server.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// HTTP server. See RFC 2616.

package http

import (
	"bufio"
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"crypto/tls"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net"
	"net/textproto"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"path"
	"runtime"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"golang_org/x/net/lex/httplex"
)

// Errors used by the HTTP server.
var (
	// ErrBodyNotAllowed is returned by ResponseWriter.Write calls
	// when the HTTP method or response code does not permit a
	// body.
	ErrBodyNotAllowed = errors.New("http: request method or response status code does not allow body")

	// ErrHijacked is returned by ResponseWriter.Write calls when
	// the underlying connection has been hijacked using the
	// Hijacker interface. A zero-byte write on a hijacked
	// connection will return ErrHijacked without any other side
	// effects.
	ErrHijacked = errors.New("http: connection has been hijacked")

	// ErrContentLength is returned by ResponseWriter.Write calls
	// when a Handler set a Content-Length response header with a
	// declared size and then attempted to write more bytes than
	// declared.
	ErrContentLength = errors.New("http: wrote more than the declared Content-Length")

	// Deprecated: ErrWriteAfterFlush is no longer used.
	ErrWriteAfterFlush = errors.New("unused")
)

// A Handler responds to an HTTP request.
//
// ServeHTTP should write reply headers and data to the ResponseWriter
// and then return. Returning signals that the request is finished; it
// is not valid to use the ResponseWriter or read from the
// Request.Body after or concurrently with the completion of the
// ServeHTTP call.
//
// Depending on the HTTP client software, HTTP protocol version, and
// any intermediaries between the client and the Go server, it may not
// be possible to read from the Request.Body after writing to the
// ResponseWriter. Cautious handlers should read the Request.Body
// first, and then reply.
//
// Except for reading the body, handlers should not modify the
// provided Request.
//
// If ServeHTTP panics, the server (the caller of ServeHTTP) assumes
// that the effect of the panic was isolated to the active request.
// It recovers the panic, logs a stack trace to the server error log,
// and hangs up the connection. To abort a handler so the client sees
// an interrupted response but the server doesn't log an error, panic
// with the value ErrAbortHandler.
type Handler interface {
	ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request)
}

// A ResponseWriter interface is used by an HTTP handler to
// construct an HTTP response.
//
// A ResponseWriter may not be used after the Handler.ServeHTTP method
// has returned.
type ResponseWriter interface {
	// Header returns the header map that will be sent by
	// WriteHeader. The Header map also is the mechanism with which
	// Handlers can set HTTP trailers.
	//
	// Changing the header map after a call to WriteHeader (or
	// Write) has no effect unless the modified headers are
	// trailers.
	//
	// There are two ways to set Trailers. The preferred way is to
	// predeclare in the headers which trailers you will later
	// send by setting the "Trailer" header to the names of the
	// trailer keys which will come later. In this case, those
	// keys of the Header map are treated as if they were
	// trailers. See the example. The second way, for trailer
	// keys not known to the Handler until after the first Write,
	// is to prefix the Header map keys with the TrailerPrefix
	// constant value. See TrailerPrefix.
	//
	// To suppress implicit response headers (such as "Date"), set
	// their value to nil.
	Header() Header

	// Write writes the data to the connection as part of an HTTP reply.
	//
	// If WriteHeader has not yet been called, Write calls
	// WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) before writing the data. If the Header
	// does not contain a Content-Type line, Write adds a Content-Type set
	// to the result of passing the initial 512 bytes of written data to
	// DetectContentType.
	//
	// Depending on the HTTP protocol version and the client, calling
	// Write or WriteHeader may prevent future reads on the
	// Request.Body. For HTTP/1.x requests, handlers should read any
	// needed request body data before writing the response. Once the
	// headers have been flushed (due to either an explicit Flusher.Flush
	// call or writing enough data to trigger a flush), the request body
	// may be unavailable. For HTTP/2 requests, the Go HTTP server permits
	// handlers to continue to read the request body while concurrently
	// writing the response. However, such behavior may not be supported
	// by all HTTP/2 clients. Handlers should read before writing if
	// possible to maximize compatibility.
	Write([]byte) (int, error)

	// WriteHeader sends an HTTP response header with status code.
	// If WriteHeader is not called explicitly, the first call to Write
	// will trigger an implicit WriteHeader(http.StatusOK).
	// Thus explicit calls to WriteHeader are mainly used to
	// send error codes.
	WriteHeader(int)
}

// The Flusher interface is implemented by ResponseWriters that allow
// an HTTP handler to flush buffered data to the client.
//
// The default HTTP/1.x and HTTP/2 ResponseWriter implementations
// support Flusher, but ResponseWriter wrappers may not. Handlers
// should always test for this ability at runtime.
//
// Note that even for ResponseWriters that support Flush,
// if the client is connected through an HTTP proxy,
// the buffered data may not reach the client until the response
// completes.
type Flusher interface {
	// Flush sends any buffered data to the client.
	Flush()
}

// The Hijacker interface is implemented by ResponseWriters that allow
// an HTTP handler to take over the connection.
//
// The default ResponseWriter for HTTP/1.x connections supports
// Hijacker, but HTTP/2 connections intentionally do not.
// ResponseWriter wrappers may also not support Hijacker. Handlers
// should always test for this ability at runtime.
type Hijacker interface {
	// Hijack lets the caller take over the connection.
	// After a call to Hijack(), the HTTP server library
	// will not do anything else with the connection.
	//
	// It becomes the caller's responsibility to manage
	// and close the connection.
	//
	// The returned net.Conn may have read or write deadlines
	// already set, depending on the configuration of the
	// Server. It is the caller's responsibility to set
	// or clear those deadlines as needed.
	Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error)
}

// The CloseNotifier interface is implemented by ResponseWriters which
// allow detecting when the underlying connection has gone away.
//
// This mechanism can be used to cancel long operations on the server
// if the client has disconnected before the response is ready.
type CloseNotifier interface {
	// CloseNotify returns a channel that receives at most a
	// single value (true) when the client connection has gone
	// away.
	//
	// CloseNotify may wait to notify until Request.Body has been
	// fully read.
	//
	// After the Handler has returned, there is no guarantee
	// that the channel receives a value.
	//
	// If the protocol is HTTP/1.1 and CloseNotify is called while
	// processing an idempotent request (such a GET) while
	// HTTP/1.1 pipelining is in use, the arrival of a subsequent
	// pipelined request may cause a value to be sent on the
	// returned channel. In practice HTTP/1.1 pipelining is not
	// enabled in browsers and not seen often in the wild. If this
	// is a problem, use HTTP/2 or only use CloseNotify on methods
	// such as POST.
	CloseNotify() <-chan bool
}

var (
	// ServerContextKey is a context key. It can be used in HTTP
	// handlers with context.WithValue to access the server that
	// started the handler. The associated value will be of
	// type *Server.
	ServerContextKey = &contextKey{"http-server"}

	// LocalAddrContextKey is a context key. It can be used in
	// HTTP handlers with context.WithValue to access the address
	// the local address the connection arrived on.
	// The associated value will be of type net.Addr.
	LocalAddrContextKey = &contextKey{"local-addr"}
)

// A conn represents the server side of an HTTP connection.
type conn struct {
	// server is the server on which the connection arrived.
	// Immutable; never nil.
	server *Server

	// cancelCtx cancels the connection-level context.
	cancelCtx context.CancelFunc

	// rwc is the underlying network connection.
	// This is never wrapped by other types and is the value given out
	// to CloseNotifier callers. It is usually of type *net.TCPConn or
	// *tls.Conn.
	rwc net.Conn

	// remoteAddr is rwc.RemoteAddr().String(). It is not populated synchronously
	// inside the Listener's Accept goroutine, as some implementations block.
	// It is populated immediately inside the (*conn).serve goroutine.
	// This is the value of a Handler's (*Request).RemoteAddr.
	remoteAddr string

	// tlsState is the TLS connection state when using TLS.
	// nil means not TLS.
	tlsState *tls.ConnectionState

	// werr is set to the first write error to rwc.
	// It is set via checkConnErrorWriter{w}, where bufw writes.
	werr error

	// r is bufr's read source. It's a wrapper around rwc that provides
	// io.LimitedReader-style limiting (while reading request headers)
	// and functionality to support CloseNotifier. See *connReader docs.
	r *connReader

	// bufr reads from r.
	bufr *bufio.Reader

	// bufw writes to checkConnErrorWriter{c}, which populates werr on error.
	bufw *bufio.Writer

	// lastMethod is the method of the most recent request
	// on this connection, if any.
	lastMethod string

	curReq atomic.Value // of *response (which has a Request in it)

	curState atomic.Value // of ConnState

	// mu guards hijackedv
	mu sync.Mutex

	// hijackedv is whether this connection has been hijacked
	// by a Handler with the Hijacker interface.
	// It is guarded by mu.
	hijackedv bool
}

func (c *conn) hijacked() bool {
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()
	return c.hijackedv
}

// c.mu must be held.
func (c *conn) hijackLocked() (rwc net.Conn, buf *bufio.ReadWriter, err error) {
	if c.hijackedv {
		return nil, nil, ErrHijacked
	}
	c.r.abortPendingRead()

	c.hijackedv = true
	rwc = c.rwc
	rwc.SetDeadline(time.Time{})

	buf = bufio.NewReadWriter(c.bufr, bufio.NewWriter(rwc))
	c.setState(rwc, StateHijacked)
	return
}

// This should be >= 512 bytes for DetectContentType,
// but otherwise it's somewhat arbitrary.
const bufferBeforeChunkingSize = 2048

// chunkWriter writes to a response's conn buffer, and is the writer
// wrapped by the response.bufw buffered writer.
//
// chunkWriter also is responsible for finalizing the Header, including
// conditionally setting the Content-Type and setting a Content-Length
// in cases where the handler's final output is smaller than the buffer
// size. It also conditionally adds chunk headers, when in chunking mode.
//
// See the comment above (*response).Write for the entire write flow.
type chunkWriter struct {
	res *response

	// header is either nil or a deep clone of res.handlerHeader
	// at the time of res.WriteHeader, if res.WriteHeader is
	// called and extra buffering is being done to calculate
	// Content-Type and/or Content-Length.
	header Header

	// wroteHeader tells whether the header's been written to "the
	// wire" (or rather: w.conn.buf). this is unlike
	// (*response).wroteHeader, which tells only whether it was
	// logically written.
	wroteHeader bool

	// set by the writeHeader method:
	chunking bool // using chunked transfer encoding for reply body
}

var (
	crlf       = []byte("\r\n")
	colonSpace = []byte(": ")
)

func (cw *chunkWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	if !cw.wroteHeader {
		cw.writeHeader(p)
	}
	if cw.res.req.Method == "HEAD" {
		// Eat writes.
		return len(p), nil
	}
	if cw.chunking {
		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(cw.res.conn.bufw, "%x\r\n", len(p))
		if err != nil {
			cw.res.conn.rwc.Close()
			return
		}
	}
	n, err = cw.res.conn.bufw.Write(p)
	if cw.chunking && err == nil {
		_, err = cw.res.conn.bufw.Write(crlf)
	}
	if err != nil {
		cw.res.conn.rwc.Close()
	}
	return
}

func (cw *chunkWriter) flush() {
	if !cw.wroteHeader {
		cw.writeHeader(nil)
	}
	cw.res.conn.bufw.Flush()
}

func (cw *chunkWriter) close() {
	if !cw.wroteHeader {
		cw.writeHeader(nil)
	}
	if cw.chunking {
		bw := cw.res.conn.bufw // conn's bufio writer
		// zero chunk to mark EOF
		bw.WriteString("0\r\n")
		if trailers := cw.res.finalTrailers(); trailers != nil {
			trailers.Write(bw) // the writer handles noting errors
		}
		// final blank line after the trailers (whether
		// present or not)
		bw.WriteString("\r\n")
	}
}

