From 547a74260a0a4cdff4fc0b9073306e65020e0766 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henri Fontana Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2024 17:25:59 -0800 Subject: [PATCH] pt-BR: Creates .po CR2 baseline file --- po/pt-BR.po | 30797 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------- 1 file changed, 18135 insertions(+), 12662 deletions(-) diff --git a/po/pt-BR.po b/po/pt-BR.po index 0938a2fef140..ee4d071698ff 100644 --- a/po/pt-BR.po +++ b/po/pt-BR.po @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-08-28\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-09T17:24:45-08:00\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2023-08-25 09:32-0700\n" "Last-Translator: \n" "Language-Team: \n" +"Language: pt_BR\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" -"Language: pt_BR\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:3 src/index.md:1 msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Comprehensive Rust 🦀" @@ -47,984 +47,1212 @@ msgstr "Amostras de Código" msgid "Running Cargo Locally" msgstr "Executando o Cargo Localmente" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:15 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:16 msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "Dia 1: Manhã" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/SUMMARY.md:187 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:213 src/SUMMARY.md:263 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:70 src/SUMMARY.md:93 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/SUMMARY.md:184 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/SUMMARY.md:337 msgid "Welcome" msgstr "Bem-vindo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hello, World" +msgstr "Olá Mundo!" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:1 msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "O que é Rust?" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1 -msgid "Hello World!" -msgstr "Olá Mundo!" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/benefits.md:1 +msgid "Benefits of Rust" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1 -msgid "Small Example" -msgstr "Um Pequeno Exemplo" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/hello-world/playground.md:1 +msgid "Playground" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1 -msgid "Why Rust?" -msgstr "Por que Rust?" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/types-and-values.md:1 +msgid "Types and Values" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1 -msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" -msgstr "Garantias em Tempo de Compilação" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/types-and-values/variables.md:1 +msgid "Variables" +msgstr "Variáveis" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1 -msgid "Runtime Guarantees" -msgstr "Garantias em Tempo de Execução" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/types-and-values/values.md:1 +msgid "Values" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/modern.md:1 -msgid "Modern Features" -msgstr "Recursos Modernos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:1 +msgid "Arithmetic" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax.md:1 -msgid "Basic Syntax" -msgstr "Sintaxe Básica" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/types-and-values/strings.md:1 +msgid "Strings" +msgstr "Strings" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1 -msgid "Scalar Types" -msgstr "Tipos Escalares" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/types-and-values/inference.md:1 +msgid "Type Inference" +msgstr "Inferência de Tipo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1 -msgid "Compound Types" -msgstr "Tipos Compostos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/SUMMARY.md:40 src/SUMMARY.md:51 src/SUMMARY.md:56 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/SUMMARY.md:75 src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/SUMMARY.md:89 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/SUMMARY.md:134 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/SUMMARY.md:152 src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/SUMMARY.md:171 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/SUMMARY.md:192 src/SUMMARY.md:201 +#: src/types-and-values/solution.md:1 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:1 src/references/solution.md:1 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:1 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:1 +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:1 src/generics/solution.md:1 +#: src/std-types/solution.md:1 src/std-traits/solution.md:1 +#: src/memory-management/solution.md:1 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:1 +#: src/borrowing/solution.md:1 src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:1 +#: src/iterators/solution.md:1 src/modules/solution.md:1 +#: src/testing/solution.md:1 src/error-handling/solution.md:1 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Solution" +msgstr "Soluções" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1 -msgid "References" -msgstr "Referências" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/control-flow-basics.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Control Flow Basics" +msgstr "Controle de Fluxo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1 -msgid "Dangling References" -msgstr "Referências Soltas" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:1 +msgid "Conditionals" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1 -msgid "Slices" -msgstr "Slices" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Loops" +msgstr "_Loops_ `for`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:33 -msgid "String vs str" -msgstr "String vs str" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:1 +msgid "`break` and `continue`" +msgstr "`break` e `continue`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:1 +msgid "Blocks and Scopes" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:1 msgid "Functions" msgstr "Funções" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1 -msgid "Rustdoc" -msgstr "Rustdoc" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 -#: src/methods.md:1 -msgid "Methods" -msgstr "Métodos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 -msgid "Overloading" -msgstr "Sobrecarga" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/SUMMARY.md:91 