动要让真理在群体心中牢固扎根摧毁幻觉必须依靠大范围频繁重复验证的经验可一代人的经验对下一代人往往没多大用处这就是被引经据典的历史事实达不到目的的原因很可悲经验这几乎是唯一的手段并不能总发力生效一切集体不管其成员组成如何全都存在智力低下的问题政治经济学家都受过高等教育但他们的学问不过是我们普遍无知的一种衰减形式而已在社会问题上因为未知的因素众多所有人都是同样无知的支配投票结果的仍主要是个人的情感和党派的精神领袖的行为方式领袖的行为方式断言重复传染群众总是愿意听从那些意志坚强的人一个断言越是简单明了不理睬任何推理和证据就越有威力就如所有时代的宗教典籍和各种法典都是简单的断言不断重复的观点会进入自我的无意识区域我们的多数行为动机就是在这个区域中形成的这就是为什么广告能够有吃惊威力的原因同质性群体包括派别身份团体和阶级派别包括在教育职业和社会阶层等方面可能十分不同的个体由于共同的信仰联系在一起如宗教信仰政治信仰身份团体是由相同职业的个体组成因此有相似的教育程度和差不多的社会地位如军人和教士阶级有不同来源的个体组成是由于某种相同的利益某些像是的生活习惯以及几乎相同的教育背景联系起来例如中产阶级和农民阶级选民群体工人农民很少会选出自己的同行来代表自己原因在于这种人在他们中间没有威望能取代声望的只有财富才能天赋都不是成功的主要因素当前的财富崇拜也是一种声望崇拜社会引导经济财富决定论财富者声望最高实质上声望背后绑定的是成功成功的支撑是多维度的一旦失去成功这一基础声望便会在很短的时间内消失',
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 24 150 28" preserveAspectRatio="none" shape-rendering="auto"><defs><path id="gentle-wave" d="M -160 44 c 30 0 58 -18 88 -18 s 58 18 88 18 s 58 -18 88 -18 s 58 18 88 18 v 44 h -352 Z"></path></defs><g class="parallax"><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="0"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="3"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="5"></use><use href="#gentle-wave" x="48" y="7"></use></g></svg></section><div id="post-top-cover"><img class="nolazyload" id="post-top-bg" src="http://cdn.diffday.com/picgo/20241229201706.png"></div></header><main id="blog-container"><div class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container" itemscope itemtype="https://blog.diffday.com/%E4%B9%8C%E5%90%88%E4%B9%8B%E4%BC%97.html"><header><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/" itemprop="url">读书笔记</a><a href="/tags/%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7/" tabindex="-1" itemprop="url">人性</a><h1 id="CrawlerTitle" itemprop="name headline">乌合之众</h1><span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">DiffDay</span><time itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-03-27T10:00:00.000Z" title="发表于 2017-03-27 18:00:00">2017-03-27</time><time itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2025-01-06T11:04:57.000Z" title="更新于 2025-01-06 19:04:57">2025-01-06</time></header><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/hint.css/2.4.1/hint.min.css"><img src= "data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" onerror="this.onerror=null,this.src="/img/404.jpg"" data-lazy-src="http://cdn.diffday.com/picgo/20241229201706.png" style="zoom:65%;" />
<p><strong>此书之所以这么标新立异，与作者信奉的研究哲学分不开：不受外界观点教条影响是发现真理的唯一途径</strong>。</p>