// A response represents the server side of an HTTP response.
type response struct {
	conn             *conn
	req              *Request // request for this response
	reqBody          io.ReadCloser
	cancelCtx        context.CancelFunc // when ServeHTTP exits
	wroteHeader      bool               // reply header has been (logically) written
	wroteContinue    bool               // 100 Continue response was written
	wants10KeepAlive bool               // HTTP/1.0 w/ Connection "keep-alive"
	wantsClose       bool               // HTTP request has Connection "close"

	w  *bufio.Writer // buffers output in chunks to chunkWriter
	cw chunkWriter

	// handlerHeader is the Header that Handlers get access to,
	// which may be retained and mutated even after WriteHeader.
	// handlerHeader is copied into cw.header at WriteHeader
	// time, and privately mutated thereafter.
	handlerHeader Header
	calledHeader  bool // handler accessed handlerHeader via Header

	written       int64 // number of bytes written in body
	contentLength int64 // explicitly-declared Content-Length; or -1
	status        int   // status code passed to WriteHeader

	// close connection after this reply.  set on request and
	// updated after response from handler if there's a
	// "Connection: keep-alive" response header and a
	// Content-Length.
	closeAfterReply bool

	// requestBodyLimitHit is set by requestTooLarge when
	// maxBytesReader hits its max size. It is checked in
	// WriteHeader, to make sure we don't consume the
	// remaining request body to try to advance to the next HTTP
	// request. Instead, when this is set, we stop reading
	// subsequent requests on this connection and stop reading
	// input from it.
	requestBodyLimitHit bool

	// trailers are the headers to be sent after the handler
	// finishes writing the body. This field is initialized from
	// the Trailer response header when the response header is
	// written.
	trailers []string

	handlerDone atomicBool // set true when the handler exits

	// Buffers for Date and Content-Length
	dateBuf [len(TimeFormat)]byte
	clenBuf [10]byte

	// closeNotifyCh is the channel returned by CloseNotify.
	// TODO(bradfitz): this is currently (for Go 1.8) always
	// non-nil. Make this lazily-created again as it used to be?
	closeNotifyCh  chan bool
	didCloseNotify int32 // atomic (only 0->1 winner should send)
}

// TrailerPrefix is a magic prefix for ResponseWriter.Header map keys
// that, if present, signals that the map entry is actually for
// the response trailers, and not the response headers. The prefix
// is stripped after the ServeHTTP call finishes and the values are
// sent in the trailers.
//
// This mechanism is intended only for trailers that are not known
// prior to the headers being written. If the set of trailers is fixed
// or known before the header is written, the normal Go trailers mechanism
// is preferred:
//    https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter
//    https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#example_ResponseWriter_trailers
const TrailerPrefix = "Trailer:"

// finalTrailers is called after the Handler exits and returns a non-nil
// value if the Handler set any trailers.
func (w *response) finalTrailers() Header {
	var t Header
	for k, vv := range w.handlerHeader {
		if strings.HasPrefix(k, TrailerPrefix) {
			if t == nil {
				t = make(Header)
			}
			t[strings.TrimPrefix(k, TrailerPrefix)] = vv
		}
	}
	for _, k := range w.trailers {
		if t == nil {
			t = make(Header)
		}
		for _, v := range w.handlerHeader[k] {
			t.Add(k, v)
		}
	}
	return t
}

type atomicBool int32

func (b *atomicBool) isSet() bool { return atomic.LoadInt32((*int32)(b)) != 0 }
func (b *atomicBool) setTrue()    { atomic.StoreInt32((*int32)(b), 1) }

// declareTrailer is called for each Trailer header when the
// response header is written. It notes that a header will need to be
// written in the trailers at the end of the response.
func (w *response) declareTrailer(k string) {
	k = CanonicalHeaderKey(k)
	switch k {
	case "Transfer-Encoding", "Content-Length", "Trailer":
		// Forbidden by RFC 2616 14.40.
		return
	}
	w.trailers = append(w.trailers, k)
}

// requestTooLarge is called by maxBytesReader when too much input has
// been read from the client.
func (w *response) requestTooLarge() {
	w.closeAfterReply = true
	w.requestBodyLimitHit = true
	if !w.wroteHeader {
		w.Header().Set("Connection", "close")
	}
}

// needsSniff reports whether a Content-Type still needs to be sniffed.
func (w *response) needsSniff() bool {
	_, haveType := w.handlerHeader["Content-Type"]
	return !w.cw.wroteHeader && !haveType && w.written < sniffLen
}

// writerOnly hides an io.Writer value's optional ReadFrom method
// from io.Copy.
type writerOnly struct {
	io.Writer
}

func srcIsRegularFile(src io.Reader) (isRegular bool, err error) {
	switch v := src.(type) {
	case *os.File:
		fi, err := v.Stat()
		if err != nil {
			return false, err
		}
		return fi.Mode().IsRegular(), nil
	case *io.LimitedReader:
		return srcIsRegularFile(v.R)
	default:
		return
	}
}

// ReadFrom is here to optimize copying from an *os.File regular file
// to a *net.TCPConn with sendfile.
func (w *response) ReadFrom(src io.Reader) (n int64, err error) {
	// Our underlying w.conn.rwc is usually a *TCPConn (with its
	// own ReadFrom method). If not, or if our src isn't a regular
	// file, just fall back to the normal copy method.
	rf, ok := w.conn.rwc.(io.ReaderFrom)
	regFile, err := srcIsRegularFile(src)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	if !ok || !regFile {
		bufp := copyBufPool.Get().(*[]byte)
		defer copyBufPool.Put(bufp)
		return io.CopyBuffer(writerOnly{w}, src, *bufp)
	}

	// sendfile path:

	if !w.wroteHeader {
		w.WriteHeader(StatusOK)
	}

	if w.needsSniff() {
		n0, err := io.Copy(writerOnly{w}, io.LimitReader(src, sniffLen))
		n += n0
		if err != nil {
			return n, err
		}
	}

	w.w.Flush()  // get rid of any previous writes
	w.cw.flush() // make sure Header is written; flush data to rwc

	// Now that cw has been flushed, its chunking field is guaranteed initialized.
	if !w.cw.chunking && w.bodyAllowed() {
		n0, err := rf.ReadFrom(src)
		n += n0
		w.written += n0
		return n, err
	}

	n0, err := io.Copy(writerOnly{w}, src)
	n += n0
	return n, err
}

// debugServerConnections controls whether all server connections are wrapped
// with a verbose logging wrapper.
const debugServerConnections = false

// Create new connection from rwc.
func (srv *Server) newConn(rwc net.Conn) *conn {
	c := &conn{
		server: srv,
		rwc:    rwc,
	}
	if debugServerConnections {
		c.rwc = newLoggingConn("server", c.rwc)
	}
	return c
}

type readResult struct {
	n   int
	err error
	b   byte // byte read, if n == 1
}

// connReader is the io.Reader wrapper used by *conn. It combines a
// selectively-activated io.LimitedReader (to bound request header
// read sizes) with support for selectively keeping an io.Reader.Read
// call blocked in a background goroutine to wait for activity and
// trigger a CloseNotifier channel.
type connReader struct {
	conn *conn

	mu      sync.Mutex // guards following
	hasByte bool
	byteBuf [1]byte
	bgErr   error // non-nil means error happened on background read
	cond    *sync.Cond
	inRead  bool
	aborted bool  // set true before conn.rwc deadline is set to past
	remain  int64 // bytes remaining
}

func (cr *connReader) lock() {
	cr.mu.Lock()
	if cr.cond == nil {
		cr.cond = sync.NewCond(&cr.mu)
	}
}

func (cr *connReader) unlock() { cr.mu.Unlock() }

func (cr *connReader) startBackgroundRead() {
	cr.lock()
	defer cr.unlock()
	if cr.inRead {
		panic("invalid concurrent Body.Read call")
	}
	cr.inRead = true
	go cr.backgroundRead()
}

func (cr *connReader) backgroundRead() {
	n, err := cr.conn.rwc.Read(cr.byteBuf[:])
	cr.lock()
	if n == 1 {
		cr.hasByte = true
		// We were at EOF already (since we wouldn't be in a
		// background read otherwise), so this is a pipelined
		// HTTP request.
		cr.closeNotifyFromPipelinedRequest()
	}
	if ne, ok := err.(net.Error); ok && cr.aborted && ne.Timeout() {
		// Ignore this error. It's the expected error from
		// another goroutine calling abortPendingRead.
	} else if err != nil {
		cr.handleReadError(err)
	}
	cr.aborted = false
	cr.inRead = false
	cr.unlock()
	cr.cond.Broadcast()
}

func (cr *connReader) abortPendingRead() {
	cr.lock()
	defer cr.unlock()
	if !cr.inRead {
		return
	}
	cr.aborted = true
	cr.conn.rwc.SetReadDeadline(aLongTimeAgo)
	for cr.inRead {
		cr.cond.Wait()
	}
	cr.conn.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
}

func (cr *connReader) setReadLimit(remain int64) { cr.remain = remain }
func (cr *connReader) setInfiniteReadLimit()     { cr.remain = maxInt64 }
func (cr *connReader) hitReadLimit() bool        { return cr.remain <= 0 }

// may be called from multiple goroutines.
func (cr *connReader) handleReadError(err error) {
	cr.conn.cancelCtx()
	cr.closeNotify()
}

// closeNotifyFromPipelinedRequest simply calls closeNotify.
//
// This method wrapper is here for documentation. The callers are the
// cases where we send on the closenotify channel because of a
// pipelined HTTP request, per the previous Go behavior and
// documentation (that this "MAY" happen).
//
// TODO: consider changing this behavior and making context
// cancelation and closenotify work the same.
func (cr *connReader) closeNotifyFromPipelinedRequest() {
	cr.closeNotify()
}

// may be called from multiple goroutines.
func (cr *connReader) closeNotify() {
	res, _ := cr.conn.curReq.Load().(*response)
	if res != nil {
		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&res.didCloseNotify, 0, 1) {
			res.closeNotifyCh <- true
		}
	}
}

func (cr *connReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	cr.lock()
	if cr.inRead {
		cr.unlock()
		panic("invalid concurrent Body.Read call")
	}
	if cr.hitReadLimit() {
		cr.unlock()
		return 0, io.EOF
	}
	if cr.bgErr != nil {
		err = cr.bgErr
		cr.unlock()
		return 0, err
	}
	if len(p) == 0 {
		cr.unlock()
		return 0, nil
	}
	if int64(len(p)) > cr.remain {
		p = p[:cr.remain]
	}
	if cr.hasByte {
		p[0] = cr.byteBuf[0]
		cr.hasByte = false
		cr.unlock()
		return 1, nil
	}
	cr.inRead = true
	cr.unlock()
	n, err = cr.conn.rwc.Read(p)

	cr.lock()
	cr.inRead = false
	if err != nil {
		cr.handleReadError(err)
	}
	cr.remain -= int64(n)
	cr.unlock()

	cr.cond.Broadcast()
	return n, err
}

var (
	bufioReaderPool   sync.Pool
	bufioWriter2kPool sync.Pool
	bufioWriter4kPool sync.Pool
)

var copyBufPool = sync.Pool{
	New: func() interface{} {
		b := make([]byte, 32*1024)
		return &b
	},
}

func bufioWriterPool(size int) *sync.Pool {
	switch size {
	case 2 << 10:
		return &bufioWriter2kPool
	case 4 << 10:
		return &bufioWriter4kPool
	}
	return nil
}

func newBufioReader(r io.Reader) *bufio.Reader {
	if v := bufioReaderPool.Get(); v != nil {
		br := v.(*bufio.Reader)
		br.Reset(r)
		return br
	}
	// Note: if this reader size is ever changed, update
	// TestHandlerBodyClose's assumptions.
	return bufio.NewReader(r)
}

func putBufioReader(br *bufio.Reader) {
	br.Reset(nil)
	bufioReaderPool.Put(br)
}

func newBufioWriterSize(w io.Writer, size int) *bufio.Writer {
	pool := bufioWriterPool(size)
	if pool != nil {
		if v := pool.Get(); v != nil {
			bw := v.(*bufio.Writer)
			bw.Reset(w)
			return bw
		}
	}
	return bufio.NewWriterSize(w, size)
}

func putBufioWriter(bw *bufio.Writer) {
	bw.Reset(nil)
	if pool := bufioWriterPool(bw.Available()); pool != nil {
		pool.Put(bw)
	}
}