src/SUMMARY.md:121 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/SUMMARY.md:206 src/SUMMARY.md:227 -#: src/SUMMARY.md:255 src/SUMMARY.md:277 src/SUMMARY.md:298 -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Exercises" -msgstr "Exercícios" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1 -msgid "Implicit Conversions" -msgstr "Conversões Implícitas" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:1 +msgid "Macros" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:40 -msgid "Arrays and for Loops" -msgstr "Matrizes e Loops for" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence" +msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md:42 msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" msgstr "Dia 1: Tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1 -msgid "Variables" -msgstr "Variáveis" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1 -msgid "Type Inference" -msgstr "Inferência de Tipo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:46 -msgid "static & const" -msgstr "Variáveis Estáticas e Constantes" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1 -msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" -msgstr "Escopos e Sobreposição" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 src/memory-management.md:1 -msgid "Memory Management" -msgstr "Gerenciamento de Memória" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 -msgid "Stack vs Heap" -msgstr "Stack vs Heap" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 -msgid "Stack Memory" -msgstr "Memória de Pilha" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:51 src/memory-management/manual.md:1 -msgid "Manual Memory Management" -msgstr "Gerenciamento Manual de Memória" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1 -msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" -msgstr "Gerenciamento de Memória Baseado em Escopo" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 -msgid "Garbage Collection" -msgstr "Gerenciamento Automático de Memória" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 -msgid "Rust Memory Management" -msgstr "Gerenciamento de Memória no Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/memory-management/comparison.md:1 -msgid "Comparison" -msgstr "Comparação" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/ownership.md:1 -msgid "Ownership" -msgstr "Ownership" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1 -msgid "Move Semantics" -msgstr "Semântica do Move (mover)" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1 -msgid "Moved Strings in Rust" -msgstr "Strings Movidas em Rust" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 -msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++" -msgstr "Liberações Duplas em C++ Moderno" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1 -msgid "Moves in Function Calls" -msgstr "Move em Chamadas de Função" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/SUMMARY.md:46 src/tuples-and-arrays.md:1 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:1 +msgid "Tuples and Arrays" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1 -msgid "Copying and Cloning" -msgstr "Copia e Clonagem" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Array Iteration" +msgstr "Iterator" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1 -msgid "Borrowing" -msgstr "Empréstimo (Borrowing)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:48 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:1 +msgid "Pattern Matching" +msgstr "Correspondência de Padrões" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1 -msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows" -msgstr "Empréstimos Compartilhados e Únicos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Destructuring" +msgstr "Desestruturando Enums" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes" -msgstr "Tempos de Vida (Lifetimes)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" -msgstr "Tempos de vida (Lifetimes) em Chamadas de Função" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/references.md:1 +msgid "References" +msgstr "Referências" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1 -msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" -msgstr "Tempos de Vida em Estruturas de Dados" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/references/shared.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shared References" +msgstr "Referências" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1 -msgid "Storing Books" -msgstr "Armazenando Livros" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 src/references/exclusive.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exclusive References" +msgstr "Referências Soltas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1 -msgid "Iterators and Ownership" -msgstr "Iteradores e Ownership (Posse)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/references/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Geometry" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:72 -msgid "Day 2: Morning" -msgstr "Dia 2: Manhã" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/user-defined-types.md:1 +msgid "User-Defined Types" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/structs.md:1 -msgid "Structs" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Named Structs" msgstr "Structs" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:5 msgid "Tuple Structs" msgstr "Estruturas de Tuplas (Tuple Structs)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1 -msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax" -msgstr "Sintaxe Abreviada de Campos" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/enums.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/user-defined-types/enums.