<p>在这样的指导思想下，他不怕自己观点与当代所有派别的观点相左，这样的勇猛自然离真相更进一步。因为一旦属于某一学派，观点就必然会受到其偏见和先入为主的观点影响。</p>
<h2 id="无意识">无意识</h2>
<p>理性不过是人类最近才具有的属性，尚未完美到能够揭示无意识的规律。无意识对我们的行为有着十分重要的影响，就像一种不为人知的力量在起作用。</p>
<p>历史告诉我们，当文明赖以生存的道德因素失去威力时，它也就被无意识的野蛮群体解散了。<u>创造和领导着文明的，从来都是少数的高级知识分子而不是群体。群体只有强大的破坏力，他们的规则永远是渴望回到野蛮阶段。</u></p>
<p>组成种族的个体在无意识因素方面是十分相似的，差异主要来自性格中有意识的一面：比如受教育的结果。<u>在人们的情感领域，如宗教政治道德和爱恨，最卓越的人才也不见得比平民百姓高明多少</u>。在集体的气氛下，个人的智能差异被削弱了，他们的个性也被削弱了。形成群体后，个体的才智就变得平庸了，这就是为什么群体完成不了高智商的工作。处于群体中时，约束个人的责任感便荡然无存，就可以为所欲为了。</p>
<h2 id="群体性">群体性</h2>
<p><strong>群体常常夸大自己的情感，所以要想打动他们，只能用最极端的感情才可以</strong>。</p>
<p><font color="blur">专横和偏狭是一切类型群体的共性</font>。但在不同群体中强度却不一样。有些民族只关心自己所属的宗派是否还具有独立性，甚至发展到必须通过暴力手段让与他们意见相左的人改变信念，才算独立，这种单一而顽固的对只有的理解，与英美人具有的强烈的个人独立精神是不一样的。</p>
<p><strong>高深的观念必须通过改造才能被群众接受，民众的想象力是政治家的权利基础</strong>。<u>无论给群众提供的是哪种观念，只有当它们具有绝对的，毫不妥协的和简单明了的形式时，才能产生绝佳的影响力</u>。<font color="dodgerblue">它们都会披上形象化的外衣，也只有以这种形式出现，才能被群体接受</font>。<font color="blur">该如何影响群体的想象力，<strong>绝对不可以采用论证的方式。因为影响民众想象力的并不是事实本身，而是它扩散和传播的方式</strong></font>。</p>
<h3 id="民族性">民族性</h3>
<p><strong>群体信念和观点的基础，受蓄积因素影响最大。这些因素包括种族，传统， 时间，制度和教育</strong>。各民族无法选择自己认为最好的制度，相同的制度名下掩盖着极不相同的东西，就是这些蓄积性因素。</p>
<h4 id="种族">种族</h4>
<p><strong>种族的重要性远远超过其他因素</strong>，<u>种族所有的文明要素都仅仅是其禀赋的外在表现而已</u>。</p>
<ul>
<li>传统代表着过去的观念，需要和感情，是种族综合作用的产物。</li>
<li>民族是在历史中形成的有机体，只能通过缓慢的世代累积的过程发生变化。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>种族精神代表着文明状态，群体精神代表着野蛮状态</strong>。种族的差别，造成了有多少个国家就有多少种不同形式的社会主义和民主的局面。遗传的心理结构在人们感觉和思维方式上造成巨大的差别，在大型集会中把不同国家的工人代表聚集在一起，往往弄得意见纷纷，不欢而散。有些为了实现自己的利益，会寻求国家干预，有些更多求助于个人的主动性，就像喜欢集权和不把国家当回事的民族差别一样。</p>
<p>各种制度和政府对一个民族的生活只能产生很小的影响，民族主要受其种族禀赋支配，也就是说，受着某些品质的遗传残留的支配，而所谓禀赋，这是这些品质的总和。种族和日常生活中我们必须遵循的条条框框，是决定我们命运的神秘原因。</p>
<h4 id="传统">传统</h4>
<p><strong>没有传统，文明是不可能的；没有对这些传统的破坏，进步也是不可能的</strong>。<font color="dodgerblue">理想的方式是保留过去的制度，只用不易觉察的方式一点一滴的加以改革</font>，这种理想很难实现。<font color="blur">在一个民族被传统习俗捆绑过死而失去变革的能力，在这种情况下，暴力革命也是徒劳，因为革命的结果要么像打碎的锁链被重新拼接在一起，过去的统治原封不动重现</font>，要么对被打碎的事物撒手不管，衰败后很快出现无政府状态。</p>
<h4 id="时间">时间</h4>
<p>漫长的时间造就了自己的作品，一致的环境，不间断的种族通婚以及共同生活等因素共同施加了它们的影响。小群体逐渐融合成一个大整体，形成了一个种族，即一个有着共同特征和情感的群体，因为遗传的作用它们越来越稳固，这群人变成了一个民族。获得某种理想之后，才能形成一个理想的民族。这个理想具有什么样的性质并不十分重要。不管是罗马式的崇拜，雅典式的强盛还是真主安拉式的胜利，都足以让种族中的每个人在情感和思想上达到完全的统一。</p>
<p>时间做完创建性的工作后，便开始搞破坏，文明一旦止步不前，注定会走向衰落，标志就是种族理想的衰弱。理想衰弱过程中，个人的个性和智力增长，但人群最终会变成一群缺乏团结一致的个体，回到自己的原始状态——一群乌合之众。</p>
<h4 id="制度">制度</h4>
<p><strong>政治制度形成需要上百年的时间，改变它也同样如此</strong>。在某一个时刻对一个民族有益的制度，对另一个民族也许是有害的。<font color="blur">决定各民族命运的是它们的性格，而不是它们的政府</font>。</p>