// DefaultMaxHeaderBytes is the maximum permitted size of the headers
// in an HTTP request.
// This can be overridden by setting Server.MaxHeaderBytes.
const DefaultMaxHeaderBytes = 1 << 20 // 1 MB

func (srv *Server) maxHeaderBytes() int {
	if srv.MaxHeaderBytes > 0 {
		return srv.MaxHeaderBytes
	}
	return DefaultMaxHeaderBytes
}

func (srv *Server) initialReadLimitSize() int64 {
	return int64(srv.maxHeaderBytes()) + 4096 // bufio slop
}

// wrapper around io.ReaderCloser which on first read, sends an
// HTTP/1.1 100 Continue header
type expectContinueReader struct {
	resp       *response
	readCloser io.ReadCloser
	closed     bool
	sawEOF     bool
}

func (ecr *expectContinueReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	if ecr.closed {
		return 0, ErrBodyReadAfterClose
	}
	if !ecr.resp.wroteContinue && !ecr.resp.conn.hijacked() {
		ecr.resp.wroteContinue = true
		ecr.resp.conn.bufw.WriteString("HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n")
		ecr.resp.conn.bufw.Flush()
	}
	n, err = ecr.readCloser.Read(p)
	if err == io.EOF {
		ecr.sawEOF = true
	}
	return
}

func (ecr *expectContinueReader) Close() error {
	ecr.closed = true
	return ecr.readCloser.Close()
}

// TimeFormat is the time format to use when generating times in HTTP
// headers. It is like time.RFC1123 but hard-codes GMT as the time
// zone. The time being formatted must be in UTC for Format to
// generate the correct format.
//
// For parsing this time format, see ParseTime.
const TimeFormat = "Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 GMT"

// appendTime is a non-allocating version of []byte(t.UTC().Format(TimeFormat))
func appendTime(b []byte, t time.Time) []byte {
	const days = "SunMonTueWedThuFriSat"
	const months = "JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec"

	t = t.UTC()
	yy, mm, dd := t.Date()
	hh, mn, ss := t.Clock()
	day := days[3*t.Weekday():]
	mon := months[3*(mm-1):]

	return append(b,
		day[0], day[1], day[2], ',', ' ',
		byte('0'+dd/10), byte('0'+dd%10), ' ',
		mon[0], mon[1], mon[2], ' ',
		byte('0'+yy/1000), byte('0'+(yy/100)%10), byte('0'+(yy/10)%10), byte('0'+yy%10), ' ',
		byte('0'+hh/10), byte('0'+hh%10), ':',
		byte('0'+mn/10), byte('0'+mn%10), ':',
		byte('0'+ss/10), byte('0'+ss%10), ' ',
		'G', 'M', 'T')
}

var errTooLarge = errors.New("http: request too large")

// Read next request from connection.
func (c *conn) readRequest(ctx context.Context) (w *response, err error) {
	if c.hijacked() {
		return nil, ErrHijacked
	}

	var (
		wholeReqDeadline time.Time // or zero if none
		hdrDeadline      time.Time // or zero if none
	)
	t0 := time.Now()
	if d := c.server.readHeaderTimeout(); d != 0 {
		hdrDeadline = t0.Add(d)
	}
	if d := c.server.ReadTimeout; d != 0 {
		wholeReqDeadline = t0.Add(d)
	}
	c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(hdrDeadline)
	if d := c.server.WriteTimeout; d != 0 {
		defer func() {
			c.rwc.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
		}()
	}

	c.r.setReadLimit(c.server.initialReadLimitSize())
	if c.lastMethod == "POST" {
		// RFC 2616 section 4.1 tolerance for old buggy clients.
		peek, _ := c.bufr.Peek(4) // ReadRequest will get err below
		c.bufr.Discard(numLeadingCRorLF(peek))
	}
	req, err := readRequest(c.bufr, keepHostHeader)
	if err != nil {
		if c.r.hitReadLimit() {
			return nil, errTooLarge
		}
		return nil, err
	}

	if !http1ServerSupportsRequest(req) {
		return nil, badRequestError("unsupported protocol version")
	}

	c.lastMethod = req.Method
	c.r.setInfiniteReadLimit()

	hosts, haveHost := req.Header["Host"]
	isH2Upgrade := req.isH2Upgrade()
	if req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) && (!haveHost || len(hosts) == 0) && !isH2Upgrade {
		return nil, badRequestError("missing required Host header")
	}
	if len(hosts) > 1 {
		return nil, badRequestError("too many Host headers")
	}
	if len(hosts) == 1 && !httplex.ValidHostHeader(hosts[0]) {
		return nil, badRequestError("malformed Host header")
	}
	for k, vv := range req.Header {
		if !httplex.ValidHeaderFieldName(k) {
			return nil, badRequestError("invalid header name")
		}
		for _, v := range vv {
			if !httplex.ValidHeaderFieldValue(v) {
				return nil, badRequestError("invalid header value")
			}
		}
	}
	delete(req.Header, "Host")

	ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
	req.ctx = ctx
	req.RemoteAddr = c.remoteAddr
	req.TLS = c.tlsState
	if body, ok := req.Body.(*body); ok {
		body.doEarlyClose = true
	}

	// Adjust the read deadline if necessary.
	if !hdrDeadline.Equal(wholeReqDeadline) {
		c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(wholeReqDeadline)
	}

	w = &response{
		conn:          c,
		cancelCtx:     cancelCtx,
		req:           req,
		reqBody:       req.Body,
		handlerHeader: make(Header),
		contentLength: -1,
		closeNotifyCh: make(chan bool, 1),

		// We populate these ahead of time so we're not
		// reading from req.Header after their Handler starts
		// and maybe mutates it (Issue 14940)
		wants10KeepAlive: req.wantsHttp10KeepAlive(),
		wantsClose:       req.wantsClose(),
	}
	if isH2Upgrade {
		w.closeAfterReply = true
	}
	w.cw.res = w
	w.w = newBufioWriterSize(&w.cw, bufferBeforeChunkingSize)
	return w, nil
}

// http1ServerSupportsRequest reports whether Go's HTTP/1.x server
// supports the given request.
func http1ServerSupportsRequest(req *Request) bool {
	if req.ProtoMajor == 1 {
		return true
	}
	// Accept "PRI * HTTP/2.0" upgrade requests, so Handlers can
	// wire up their own HTTP/2 upgrades.
	if req.ProtoMajor == 2 && req.ProtoMinor == 0 &&
		req.Method == "PRI" && req.RequestURI == "*" {
		return true
	}
	// Reject HTTP/0.x, and all other HTTP/2+ requests (which
	// aren't encoded in ASCII anyway).
	return false
}

func (w *response) Header() Header {
	if w.cw.header == nil && w.wroteHeader && !w.cw.wroteHeader {
		// Accessing the header between logically writing it
		// and physically writing it means we need to allocate
		// a clone to snapshot the logically written state.
		w.cw.header = w.handlerHeader.clone()
	}
	w.calledHeader = true
	return w.handlerHeader
}

// maxPostHandlerReadBytes is the max number of Request.Body bytes not
// consumed by a handler that the server will read from the client
// in order to keep a connection alive. If there are more bytes than
// this then the server to be paranoid instead sends a "Connection:
// close" response.
//
// This number is approximately what a typical machine's TCP buffer
// size is anyway.  (if we have the bytes on the machine, we might as
// well read them)
const maxPostHandlerReadBytes = 256 << 10

func (w *response) WriteHeader(code int) {
	if w.conn.hijacked() {
		w.conn.server.logf("http: response.WriteHeader on hijacked connection")
		return
	}
	if w.wroteHeader {
		w.conn.server.logf("http: multiple response.WriteHeader calls")
		return
	}
	w.wroteHeader = true
	w.status = code

	if w.calledHeader && w.cw.header == nil {
		w.cw.header = w.handlerHeader.clone()
	}

	if cl := w.handlerHeader.get("Content-Length"); cl != "" {
		v, err := strconv.ParseInt(cl, 10, 64)
		if err == nil && v >= 0 {
			w.contentLength = v
		} else {
			w.conn.server.logf("http: invalid Content-Length of %q", cl)
			w.handlerHeader.Del("Content-Length")
		}
	}
}

// extraHeader is the set of headers sometimes added by chunkWriter.writeHeader.
// This type is used to avoid extra allocations from cloning and/or populating
// the response Header map and all its 1-element slices.
type extraHeader struct {
	contentType      string
	connection       string
	transferEncoding string
	date             []byte // written if not nil
	contentLength    []byte // written if not nil
}

// Sorted the same as extraHeader.Write's loop.
var extraHeaderKeys = [][]byte{
	[]byte("Content-Type"),
	[]byte("Connection"),
	[]byte("Transfer-Encoding"),
}

var (
	headerContentLength = []byte("Content-Length: ")
	headerDate          = []byte("Date: ")
)

// Write writes the headers described in h to w.
//
// This method has a value receiver, despite the somewhat large size
// of h, because it prevents an allocation. The escape analysis isn't
// smart enough to realize this function doesn't mutate h.
func (h extraHeader) Write(w *bufio.Writer) {
	if h.date != nil {
		w.Write(headerDate)
		w.Write(h.date)
		w.Write(crlf)
	}
	if h.contentLength != nil {
		w.Write(headerContentLength)
		w.Write(h.contentLength)
		w.Write(crlf)
	}
	for i, v := range []string{h.contentType, h.connection, h.transferEncoding} {
		if v != "" {
			w.Write(extraHeaderKeys[i])
			w.Write(colonSpace)
			w.WriteString(v)
			w.Write(crlf)
		}
	}
}

// writeHeader finalizes the header sent to the client and writes it
// to cw.res.conn.bufw.
//
// p is not written by writeHeader, but is the first chunk of the body
// that will be written. It is sniffed for a Content-Type if none is
// set explicitly. It's also used to set the Content-Length, if the
// total body size was small and the handler has already finished
// running.
func (cw *chunkWriter) writeHeader(p []byte) {
	if cw.wroteHeader {
		return
	}
	cw.wroteHeader = true

	w := cw.res
	keepAlivesEnabled := w.conn.server.doKeepAlives()
	isHEAD := w.req.Method == "HEAD"

	// header is written out to w.conn.buf below. Depending on the
	// state of the handler, we either own the map or not. If we
	// don't own it, the exclude map is created lazily for
	// WriteSubset to remove headers. The setHeader struct holds
	// headers we need to add.
	header := cw.header
	owned := header != nil
	if !owned {
		header = w.handlerHeader
	}
	var excludeHeader map[string]bool
	delHeader := func(key string) {
		if owned {
			header.Del(key)
			return
		}
		if _, ok := header[key]; !ok {
			return
		}
		if excludeHeader == nil {
			excludeHeader = make(map[string]bool)
		}
		excludeHeader[key] = true
	}
	var setHeader extraHeader

	// Don't write out the fake "Trailer:foo" keys. See TrailerPrefix.
	trailers := false
	for k := range cw.header {
		if strings.HasPrefix(k, TrailerPrefix) {
			if excludeHeader == nil {
				excludeHeader = make(map[string]bool)
			}
			excludeHeader[k] = true
			trailers = true
		}
	}
	for _, v := range cw.header["Trailer"] {
		trailers = true
		foreachHeaderElement(v, cw.res.declareTrailer)
	}

	te := header.get("Transfer-Encoding")
	hasTE := te != ""

	// If the handler is done but never sent a Content-Length
	// response header and this is our first (and last) write, set
	// it, even to zero. This helps HTTP/1.0 clients keep their
	// "keep-alive" connections alive.
	// Exceptions: 304/204/1xx responses never get Content-Length, and if
	// it was a HEAD request, we don't know the difference between
	// 0 actual bytes and 0 bytes because the handler noticed it
	// was a HEAD request and chose not to write anything. So for
	// HEAD, the handler should either write the Content-Length or
	// write non-zero bytes. If it's actually 0 bytes and the
	// handler never looked at the Request.Method, we just don't
	// send a Content-Length header.
	// Further, we don't send an automatic Content-Length if they
	// set a Transfer-Encoding, because they're generally incompatible.
	if w.handlerDone.isSet() && !trailers && !hasTE && bodyAllowedForStatus(w.status) && header.get("Content-Length") == "" && (!isHEAD || len(p) > 0) {
		w.contentLength = int64(len(p))
		setHeader.contentLength = strconv.AppendInt(cw.res.clenBuf[:0], int64(len(p)), 10)
	}

	// If this was an HTTP/1.0 request with keep-alive and we sent a
	// Content-Length back, we can make this a keep-alive response ...
	if w.wants10KeepAlive && keepAlivesEnabled {
		sentLength := header.get("Content-Length") != ""
		if sentLength && header.get("Connection") == "keep-alive" {
			w.closeAfterReply = false
		}
	}

	// Check for a explicit (and valid) Content-Length header.
	hasCL := w.contentLength != -1

	if w.wants10KeepAlive && (isHEAD || hasCL || !bodyAllowedForStatus(w.status)) {
		_, connectionHeaderSet := header["Connection"]
		if !connectionHeaderSet {
			setHeader.connection = "keep-alive"
		}
	} else if !w.req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) || w.wantsClose {
		w.closeAfterReply = true
	}

	if header.get("Connection") == "close" || !keepAlivesEnabled {
		w.closeAfterReply = true
	}

	// If the client wanted a 100-continue but we never sent it to
	// them (or, more strictly: we never finished reading their
	// request body), don't reuse this connection because it's now
	// in an unknown state: we might be sending this response at
	// the same time the client is now sending its request body
	// after a timeout.  (Some HTTP clients send Expect:
	// 100-continue but knowing that some servers don't support
	// it, the clients set a timer and send the body later anyway)
	// If we haven't seen EOF, we can't skip over the unread body
	// because we don't know if the next bytes on the wire will be
	// the body-following-the-timer or the subsequent request.
	// See Issue 11549.
	if ecr, ok := w.req.Body.(*expectContinueReader); ok && !ecr.sawEOF {
		w.closeAfterReply = true
	}

	// Per RFC 2616, we should consume the request body before
	// replying, if the handler hasn't already done so. But we
	// don't want to do an unbounded amount of reading here for
	// DoS reasons, so we only try up to a threshold.
	// TODO(bradfitz): where does RFC 2616 say that? See Issue 15527
	// about HTTP/1.x Handlers concurrently reading and writing, like
	// HTTP/2 handlers can do. Maybe this code should be relaxed?
	if w.req.ContentLength != 0 && !w.closeAfterReply {
		var discard, tooBig bool

		switch bdy := w.req.Body.(type) {
		case *expectContinueReader:
			if bdy.resp.wroteContinue {
				discard = true
			}
		case *body:
			bdy.mu.Lock()
			switch {
			case bdy.closed:
				if !bdy.sawEOF {
					// Body was closed in handler with non-EOF error.
					w.closeAfterReply = true
				}
			case bdy.unreadDataSizeLocked() >= maxPostHandlerReadBytes:
				tooBig = true
			default:
				discard = true
			}
			bdy.mu.Unlock()
		default:
			discard = true
		}

		if discard {
			_, err := io.CopyN(ioutil.Discard, w.reqBody, maxPostHandlerReadBytes+1)
			switch err {
			case nil:
				// There must be even more data left over.
				tooBig = true
			case ErrBodyReadAfterClose:
				// Body was already consumed and closed.
			case io.EOF:
				// The remaining body was just consumed, close it.
				err = w.reqBody.Close()
				if err != nil {
					w.closeAfterReply = true
				}
			default:
				// Some other kind of error occurred, like a read timeout, or
				// corrupt chunked encoding. In any case, whatever remains
				// on the wire must not be parsed as another HTTP request.
				w.closeAfterReply = true
			}
		}

		if tooBig {
			w.requestTooLarge()
			delHeader("Connection")
			setHeader.connection = "close"
		}
	}

	code := w.status
	if bodyAllowedForStatus(code) {
		// If no content type, apply sniffing algorithm to body.
		_, haveType := header["Content-Type"]
		if !haveType && !hasTE {
			setHeader.contentType = DetectContentType(p)
		}
	} else {
		for _, k := range suppressedHeaders(code) {
			delHeader(k)
		}
	}

	if _, ok := header["Date"]; !ok {
		setHeader.date = appendTime(cw.res.dateBuf[:0], time.Now())
	}

	if hasCL && hasTE && te != "identity" {
		// TODO: return an error if WriteHeader gets a return parameter
		// For now just ignore the Content-Length.
		w.conn.server.logf("http: WriteHeader called with both Transfer-Encoding of %q and a Content-Length of %d",
			te, w.contentLength)
		delHeader("Content-Length")
		hasCL = false
	}

	if w.req.Method == "HEAD" || !bodyAllowedForStatus(code) {
		// do nothing
	} else if code == StatusNoContent {
		delHeader("Transfer-Encoding")
	} else if hasCL {
		delHeader("Transfer-Encoding")
	} else if w.req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) {
		// HTTP/1.1 or greater: Transfer-Encoding has been set to identity,  and no
		// content-length has been provided. The connection must be closed after the
		// reply is written, and no chunking is to be done. This is the setup
		// recommended in the Server-Sent Events candidate recommendation 11,
		// section 8.
		if hasTE && te == "identity" {
			cw.chunking = false
			w.closeAfterReply = true
		} else {
			// HTTP/1.1 or greater: use chunked transfer encoding
			// to avoid closing the connection at EOF.
			cw.chunking = true
			setHeader.transferEncoding = "chunked"
			if hasTE && te == "chunked" {
				// We will send the chunked Transfer-Encoding header later.
				delHeader("Transfer-Encoding")
			}
		}
	} else {
		// HTTP version < 1.1: cannot do chunked transfer
		// encoding and we don't know the Content-Length so
		// signal EOF by closing connection.
		w.closeAfterReply = true
		delHeader("Transfer-Encoding") // in case already set
	}

	// Cannot use Content-Length with non-identity Transfer-Encoding.
	if cw.chunking {
		delHeader("Content-Length")
	}
	if !w.req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 0) {
		return
	}

	if w.closeAfterReply && (!keepAlivesEnabled || !hasToken(cw.header.get("Connection"), "close")) {
		delHeader("Connection")
		if w.req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) {
			setHeader.connection = "close"
		}
	}

	w.conn.bufw.WriteString(statusLine(w.req, code))
	cw.header.WriteSubset(w.conn.bufw, excludeHeader)
	setHeader.Write(w.conn.bufw)
	w.conn.bufw.Write(crlf)
}

// foreachHeaderElement splits v according to the "#rule" construction
// in RFC 2616 section 2.1 and calls fn for each non-empty element.
func foreachHeaderElement(v string, fn func(string)) {
	v = textproto.TrimString(v)
	if v == "" {
		return
	}
	if !strings.Contains(v, ",") {
		fn(v)
		return
	}
	for _, f := range strings.Split(v, ",") {
		if f = textproto.TrimString(f); f != "" {
			fn(f)
		}
	}
}

// statusLines is a cache of Status-Line strings, keyed by code (for
// HTTP/1.1) or negative code (for HTTP/1.0). This is faster than a
// map keyed by struct of two fields. This map's max size is bounded
// by 2*len(statusText), two protocol types for each known official
// status code in the statusText map.
var (
	statusMu    sync.RWMutex
	statusLines = make(map[int]string)
)

// statusLine returns a response Status-Line (RFC 2616 Section 6.1)
// for the given request and response status code.
func statusLine(req *Request, code int) string {
	// Fast path:
	key := code
	proto11 := req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1)
	if !proto11 {
		key = -key
	}
	statusMu.RLock()
	line, ok := statusLines[key]
	statusMu.RUnlock()
	if ok {
		return line
	}

	// Slow path:
	proto := "HTTP/1.0"
	if proto11 {
		proto = "HTTP/1.1"
	}
	codestring := fmt.Sprintf("%03d", code)
	text, ok := statusText[code]
	if !ok {
		text = "status code " + codestring
	}
	line = proto + " " + codestring + " " + text + "\r\n"
	if ok {
		statusMu.Lock()
		defer statusMu.Unlock()
		statusLines[key] = line
	}
	return line
}

// bodyAllowed reports whether a Write is allowed for this response type.
// It's illegal to call this before the header has been flushed.
func (w *response) bodyAllowed() bool {
	if !w.wroteHeader {
		panic("")
	}
	return bodyAllowedForStatus(w.status)
}

// The Life Of A Write is like this:
//
// Handler starts. No header has been sent. The handler can either
// write a header, or just start writing. Writing before sending a header
// sends an implicitly empty 200 OK header.
//
// If the handler didn't declare a Content-Length up front, we either
// go into chunking mode or, if the handler finishes running before
// the chunking buffer size, we compute a Content-Length and send that
// in the header instead.
//
// Likewise, if the handler didn't set a Content-Type, we sniff that
// from the initial chunk of output.
//
// The Writers are wired together like:
//
// 1. *response (the ResponseWriter) ->
// 2. (*response).w, a *bufio.Writer of bufferBeforeChunkingSize bytes
// 3. chunkWriter.Writer (whose writeHeader finalizes Content-Length/Type)
//    and which writes the chunk headers, if needed.
// 4. conn.buf, a bufio.Writer of default (4kB) bytes, writing to ->
// 5. checkConnErrorWriter{c}, which notes any non-nil error on Write
//    and populates c.werr with it if so. but otherwise writes to:
// 6. the rwc, the net.Conn.
//
// TODO(bradfitz): short-circuit some of the buffering when the
// initial header contains both a Content-Type and Content-Length.
// Also short-circuit in (1) when the header's been sent and not in
// chunking mode, writing directly to (4) instead, if (2) has no
// buffered data. More generally, we could short-circuit from (1) to
// (3) even in chunking mode if the write size from (1) is over some
// threshold and nothing is in (2).  The answer might be mostly making
// bufferBeforeChunkingSize smaller and having bufio's fast-paths deal
// with this instead.
func (w *response) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
	return w.write(len(data), data, "")
}

func (w *response) WriteString(data string) (n int, err error) {
	return w.write(len(data), nil, data)
}

// either dataB or dataS is non-zero.
func (w *response) write(lenData int, dataB []byte, dataS string) (n int, err error) {
	if w.conn.hijacked() {
		if lenData > 0 {
			w.conn.server.logf("http: response.Write on hijacked connection")
		}
		return 0, ErrHijacked
	}
	if !w.wroteHeader {
		w.WriteHeader(StatusOK)
	}
	if lenData == 0 {
		return 0, nil
	}
	if !w.bodyAllowed() {
		return 0, ErrBodyNotAllowed
	}

	w.written += int64(lenData) // ignoring errors, for errorKludge
	if w.contentLength != -1 && w.written > w.contentLength {
		return 0, ErrContentLength
	}
	if dataB != nil {
		return w.w.Write(dataB)
	} else {
		return w.w.WriteString(dataS)
	}
}

func (w *response) finishRequest() {
	w.handlerDone.setTrue()

	if !w.wroteHeader {
		w.WriteHeader(StatusOK)
	}

	w.w.Flush()
	putBufioWriter(w.w)
	w.cw.close()
	w.conn.bufw.Flush()

	w.conn.r.abortPendingRead()

	// Close the body (regardless of w.closeAfterReply) so we can
	// re-use its bufio.Reader later safely.
	w.reqBody.Close()

	if w.req.MultipartForm != nil {
		w.req.MultipartForm.RemoveAll()
	}
}

// shouldReuseConnection reports whether the underlying TCP connection can be reused.
// It must only be called after the handler is done executing.
func (w *response) shouldReuseConnection() bool {
	if w.closeAfterReply {
		// The request or something set while executing the
		// handler indicated we shouldn't reuse this
		// connection.
		return false
	}

	if w.req.Method != "HEAD" && w.contentLength != -1 && w.bodyAllowed() && w.contentLength != w.written {
		// Did not write enough. Avoid getting out of sync.
		return false
	}