<p>社会组织和所有生命有机体一样复杂，大自然从不以我们普遍流行的方式进行变革，而是采取一些激烈的手段，因而变革对于一个民族而言是有致命危险的，无论此变革在理论上是多么出色。</p>
<h5 id="对英美宪政滴灌式变化的吹捧">对英美宪政滴灌式变化的吹捧</h5>
<p><u>需求</u>和<u>时间</u>承担着完善宪政的责任，最明智的做法就是像英美人一样，让这两个因素发挥作用。与欧洲大陆民族一拥而上发疯般制定出来的宪法文本与英国的宪法进行了比较并指出，<strong>英国的宪法总是一点一滴慢慢地发生变化</strong>，收到直接需求的影响，而不是受思辨性的推理的影响。</p>
<h4 id="教育">教育</h4>
<p>教育是我们在一定程度上影响国民心智的唯一手段。<strong>生活中取得成功的条件是判断力，经验，开拓精神和个性，这些素质都不是书本能够带来的</strong>。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>附上作者的观点：废除可恶的教科书和可悲的考试，代之以实质性的教育对多数人来说，可能更为有利于适用（从工厂，矿山，法庭，书房，建筑工地和医院获得大量的感观印象，和看到各种工具，材料和操作），对各种细节的累积和消化，默默的推敲，或迟或早会促使他们产生新的组合，简化，创意，改进或发明。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>体验能让人们对人对事有一个敏锐而准确的概念，并掌握处理它们的各种方法。在最能出成果的年级，被剥夺了所有这些宝贵的亲身接触而一直被关在学校里，是可悲的。<strong>过多的，过于沉重的知识在考试后将不断流失，被培养好时，已经快到了精力衰退的年纪，结婚生子落入生活的俗套，这就是平庸的生活</strong>。比起个人前程完全取决于他在十几二十岁的一次几小时考试的做法，注重实践能力和实物教学发展的英美教育体制，更民主对社会更有利。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>有关教育：国家用教科书制造出这么多有文凭的人，却只能利用其中的一小部分，从而使另一些人无事可做。培养出心怀不满和不适应自己生活状况的人。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>英美有用的人才，还具备自主创业的能力，如果条件允许，可能在25岁之前就能发生。相反中国成了反面典型，作者批评法国越来越像中国看齐，造成了巨额的人才浪费。<font color="blur">缺少丰富的常识和意志力，结果是进入世界后，会接二连三的遇到痛苦的挫折</font>。</p>
<h2 id="营造真理">营造真理</h2>
<p><font color="blur">群体从来不渴望真理，面对那些不合口味的证据，他们会不加理睬，谁为他们制造幻想，他们就把谁当做主人。曾经社会主义的强大也在于它是有活力的最后幻想，鼓吹者是无视现实，敢于向人类承诺幸福的人</font>。</p>
<p><strong>群体，不善推理，却急于行动。</strong></p>
<p>要让真理在群体心中牢固扎根，摧毁幻觉，必须依靠大范围频繁重复验证的经验，可一代人的经验对下一代人往往没多大用处，这就是被引经据典的历史事实达不到目的的原因。很可悲，经验这几乎是唯一的手段，并不能总发力生效。</p>
<p><font color="blur">一切集体，不管其成员组成如何，全都存在智力低下的问题</font>。政治经济学家，都受过高等教育。但他们的学问不过是我们普遍无知的一种衰减形式而已，在社会问题上，因为未知的因素众多，所有人都是同样无知的。支配投票结果的仍主要是个人的情感和党派的精神。</p>
<h3 id="领袖的行为方式">领袖的行为方式</h3>
<p>领袖的行为方式：断言，重复，传染。<strong>群众总是愿意听从那些意志坚强的人</strong>。<u>一个断言越是简单明了，不理睬任何推理和证据，就越有威力。就如所有时代的宗教典籍和各种法典，都是简单的断言</u>。</p>
<p>不断重复的观点会进入自我的无意识区域，我们的多数行为动机就是在这个区域中形成的。这就是为什么广告能够有吃惊威力的原因。</p>
<h3 id="同质性群体">同质性群体</h3>
<p>包括派别，身份团体和阶级。</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>派别包括在教育，职业和社会阶层等方面可能十分不同的个体，由于共同的信仰联系在一起，如宗教信仰，政治信仰。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>身份团体是由相同职业的个体组成，因此有相似的教育程度和差不多的社会地位，如军人和教士。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>阶级有不同来源的个体组成，是由于某种相同的利益，某些像是的生活习惯以及几乎相同的教育背景联系起来。例如中产阶级和农民阶级。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>选民群体，<strong>工人农民很少会选出自己的同行来代表自己，原因在于这种人在他们中间没有威望</strong>。<u>能取代声望的只有财富，才能天赋都不是成功的主要因素</u>。当前的财富崇拜也是一种声望崇拜，社会引导经济（财富）决定论，财富者声望最高。<strong>实质上声望背后绑定的是成功</strong>，成功的支撑是多维度的，一旦失去成功这一基础，声望便会在很短的时间内消失。</p>
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