	// There was some error writing to the underlying connection
	// during the request, so don't re-use this conn.
	if w.conn.werr != nil {
		return false
	}

	if w.closedRequestBodyEarly() {
		return false
	}

	return true
}

func (w *response) closedRequestBodyEarly() bool {
	body, ok := w.req.Body.(*body)
	return ok && body.didEarlyClose()
}

func (w *response) Flush() {
	if !w.wroteHeader {
		w.WriteHeader(StatusOK)
	}
	w.w.Flush()
	w.cw.flush()
}

func (c *conn) finalFlush() {
	if c.bufr != nil {
		// Steal the bufio.Reader (~4KB worth of memory) and its associated
		// reader for a future connection.
		putBufioReader(c.bufr)
		c.bufr = nil
	}

	if c.bufw != nil {
		c.bufw.Flush()
		// Steal the bufio.Writer (~4KB worth of memory) and its associated
		// writer for a future connection.
		putBufioWriter(c.bufw)
		c.bufw = nil
	}
}

// Close the connection.
func (c *conn) close() {
	c.finalFlush()
	c.rwc.Close()
}

// rstAvoidanceDelay is the amount of time we sleep after closing the
// write side of a TCP connection before closing the entire socket.
// By sleeping, we increase the chances that the client sees our FIN
// and processes its final data before they process the subsequent RST
// from closing a connection with known unread data.
// This RST seems to occur mostly on BSD systems. (And Windows?)
// This timeout is somewhat arbitrary (~latency around the planet).
const rstAvoidanceDelay = 500 * time.Millisecond

type closeWriter interface {
	CloseWrite() error
}

var _ closeWriter = (*net.TCPConn)(nil)

// closeWrite flushes any outstanding data and sends a FIN packet (if
// client is connected via TCP), signalling that we're done. We then
// pause for a bit, hoping the client processes it before any
// subsequent RST.
//
// See https://golang.org/issue/3595
func (c *conn) closeWriteAndWait() {
	c.finalFlush()
	if tcp, ok := c.rwc.(closeWriter); ok {
		tcp.CloseWrite()
	}
	time.Sleep(rstAvoidanceDelay)
}

// validNPN reports whether the proto is not a blacklisted Next
// Protocol Negotiation protocol. Empty and built-in protocol types
// are blacklisted and can't be overridden with alternate
// implementations.
func validNPN(proto string) bool {
	switch proto {
	case "", "http/1.1", "http/1.0":
		return false
	}
	return true
}

func (c *conn) setState(nc net.Conn, state ConnState) {
	srv := c.server
	switch state {
	case StateNew:
		srv.trackConn(c, true)
	case StateHijacked, StateClosed:
		srv.trackConn(c, false)
	}
	c.curState.Store(connStateInterface[state])
	if hook := srv.ConnState; hook != nil {
		hook(nc, state)
	}
}

// connStateInterface is an array of the interface{} versions of
// ConnState values, so we can use them in atomic.Values later without
// paying the cost of shoving their integers in an interface{}.
var connStateInterface = [...]interface{}{
	StateNew:      StateNew,
	StateActive:   StateActive,
	StateIdle:     StateIdle,
	StateHijacked: StateHijacked,
	StateClosed:   StateClosed,
}

// badRequestError is a literal string (used by in the server in HTML,
// unescaped) to tell the user why their request was bad. It should
// be plain text without user info or other embedded errors.
type badRequestError string

func (e badRequestError) Error() string { return "Bad Request: " + string(e) }

// ErrAbortHandler is a sentinel panic value to abort a handler.
// While any panic from ServeHTTP aborts the response to the client,
// panicking with ErrAbortHandler also suppresses logging of a stack
// trace to the server's error log.
var ErrAbortHandler = errors.New("net/http: abort Handler")

// isCommonNetReadError reports whether err is a common error
// encountered during reading a request off the network when the
// client has gone away or had its read fail somehow. This is used to
// determine which logs are interesting enough to log about.
func isCommonNetReadError(err error) bool {
	if err == io.EOF {
		return true
	}
	if neterr, ok := err.(net.Error); ok && neterr.Timeout() {
		return true
	}
	if oe, ok := err.(*net.OpError); ok && oe.Op == "read" {
		return true
	}
	return false
}

// Serve a new connection.
func (c *conn) serve(ctx context.Context) {
	c.remoteAddr = c.rwc.RemoteAddr().String()
	defer func() {
		if err := recover(); err != nil && err != ErrAbortHandler {
			const size = 64 << 10
			buf := make([]byte, size)
			buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, false)]
			c.server.logf("http: panic serving %v: %v\n%s", c.remoteAddr, err, buf)
		}
		if !c.hijacked() {
			c.close()
			c.setState(c.rwc, StateClosed)
		}
	}()

	if tlsConn, ok := c.rwc.(*tls.Conn); ok {
		if d := c.server.ReadTimeout; d != 0 {
			c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
		}
		if d := c.server.WriteTimeout; d != 0 {
			c.rwc.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
		}
		if err := tlsConn.Handshake(); err != nil {
			c.server.logf("http: TLS handshake error from %s: %v", c.rwc.RemoteAddr(), err)
			return
		}
		c.tlsState = new(tls.ConnectionState)
		*c.tlsState = tlsConn.ConnectionState()
		if proto := c.tlsState.NegotiatedProtocol; validNPN(proto) {
			if fn := c.server.TLSNextProto[proto]; fn != nil {
				h := initNPNRequest{tlsConn, serverHandler{c.server}}
				fn(c.server, tlsConn, h)
			}
			return
		}
	}

	// HTTP/1.x from here on.

	ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
	c.cancelCtx = cancelCtx
	defer cancelCtx()

	c.r = &connReader{conn: c}
	c.bufr = newBufioReader(c.r)
	c.bufw = newBufioWriterSize(checkConnErrorWriter{c}, 4<<10)

	for {
		w, err := c.readRequest(ctx)
		if c.r.remain != c.server.initialReadLimitSize() {
			// If we read any bytes off the wire, we're active.
			c.setState(c.rwc, StateActive)
		}
		if err != nil {
			const errorHeaders = "\r\nContent-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n"

			if err == errTooLarge {
				// Their HTTP client may or may not be
				// able to read this if we're
				// responding to them and hanging up
				// while they're still writing their
				// request. Undefined behavior.
				const publicErr = "431 Request Header Fields Too Large"
				c.server.logf("http: %s", publicErr)
				fmt.Fprintf(c.rwc, "HTTP/1.1 "+publicErr+errorHeaders+publicErr)
				c.closeWriteAndWait()
				return
			}
			if isCommonNetReadError(err) {
				return // don't reply
			}

			publicErr := "400 Bad Request"
			if v, ok := err.(badRequestError); ok {
				publicErr = publicErr + ": " + string(v)
			}

			c.server.logf("http: %s", publicErr)
			fmt.Fprintf(c.rwc, "HTTP/1.1 "+publicErr+errorHeaders+publicErr)
			return
		}

		// Expect 100 Continue support
		req := w.req
		if req.expectsContinue() {
			if req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) && req.ContentLength != 0 {
				// Wrap the Body reader with one that replies on the connection
				req.Body = &expectContinueReader{readCloser: req.Body, resp: w}
			}
		} else if req.Header.get("Expect") != "" {
			w.sendExpectationFailed()
			return
		}

		c.curReq.Store(w)

		if requestBodyRemains(req.Body) {
			registerOnHitEOF(req.Body, w.conn.r.startBackgroundRead)
		} else {
			if w.conn.bufr.Buffered() > 0 {
				w.conn.r.closeNotifyFromPipelinedRequest()
			}
			w.conn.r.startBackgroundRead()
		}

		// HTTP cannot have multiple simultaneous active requests.[*]
		// Until the server replies to this request, it can't read another,
		// so we might as well run the handler in this goroutine.
		// [*] Not strictly true: HTTP pipelining. We could let them all process
		// in parallel even if their responses need to be serialized.
		// But we're not going to implement HTTP pipelining because it
		// was never deployed in the wild and the answer is HTTP/2.
		serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
		w.cancelCtx()
		if c.hijacked() {
			return
		}
		w.finishRequest()
		if !w.shouldReuseConnection() {
			if w.requestBodyLimitHit || w.closedRequestBodyEarly() {
				c.closeWriteAndWait()
			}
			return
		}
		c.setState(c.rwc, StateIdle)
		c.curReq.Store((*response)(nil))

		if !w.conn.server.doKeepAlives() {
			// We're in shutdown mode. We might've replied
			// to the user without "Connection: close" and
			// they might think they can send another
			// request, but such is life with HTTP/1.1.
			return
		}

		if d := c.server.idleTimeout(); d != 0 {
			c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
			if _, err := c.bufr.Peek(4); err != nil {
				return
			}
		}
		c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
	}
}

func (w *response) sendExpectationFailed() {
	// TODO(bradfitz): let ServeHTTP handlers handle
	// requests with non-standard expectation[s]? Seems
	// theoretical at best, and doesn't fit into the
	// current ServeHTTP model anyway. We'd need to
	// make the ResponseWriter an optional
	// "ExpectReplier" interface or something.
	//
	// For now we'll just obey RFC 2616 14.20 which says
	// "If a server receives a request containing an
	// Expect field that includes an expectation-
	// extension that it does not support, it MUST
	// respond with a 417 (Expectation Failed) status."
	w.Header().Set("Connection", "close")
	w.WriteHeader(StatusExpectationFailed)
	w.finishRequest()
}

// Hijack implements the Hijacker.Hijack method. Our response is both a ResponseWriter
// and a Hijacker.
func (w *response) Hijack() (rwc net.Conn, buf *bufio.ReadWriter, err error) {
	if w.handlerDone.isSet() {
		panic("net/http: Hijack called after ServeHTTP finished")
	}
	if w.wroteHeader {
		w.cw.flush()
	}

	c := w.conn
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()

	// Release the bufioWriter that writes to the chunk writer, it is not
	// used after a connection has been hijacked.
	rwc, buf, err = c.hijackLocked()
	if err == nil {
		putBufioWriter(w.w)
		w.w = nil
	}
	return rwc, buf, err
}

func (w *response) CloseNotify() <-chan bool {
	if w.handlerDone.isSet() {
		panic("net/http: CloseNotify called after ServeHTTP finished")
	}
	return w.closeNotifyCh
}

func registerOnHitEOF(rc io.ReadCloser, fn func()) {
	switch v := rc.(type) {
	case *expectContinueReader:
		registerOnHitEOF(v.readCloser, fn)
	case *body:
		v.registerOnHitEOF(fn)
	default:
		panic("unexpected type " + fmt.Sprintf("%T", rc))
	}
}

// requestBodyRemains reports whether future calls to Read
// on rc might yield more data.
func requestBodyRemains(rc io.ReadCloser) bool {
	if rc == NoBody {
		return false
	}
	switch v := rc.(type) {
	case *expectContinueReader:
		return requestBodyRemains(v.readCloser)
	case *body:
		return v.bodyRemains()
	default:
		panic("unexpected type " + fmt.Sprintf("%T", rc))
	}
}

// The HandlerFunc type is an adapter to allow the use of
// ordinary functions as HTTP handlers. If f is a function
// with the appropriate signature, HandlerFunc(f) is a
// Handler that calls f.
type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request)

// ServeHTTP calls f(w, r).
func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
	f(w, r)
}

// Helper handlers

// Error replies to the request with the specified error message and HTTP code.
// It does not otherwise end the request; the caller should ensure no further
// writes are done to w.
// The error message should be plain text.
func Error(w ResponseWriter, error string, code int) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
	w.Header().Set("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
	w.WriteHeader(code)
	fmt.Fprintln(w, error)
}

// NotFound replies to the request with an HTTP 404 not found error.
func NotFound(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) { Error(w, "404 page not found", StatusNotFound) }

// NotFoundHandler returns a simple request handler
// that replies to each request with a ``404 page not found'' reply.
func NotFoundHandler() Handler { return HandlerFunc(NotFound) }

// StripPrefix returns a handler that serves HTTP requests
// by removing the given prefix from the request URL's Path
// and invoking the handler h. StripPrefix handles a
// request for a path that doesn't begin with prefix by
// replying with an HTTP 404 not found error.
func StripPrefix(prefix string, h Handler) Handler {
	if prefix == "" {
		return h
	}
	return HandlerFunc(func(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
		if p := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, prefix); len(p) < len(r.URL.Path) {
			r.URL.Path = p
			h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
		} else {
			NotFound(w, r)
		}
	})
}

// Redirect replies to the request with a redirect to url,
// which may be a path relative to the request path.
//
// The provided code should be in the 3xx range and is usually
// StatusMovedPermanently, StatusFound or StatusSeeOther.
func Redirect(w ResponseWriter, r *Request, urlStr string, code int) {
	if u, err := url.Parse(urlStr); err == nil {
		// If url was relative, make absolute by
		// combining with request path.
		// The browser would probably do this for us,
		// but doing it ourselves is more reliable.

		// NOTE(rsc): RFC 2616 says that the Location
		// line must be an absolute URI, like
		// "http://www.google.com/redirect/",
		// not a path like "/redirect/".
		// Unfortunately, we don't know what to
		// put in the host name section to get the
		// client to connect to us again, so we can't
		// know the right absolute URI to send back.
		// Because of this problem, no one pays attention
		// to the RFC; they all send back just a new path.
		// So do we.
		if u.Scheme == "" && u.Host == "" {
			oldpath := r.URL.Path
			if oldpath == "" { // should not happen, but avoid a crash if it does
				oldpath = "/"
			}

			// no leading http://server
			if urlStr == "" || urlStr[0] != '/' {
				// make relative path absolute
				olddir, _ := path.Split(oldpath)
				urlStr = olddir + urlStr
			}

			var query string
			if i := strings.Index(urlStr, "?"); i != -1 {
				urlStr, query = urlStr[:i], urlStr[i:]
			}

			// clean up but preserve trailing slash
			trailing := strings.HasSuffix(urlStr, "/")
			urlStr = path.Clean(urlStr)
			if trailing && !strings.HasSuffix(urlStr, "/") {
				urlStr += "/"
			}
			urlStr += query
		}
	}

	w.Header().Set("Location", hexEscapeNonASCII(urlStr))
	w.WriteHeader(code)

	// RFC 2616 recommends that a short note "SHOULD" be included in the
	// response because older user agents may not understand 301/307.
	// Shouldn't send the response for POST or HEAD; that leaves GET.
	if r.Method == "GET" {
		note := "<a href=\"" + htmlEscape(urlStr) + "\">" + statusText[code] + "</a>.\n"
		fmt.Fprintln(w, note)
	}
}

var htmlReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(
	"&", "&amp;",
	"<", "&lt;",
	">", "&gt;",
	// "&#34;" is shorter than "&quot;".
	`"`, "&#34;",
	// "&#39;" is shorter than "&apos;" and apos was not in HTML until HTML5.
	"'", "&#39;",
)

func htmlEscape(s string) string {
	return htmlReplacer.Replace(s)
}

// Redirect to a fixed URL
type redirectHandler struct {
	url  string
	code int
}

func (rh *redirectHandler) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
	Redirect(w, r, rh.url, rh.code)
}

// RedirectHandler returns a request handler that redirects
// each request it receives to the given url using the given
// status code.
//
// The provided code should be in the 3xx range and is usually
// StatusMovedPermanently, StatusFound or StatusSeeOther.
func RedirectHandler(url string, code int) Handler {
	return &redirectHandler{url, code}
}

// ServeMux is an HTTP request multiplexer.
// It matches the URL of each incoming request against a list of registered
// patterns and calls the handler for the pattern that
// most closely matches the URL.
//
// Patterns name fixed, rooted paths, like "/favicon.ico",
// or rooted subtrees, like "/images/" (note the trailing slash).
// Longer patterns take precedence over shorter ones, so that
// if there are handlers registered for both "/images/"
// and "/images/thumbnails/", the latter handler will be
// called for paths beginning "/images/thumbnails/" and the
// former will receive requests for any other paths in the
// "/images/" subtree.
//
// Note that since a pattern ending in a slash names a rooted subtree,
// the pattern "/" matches all paths not matched by other registered
// patterns, not just the URL with Path == "/".
//
// If a subtree has been registered and a request is received naming the
// subtree root without its trailing slash, ServeMux redirects that
// request to the subtree root (adding the trailing slash). This behavior can
// be overridden with a separate registration for the path without
// the trailing slash. For example, registering "/images/" causes ServeMux
// to redirect a request for "/images" to "/images/", unless "/images" has
// been registered separately.
//
// Patterns may optionally begin with a host name, restricting matches to
// URLs on that host only. Host-specific patterns take precedence over
// general patterns, so that a handler might register for the two patterns
// "/codesearch" and "codesearch.google.com/" without also taking over
// requests for "http://www.google.com/".
//
// ServeMux also takes care of sanitizing the URL request path,
// redirecting any request containing . or .. elements or repeated slashes
// to an equivalent, cleaner URL.
type ServeMux struct {
	mu    sync.RWMutex
	m     map[string]muxEntry
	hosts bool // whether any patterns contain hostnames
}

type muxEntry struct {
	explicit bool
	h        Handler
	pattern  string
}

// NewServeMux allocates and returns a new ServeMux.
func NewServeMux() *ServeMux { return new(ServeMux) }

// DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve.
var DefaultServeMux = &defaultServeMux

var defaultServeMux ServeMux

// Does path match pattern?
func pathMatch(pattern, path string) bool {
	if len(pattern) == 0 {
		// should not happen
		return false
	}
	n := len(pattern)
	if pattern[n-1] != '/' {
		return pattern == path
	}
	return len(path) >= n && path[0:n] == pattern
}

// Return the canonical path for p, eliminating . and .. elements.
func cleanPath(p string) string {
	if p == "" {
		return "/"
	}
	if p[0] != '/' {
		p = "/" + p
	}
	np := path.Clean(p)
	// path.Clean removes trailing slash except for root;
	// put the trailing slash back if necessary.
	if p[len(p)-1] == '/' && np != "/" {
		np += "/"
	}
	return np
}

// Find a handler on a handler map given a path string
// Most-specific (longest) pattern wins
func (mux *ServeMux) match(path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
	var n = 0
	for k, v := range mux.m {
		if !pathMatch(k, path) {
			continue
		}
		if h == nil || len(k) > n {
			n = len(k)
			h = v.h
			pattern = v.pattern
		}
	}
	return
}

// Handler returns the handler to use for the given request,
// consulting r.Method, r.Host, and r.URL.Path. It always returns
// a non-nil handler. If the path is not in its canonical form, the
// handler will be an internally-generated handler that redirects
// to the canonical path.
//
// Handler also returns the registered pattern that matches the
// request or, in the case of internally-generated redirects,
// the pattern that will match after following the redirect.
//
// If there is no registered handler that applies to the request,
// Handler returns a ``page not found'' handler and an empty pattern.
func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string) {
	if r.Method != "CONNECT" {
		if p := cleanPath(r.URL.Path); p != r.URL.Path {
			_, pattern = mux.handler(r.Host, p)
			url := *r.URL
			url.Path = p
			return RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern
		}
	}

	return mux.handler(r.Host, r.URL.Path)
}

// handler is the main implementation of Handler.
// The path is known to be in canonical form, except for CONNECT methods.
func (mux *ServeMux) handler(host, path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
	mux.mu.RLock()
	defer mux.mu.RUnlock()

	// Host-specific pattern takes precedence over generic ones
	if mux.hosts {
		h, pattern = mux.match(host + path)
	}
	if h == nil {
		h, pattern = mux.match(path)
	}
	if h == nil {
		h, pattern = NotFoundHandler(), ""
	}
	return
}

// ServeHTTP dispatches the request to the handler whose
// pattern most closely matches the request URL.
func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
	if r.RequestURI == "*" {
		if r.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) {
			w.Header().Set("Connection", "close")
		}
		w.WriteHeader(StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}
	h, _ := mux.Handler(r)
	h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

// Handle registers the handler for the given pattern.
// If a handler already exists for pattern, Handle panics.
func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) {
	mux.mu.Lock()
	defer mux.mu.Unlock()

	if pattern == "" {
		panic("http: invalid pattern " + pattern)
	}
	if handler == nil {
		panic("http: nil handler")
	}
	if mux.m[pattern].explicit {
		panic("http: multiple registrations for " + pattern)
	}

	if mux.m == nil {
		mux.m = make(map[string]muxEntry)
	}
	mux.m[pattern] = muxEntry{explicit: true, h: handler, pattern: pattern}

	if pattern[0] != '/' {
		mux.hosts = true
	}

	// Helpful behavior:
	// If pattern is /tree/, insert an implicit permanent redirect for /tree.
	// It can be overridden by an explicit registration.
	n := len(pattern)
	if n > 0 && pattern[n-1] == '/' && !mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]].explicit {
		// If pattern contains a host name, strip it and use remaining
		// path for redirect.
		path := pattern
		if pattern[0] != '/' {
			// In pattern, at least the last character is a '/', so
			// strings.Index can't be -1.
			path = pattern[strings.Index(pattern, "/"):]
		}
		url := &url.URL{Path: path}
		mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]] = muxEntry{h: RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern: pattern}
	}
}

// HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern.
func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
	mux.Handle(pattern, HandlerFunc(handler))
}

// Handle registers the handler for the given pattern
// in the DefaultServeMux.
// The documentation for ServeMux explains how patterns are matched.
func Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) { DefaultServeMux.Handle(pattern, handler) }

// HandleFunc registers the handler function for the given pattern
// in the DefaultServeMux.
// The documentation for ServeMux explains how patterns are matched.
func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
	DefaultServeMux.HandleFunc(pattern, handler)
}

// Serve accepts incoming HTTP connections on the listener l,
// creating a new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines
// read requests and then call handler to reply to them.
// Handler is typically nil, in which case the DefaultServeMux is used.
func Serve(l net.Listener, handler Handler) error {
	srv := &Server{Handler: handler}
	return srv.Serve(l)
}

// A Server defines parameters for running an HTTP server.
// The zero value for Server is a valid configuration.
type Server struct {
	Addr      string      // TCP address to listen on, ":http" if empty
	Handler   Handler     // handler to invoke, http.DefaultServeMux if nil
	TLSConfig *tls.Config // optional TLS config, used by ListenAndServeTLS

	// ReadTimeout is the maximum duration for reading the entire
	// request, including the body.
	//
	// Because ReadTimeout does not let Handlers make per-request
	// decisions on each request body's acceptable deadline or
	// upload rate, most users will prefer to use
	// ReadHeaderTimeout. It is valid to use them both.
	ReadTimeout time.Duration

	// ReadHeaderTimeout is the amount of time allowed to read
	// request headers. The connection's read deadline is reset
	// after reading the headers and the Handler can decide what
	// is considered too slow for the body.
	ReadHeaderTimeout time.Duration

	// WriteTimeout is the maximum duration before timing out
	// writes of the response. It is reset whenever a new
	// request's header is read. Like ReadTimeout, it does not
	// let Handlers make decisions on a per-request basis.
	WriteTimeout time.Duration

	// IdleTimeout is the maximum amount of time to wait for the
	// next request when keep-alives are enabled. If IdleTimeout
	// is zero, the value of ReadTimeout is used. If both are
	// zero, there is no timeout.
	IdleTimeout time.Duration

	// MaxHeaderBytes controls the maximum number of bytes the
	// server will read parsing the request header's keys and
	// values, including the request line. It does not limit the
	// size of the request body.
	// If zero, DefaultMaxHeaderBytes is used.
	MaxHeaderBytes int

	// TLSNextProto optionally specifies a function to take over
	// ownership of the provided TLS connection when an NPN/ALPN
	// protocol upgrade has occurred. The map key is the protocol
	// name negotiated. The Handler argument should be used to
	// handle HTTP requests and will initialize the Request's TLS
	// and RemoteAddr if not already set. The connection is
	// automatically closed when the function returns.
	// If TLSNextProto is not nil, HTTP/2 support is not enabled
	// automatically.
	TLSNextProto map[string]func(*Server, *tls.Conn, Handler)

	// ConnState specifies an optional callback function that is
	// called when a client connection changes state. See the
	// ConnState type and associated constants for details.
	ConnState func(net.Conn, ConnState)

	// ErrorLog specifies an optional logger for errors accepting
	// connections and unexpected behavior from handlers.
	// If nil, logging goes to os.Stderr via the log package's
	// standard logger.
	ErrorLog *log.Logger

	disableKeepAlives int32     // accessed atomically.
	inShutdown        int32     // accessed atomically (non-zero means we're in Shutdown)
	nextProtoOnce     sync.Once // guards setupHTTP2_* init
	nextProtoErr      error     // result of http2.ConfigureServer if used

	mu         sync.Mutex
	listeners  map[net.Listener]struct{}
	activeConn map[*conn]struct{}
	doneChan   chan struct{}
}

func (s *Server) getDoneChan() <-chan struct{} {
	s.mu.Lock()
	defer s.mu.Unlock()
	return s.getDoneChanLocked()
}

func (s *Server) getDoneChanLocked() chan struct{} {
	if s.doneChan == nil {
		s.doneChan = make(chan struct{})
	}
	return s.doneChan
}

func (s *Server) closeDoneChanLocked() {
	ch := s.getDoneChanLocked()
	select {
	case <-ch:
		// Already closed. Don't close again.
	default:
		// Safe to close here. We're the only closer, guarded
		// by s.mu.
		close(ch)
	}
}

// Close immediately closes all active net.Listeners and any
// connections in state StateNew, StateActive, or StateIdle. For a
// graceful shutdown, use Shutdown.
//
// Close does not attempt to close (and does not even know about)
// any hijacked connections, such as WebSockets.
//
// Close returns any error returned from closing the Server's
// underlying Listener(s).
func (s *Server) Close() error {
	s.mu.Lock()
	defer s.mu.Unlock()
	s.closeDoneChanLocked()
	err := s.closeListenersLocked()
	for c := range s.activeConn {
		c.rwc.Close()
		delete(s.activeConn, c)
	}
	return err
}

// shutdownPollInterval is how often we poll for quiescence
// during Server.Shutdown. This is lower during tests, to
// speed up tests.
// Ideally we could find a solution that doesn't involve polling,
// but which also doesn't have a high runtime cost (and doesn't
// involve any contentious mutexes), but that is left as an
// exercise for the reader.
var shutdownPollInterval = 500 * time.Millisecond

// Shutdown gracefully shuts down the server without interrupting any
// active connections. Shutdown works by first closing all open
// listeners, then closing all idle connections, and then waiting
// indefinitely for connections to return to idle and then shut down.
// If the provided context expires before the shutdown is complete,
// then the context's error is returned.
//
// Shutdown does not attempt to close nor wait for hijacked
// connections such as WebSockets. The caller of Shutdown should
// separately notify such long-lived connections of shutdown and wait
// for them to close, if desired.
func (s *Server) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) error {
	atomic.AddInt32(&s.inShutdown, 1)
	defer atomic.AddInt32(&s.inShutdown, -1)

	s.mu.Lock()
	lnerr := s.closeListenersLocked()
	s.closeDoneChanLocked()
	s.mu.Unlock()

	ticker := time.NewTicker(shutdownPollInterval)
	defer ticker.Stop()
	for {
		if s.closeIdleConns() {
			return lnerr
		}
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return ctx.Err()
		case <-ticker.C:
		}
	}
}

// closeIdleConns closes all idle connections and reports whether the
// server is quiescent.
func (s *Server) closeIdleConns() bool {
	s.mu.Lock()
	defer s.mu.Unlock()
	quiescent := true
	for c := range s.activeConn {
		st, ok := c.curState.Load().(ConnState)
		if !ok || st != StateIdle {
			quiescent = false
			continue
		}
		c.rwc.Close()
		delete(s.activeConn, c)
	}
	return quiescent
}

func (s *Server) closeListenersLocked() error {
	var err error
	for ln := range s.listeners {
		if cerr := ln.Close(); cerr != nil && err == nil {
			err = cerr
		}
		delete(s.listeners, ln)
	}
	return err
}

// A ConnState represents the state of a client connection to a server.
// It's used by the optional Server.ConnState hook.
type ConnState int

const (
	// StateNew represents a new connection that is expected to
	// send a request immediately. Connections begin at this
	// state and then transition to either StateActive or
	// StateClosed.
	StateNew ConnState = iota

	// StateActive represents a connection that has read 1 or more
	// bytes of a request. The Server.ConnState hook for
	// StateActive fires before the request has entered a handler
	// and doesn't fire again until the request has been
	// handled. After the request is handled, the state
	// transitions to StateClosed, StateHijacked, or StateIdle.
	// For HTTP/2, StateActive fires on the transition from zero
	// to one active request, and only transitions away once all
	// active requests are complete. That means that ConnState
	// cannot be used to do per-request work; ConnState only notes
	// the overall state of the connection.
	StateActive

	// StateIdle represents a connection that has finished
	// handling a request and is in the keep-alive state, waiting
	// for a new request. Connections transition from StateIdle
	// to either StateActive or StateClosed.
	StateIdle

	// StateHijacked represents a hijacked connection.
	// This is a terminal state. It does not transition to StateClosed.
	StateHijacked

	// StateClosed represents a closed connection.
	// This is a terminal state. Hijacked connections do not
	// transition to StateClosed.
	StateClosed
)

var stateName = map[ConnState]string{
	StateNew:      "new",
	StateActive:   "active",
	StateIdle:     "idle",
	StateHijacked: "hijacked",
	StateClosed:   "closed",
}

func (c ConnState) String() string {
	return stateName[c]
}

// serverHandler delegates to either the server's Handler or
// DefaultServeMux and also handles "OPTIONS *" requests.
type serverHandler struct {
	srv *Server
}

func (sh serverHandler) ServeHTTP(rw ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
	handler := sh.srv.Handler
	if handler == nil {
		handler = DefaultServeMux
	}
	if req.RequestURI == "*" && req.Method == "OPTIONS" {
		handler = globalOptionsHandler{}
	}
	handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
}

// ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and then
// calls Serve to handle requests on incoming connections.
// Accepted connections are configured to enable TCP keep-alives.
// If srv.Addr is blank, ":http" is used.
// ListenAndServe always returns a non-nil error.
func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error {
	addr := srv.Addr
	if addr == "" {
		addr = ":http"
	}
	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return srv.Serve(tcpKeepAliveListener{ln.(*net.TCPListener)})
}

var testHookServerServe func(*Server, net.Listener) // used if non-nil

// shouldDoServeHTTP2 reports whether Server.Serve should configure
// automatic HTTP/2. (which sets up the srv.TLSNextProto map)
func (srv *Server) shouldConfigureHTTP2ForServe() bool {
	if srv.TLSConfig == nil {
		// Compatibility with Go 1.6:
		// If there's no TLSConfig, it's possible that the user just
		// didn't set it on the http.Server, but did pass it to
		// tls.NewListener and passed that listener to Serve.
		// So we should configure HTTP/2 (to set up srv.TLSNextProto)
		// in case the listener returns an "h2" *tls.Conn.
		return true
	}
	// The user specified a TLSConfig on their http.Server.
	// In this, case, only configure HTTP/2 if their tls.Config
	// explicitly mentions "h2". Otherwise http2.ConfigureServer
	// would modify the tls.Config to add it, but they probably already
	// passed this tls.Config to tls.NewListener. And if they did,
	// it's too late anyway to fix it. It would only be potentially racy.
	// See Issue 15908.
	return strSliceContains(srv.TLSConfig.NextProtos, http2NextProtoTLS)
}

var ErrServerClosed = errors.New("http: Server closed")

// Serve accepts incoming connections on the Listener l, creating a
// new service goroutine for each. The service goroutines read requests and
// then call srv.Handler to reply to them.
//
// For HTTP/2 support, srv.TLSConfig should be initialized to the
// provided listener's TLS Config before calling Serve. If
// srv.TLSConfig is non-nil and doesn't include the string "h2" in
// Config.NextProtos, HTTP/2 support is not enabled.
//
// Serve always returns a non-nil error. After Shutdown or Close, the
// returned error is ErrServerClosed.
func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error {
	defer l.Close()
	if fn := testHookServerServe; fn != nil {
		fn(srv, l)
	}
	var tempDelay time.Duration // how long to sleep on accept failure

	if err := srv.setupHTTP2_Serve(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	srv.trackListener(l, true)
	defer srv.trackListener(l, false)

	baseCtx := context.Background() // base is always background, per Issue 16220
	ctx := context.WithValue(baseCtx, ServerContextKey, srv)
	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, LocalAddrContextKey, l.Addr())
	for {
		rw, e := l.Accept()
		if e != nil {
			select {
			case <-srv.getDoneChan():
				return ErrServerClosed
			default:
			}
			if ne, ok := e.(net.Error); ok && ne.Temporary() {
				if tempDelay == 0 {
					tempDelay = 5 * time.Millisecond
				} else {
					tempDelay *= 2
				}
				if max := 1 * time.Second; tempDelay > max {
					tempDelay = max
				}
				srv.logf("http: Accept error: %v; retrying in %v", e, tempDelay)
				time.Sleep(tempDelay)
				continue
			}
			return e
		}
		tempDelay = 0
		c := srv.newConn(rw)
		c.setState(c.rwc, StateNew) // before Serve can return
		go c.serve(ctx)
	}
}

func (s *Server) trackListener(ln net.Listener, add bool) {
	s.mu.Lock()
	defer s.mu.Unlock()
	if s.listeners == nil {
		s.listeners = make(map[net.Listener]struct{})
	}
	if add {
		// If the *Server is being reused after a previous
		// Close or Shutdown, reset its doneChan:
		if len(s.listeners) == 0 && len(s.activeConn) == 0 {
			s.doneChan = nil
		}
		s.listeners[ln] = struct{}{}
	} else {
		delete(s.listeners, ln)
	}
}

func (s *Server) trackConn(c *conn, add bool) {
	s.mu.Lock()
	defer s.mu.Unlock()
	if s.activeConn == nil {
		s.activeConn = make(map[*conn]struct{})
	}
	if add {
		s.activeConn[c] = struct{}{}
	} else {
		delete(s.activeConn, c)
	}
}

func (s *Server) idleTimeout() time.Duration {
	if s.IdleTimeout != 0 {
		return s.IdleTimeout
	}
	return s.ReadTimeout
}

func (s *Server) readHeaderTimeout() time.Duration {
	if s.ReadHeaderTimeout != 0 {
		return s.ReadHeaderTimeout
	}
	return s.ReadTimeout
}

func (s *Server) doKeepAlives() bool {
	return atomic.LoadInt32(&s.disableKeepAlives) == 0 && !s.shuttingDown()
}

func (s *Server) shuttingDown() bool {
	return atomic.LoadInt32(&s.inShutdown) != 0
}

// SetKeepAlivesEnabled controls whether HTTP keep-alives are enabled.
// By default, keep-alives are always enabled. Only very
// resource-constrained environments or servers in the process of
// shutting down should disable them.
func (srv *Server) SetKeepAlivesEnabled(v bool) {
	if v {
		atomic.StoreInt32(&srv.disableKeepAlives, 0)
		return
	}
	atomic.StoreInt32(&srv.disableKeepAlives, 1)

	// Close idle HTTP/1 conns:
	srv.closeIdleConns()

	// Close HTTP/2 conns, as soon as they become idle, but reset
	// the chan so future conns (if the listener is still active)
	// still work and don't get a GOAWAY immediately, before their
	// first request:
	srv.mu.Lock()
	defer srv.mu.Unlock()
	srv.closeDoneChanLocked() // closes http2 conns
	srv.doneChan = nil
}

func (s *Server) logf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
	if s.ErrorLog != nil {
		s.ErrorLog.Printf(format, args...)
	} else {
		log.Printf(format, args...)
	}
}

// ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address addr
// and then calls Serve with handler to handle requests
// on incoming connections.
// Accepted connections are configured to enable TCP keep-alives.
// Handler is typically nil, in which case the DefaultServeMux is
// used.
//
// A trivial example server is:
//
//	package main
//
//	import (
//		"io"
//		"net/http"
//		"log"
//	)
//
//	// hello world, the web server
//	func HelloServer(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
//		io.WriteString(w, "hello, world!\n")
//	}
//
//	func main() {
//		http.HandleFunc("/hello", HelloServer)
//		log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":12345", nil))
//	}
//
// ListenAndServe always returns a non-nil error.
func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error {
	server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
	return server.ListenAndServe()
}

// ListenAndServeTLS acts identically to ListenAndServe, except that it
// expects HTTPS connections. Additionally, files containing a certificate and
// matching private key for the server must be provided. If the certificate
// is signed by a certificate authority, the certFile should be the concatenation
// of the server's certificate, any intermediates, and the CA's certificate.
//
// A trivial example server is:
//
//	import (
//		"log"
//		"net/http"
//	)
//
//	func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
//		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
//		w.Write([]byte("This is an example server.\n"))
//	}
//
//	func main() {
//		http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
//		log.Printf("About to listen on 10443. Go to https://127.0.0.1:10443/")
//		err := http.ListenAndServeTLS(":10443", "cert.pem", "key.pem", nil)
//		log.Fatal(err)
//	}
//
// One can use generate_cert.go in crypto/tls to generate cert.pem and key.pem.
//
// ListenAndServeTLS always returns a non-nil error.
func ListenAndServeTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile string, handler Handler) error {
	server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
	return server.ListenAndServeTLS(certFile, keyFile)
}

// ListenAndServeTLS listens on the TCP network address srv.Addr and
// then calls Serve to handle requests on incoming TLS connections.
// Accepted connections are configured to enable TCP keep-alives.
//
// Filenames containing a certificate and matching private key for the
// server must be provided if neither the Server's TLSConfig.Certificates
// nor TLSConfig.GetCertificate are populated. If the certificate is
// signed by a certificate authority, the certFile should be the
// concatenation of the server's certificate, any intermediates, and
// the CA's certificate.
//
// If srv.Addr is blank, ":https" is used.
//
// ListenAndServeTLS always returns a non-nil error.
func (srv *Server) ListenAndServeTLS(certFile, keyFile string) error {
	addr := srv.Addr
	if addr == "" {
		addr = ":https"
	}

	// Setup HTTP/2 before srv.Serve, to initialize srv.TLSConfig
	// before we clone it and create the TLS Listener.
	if err := srv.setupHTTP2_ListenAndServeTLS(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	config := cloneTLSConfig(srv.TLSConfig)
	if !strSliceContains(config.NextProtos, "http/1.1") {
		config.NextProtos = append(config.NextProtos, "http/1.1")
	}

	configHasCert := len(config.Certificates) > 0 || config.GetCertificate != nil
	if !configHasCert || certFile != "" || keyFile != "" {
		var err error
		config.Certificates = make([]tls.Certificate, 1)
		config.Certificates[0], err = tls.LoadX509KeyPair(certFile, keyFile)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	tlsListener := tls.NewListener(tcpKeepAliveListener{ln.(*net.TCPListener)}, config)
	return srv.Serve(tlsListener)
}

// setupHTTP2_ListenAndServeTLS conditionally configures HTTP/2 on
// srv and returns whether there was an error setting it up. If it is
// not configured for policy reasons, nil is returned.
func (srv *Server) setupHTTP2_ListenAndServeTLS() error {
	srv.nextProtoOnce.Do(srv.onceSetNextProtoDefaults)
	return srv.nextProtoErr
}

// setupHTTP2_Serve is called from (*Server).Serve and conditionally
// configures HTTP/2 on srv using a more conservative policy than
// setupHTTP2_ListenAndServeTLS because Serve may be called
// concurrently.
//
// The tests named TestTransportAutomaticHTTP2* and
// TestConcurrentServerServe in server_test.go demonstrate some
// of the supported use cases and motivations.
func (srv *Server) setupHTTP2_Serve() error {
	srv.nextProtoOnce.Do(srv.onceSetNextProtoDefaults_Serve)
	return srv.nextProtoErr
}

func (srv *Server) onceSetNextProtoDefaults_Serve() {
	if srv.shouldConfigureHTTP2ForServe() {
		srv.onceSetNextProtoDefaults()
	}
}

// onceSetNextProtoDefaults configures HTTP/2, if the user hasn't
// configured otherwise. (by setting srv.TLSNextProto non-nil)
// It must only be called via srv.nextProtoOnce (use srv.setupHTTP2_*).
func (srv *Server) onceSetNextProtoDefaults() {
	if strings.Contains(os.Getenv("GODEBUG"), "http2server=0") {
		return
	}
	// Enable HTTP/2 by default if the user hasn't otherwise
	// configured their TLSNextProto map.
	if srv.TLSNextProto == nil {
		srv.nextProtoErr = http2ConfigureServer(srv, nil)
	}
}

// TimeoutHandler returns a Handler that runs h with the given time limit.
//
// The new Handler calls h.ServeHTTP to handle each request, but if a
// call runs for longer than its time limit, the handler responds with
// a 503 Service Unavailable error and the given message in its body.
// (If msg is empty, a suitable default message will be sent.)
// After such a timeout, writes by h to its ResponseWriter will return
// ErrHandlerTimeout.
//
// TimeoutHandler buffers all Handler writes to memory and does not
// support the Hijacker or Flusher interfaces.
func TimeoutHandler(h Handler, dt time.Duration, msg string) Handler {
	return &timeoutHandler{
		handler: h,
		body:    msg,
		dt:      dt,
	}
}

// ErrHandlerTimeout is returned on ResponseWriter Write calls
// in handlers which have timed out.
var ErrHandlerTimeout = errors.New("http: Handler timeout")

type timeoutHandler struct {
	handler Handler
	body    string
	dt      time.Duration

	// When set, no timer will be created and this channel will
	// be used instead.
	testTimeout <-chan time.Time
}

func (h *timeoutHandler) errorBody() string {
	if h.body != "" {
		return h.body
	}
	return "<html><head><title>Timeout</title></head><body><h1>Timeout</h1></body></html>"
}

func (h *timeoutHandler) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
	var t *time.Timer
	timeout := h.testTimeout
	if timeout == nil {
		t = time.NewTimer(h.dt)
		timeout = t.C
	}
	done := make(chan struct{})
	tw := &timeoutWriter{
		w: w,
		h: make(Header),
	}
	go func() {
		h.handler.ServeHTTP(tw, r)
		close(done)
	}()
	select {
	case <-done:
		tw.mu.Lock()
		defer tw.mu.Unlock()
		dst := w.Header()
		for k, vv := range tw.h {
			dst[k] = vv
		}
		if !tw.wroteHeader {
			tw.code = StatusOK
		}
		w.WriteHeader(tw.code)
		w.Write(tw.wbuf.Bytes())
		if t != nil {
			t.Stop()
		}
	case <-timeout:
		tw.mu.Lock()
		defer tw.mu.Unlock()
		w.WriteHeader(StatusServiceUnavailable)
		io.WriteString(w, h.errorBody())
		tw.timedOut = true
		return
	}
}

type timeoutWriter struct {
	w    ResponseWriter
	h    Header
	wbuf bytes.Buffer

	mu          sync.Mutex
	timedOut    bool
	wroteHeader bool
	code        int
}

func (tw *timeoutWriter) Header() Header { return tw.h }

func (tw *timeoutWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
	tw.mu.Lock()
	defer tw.mu.Unlock()
	if tw.timedOut {
		return 0, ErrHandlerTimeout
	}
	if !tw.wroteHeader {
		tw.writeHeader(StatusOK)
	}
	return tw.wbuf.Write(p)
}

func (tw *timeoutWriter) WriteHeader(code int) {
	tw.mu.Lock()
	defer tw.mu.Unlock()
	if tw.timedOut || tw.wroteHeader {
		return
	}
	tw.writeHeader(code)
}

func (tw *timeoutWriter) writeHeader(code int) {
	tw.wroteHeader = true
	tw.code = code
}

// tcpKeepAliveListener sets TCP keep-alive timeouts on accepted
// connections. It's used by ListenAndServe and ListenAndServeTLS so
// dead TCP connections (e.g. closing laptop mid-download) eventually
// go away.
type tcpKeepAliveListener struct {
	*net.TCPListener
}

func (ln tcpKeepAliveListener) Accept() (c net.Conn, err error) {
	tc, err := ln.AcceptTCP()
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	tc.SetKeepAlive(true)
	tc.SetKeepAlivePeriod(3 * time.Minute)
	return tc, nil
}

// globalOptionsHandler responds to "OPTIONS *" requests.
type globalOptionsHandler struct{}

func (globalOptionsHandler) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Length", "0")
	if r.ContentLength != 0 {
		// Read up to 4KB of OPTIONS body (as mentioned in the
		// spec as being reserved for future use), but anything
		// over that is considered a waste of server resources
		// (or an attack) and we abort and close the connection,
		// courtesy of MaxBytesReader's EOF behavior.
		mb := MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, 4<<10)
		io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, mb)
	}
}

// initNPNRequest is an HTTP handler that initializes certain
// uninitialized fields in its *Request. Such partially-initialized
// Requests come from NPN protocol handlers.
type initNPNRequest struct {
	c *tls.Conn
	h serverHandler
}

func (h initNPNRequest) ServeHTTP(rw ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
	if req.TLS == nil {
		req.TLS = &tls.ConnectionState{}
		*req.TLS = h.c.ConnectionState()
	}
	if req.Body == nil {
		req.Body = NoBody
	}
	if req.RemoteAddr == "" {
		req.RemoteAddr = h.c.RemoteAddr().String()
	}
	h.h.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
}

// loggingConn is used for debugging.
type loggingConn struct {
	name string
	net.Conn
}

var (
	uniqNameMu   sync.Mutex
	uniqNameNext = make(map[string]int)
)

func newLoggingConn(baseName string, c net.Conn) net.Conn {
	uniqNameMu.Lock()
	defer uniqNameMu.Unlock()
	uniqNameNext[baseName]++
	return &loggingConn{
		name: fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", baseName, uniqNameNext[baseName]),
		Conn: c,
	}
}

func (c *loggingConn) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	log.Printf("%s.Write(%d) = ....", c.name, len(p))
	n, err = c.Conn.Write(p)
	log.Printf("%s.Write(%d) = %d, %v", c.name, len(p), n, err)
	return
}

func (c *loggingConn) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	log.Printf("%s.Read(%d) = ....", c.name, len(p))
	n, err = c.Conn.Read(p)
	log.Printf("%s.Read(%d) = %d, %v", c.name, len(p), n, err)
	return
}

func (c *loggingConn) Close() (err error) {
	log.Printf("%s.Close() = ...", c.name)
	err = c.Conn.Close()
	log.Printf("%s.Close() = %v", c.name, err)
	return
}

// checkConnErrorWriter writes to c.rwc and records any write errors to c.werr.
// It only contains one field (and a pointer field at that), so it
// fits in an interface value without an extra allocation.
type checkConnErrorWriter struct {
	c *conn
}

func (w checkConnErrorWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	n, err = w.c.rwc.Write(p)
	if err != nil && w.c.werr == nil {
		w.c.werr = err
		w.c.cancelCtx()
	}
	return
}

func numLeadingCRorLF(v []byte) (n int) {
	for _, b := range v {
		if b == '\r' || b == '\n' {
			n++
			continue
		}
		break
	}
	return

}

func strSliceContains(ss []string, s string) bool {
	for _, v := range ss {
		if v == s {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}