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:24 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:66 msgid "Enums" msgstr "Enums" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1 -msgid "Variant Payloads" -msgstr "Conteúdos Variantes" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:82 src/enums/sizes.md:1 -msgid "Enum Sizes" -msgstr "Tamanhos de Enum" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/methods/receiver.md:1 -msgid "Method Receiver" -msgstr "Receptor de Método" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Static and Const" +msgstr "Variáveis Estáticas e Constantes" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/SUMMARY.md:276 -#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 -msgid "Example" -msgstr "Exemplo" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:1 +msgid "Type Aliases" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/pattern-matching.md:1 -msgid "Pattern Matching" -msgstr "Correspondência de Padrões" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Enums" -msgstr "Desestruturando Enums" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 +msgid "Day 2: Morning" +msgstr "Dia 2: Manhã" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Structs" -msgstr "Desestruturando Structs" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:73 src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Let Control Flow" +msgstr "Controle de Fluxo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1 -msgid "Destructuring Arrays" -msgstr "Desestruturando Matrizes" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:74 src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1 -msgid "Match Guards" -msgstr "Guardas de Correspondência (Match Guards)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/methods-and-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Methods and Traits" +msgstr "Read e Write" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:92 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1 -msgid "Health Statistics" -msgstr "Estatísticas de Saúde" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:1 +msgid "Methods" +msgstr "Métodos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "Points and Polygons" -msgstr "Pontos e Polígonos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:1 +msgid "Traits" +msgstr "Traits" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" -msgstr "Dia 2: Tarde" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Deriving" +msgstr "Traits Derivados" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/control-flow.md:1 -msgid "Control Flow" -msgstr "Controle de Fluxo" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:1 +msgid "Trait Objects" +msgstr "Objetos Trait" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1 -msgid "Blocks" -msgstr "Blocos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: GUI Library" +msgstr "Uma Biblioteca GUI Simples" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 -msgid "if expressions" -msgstr "Expressões if" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:83 src/generics.md:1 +msgid "Generics" +msgstr "Generics" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 -msgid "if let expressions" -msgstr "Expressões if let" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/generics/generic-functions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generic Functions" +msgstr "Funções Externas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 -msgid "while expressions" -msgstr "Loops while" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/generics/generic-data.md:1 +msgid "Generic Data Types" +msgstr "Tipos de Dados Genéricos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 -msgid "while let expressions" -msgstr "Loops while let" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:86 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1 +msgid "Trait Bounds" +msgstr "Limites de trait" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 -msgid "for expressions" -msgstr "Loops for" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:87 src/generics/impl-trait.md:1 +msgid "`impl Trait`" +msgstr "Trait `impl`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 -msgid "loop expressions" -msgstr "Expressões loop" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/generics/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 -msgid "match expressions" -msgstr "Expressões match (Correspondência)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 +msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" +msgstr "Dia 2: Tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 -msgid "break & continue" -msgstr "break e continue" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/std-types.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard Library Types" +msgstr "Biblioteca Padrão" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/std.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/std-types/std.md:1 msgid "Standard Library" msgstr "Biblioteca Padrão" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 -msgid "Option and Result" -msgstr "Option e Result" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/std-types/docs.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Documentation" +msgstr "Testes de Documentação" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/std/string.md:1 -msgid "String" -msgstr "String" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 +msgid "`Option`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:110 -msgid "Vec" -msgstr "Vec" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 +msgid "`Result`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 -msgid "HashMap" -msgstr "HashMap" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`String`" +msgstr "String" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 -msgid "Box" -msgstr "Box" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/std-types/vec.md:1 +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 -msgid "Recursive Data Types" -msgstr "Box com Estruturas de Dados Recursivas" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/std-types/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 +msgid "`HashMap`" +msgstr "`HashMap`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:114 src/std/box-niche.md:1 -msgid "Niche Optimization" -msgstr "Otimização de Nicho" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/std-types/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Counter" +msgstr "Exercícios" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 -msgid "Rc" -msgstr "Rc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/std-traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Standard Library Traits" +msgstr "Biblioteca Padrão" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:116 -msgid "Cell/RefCell" -msgstr "Cell/RefCell" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/std-traits/comparisons.md:1 src/async.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Comparisons" +msgstr "Comparação" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 src/modules.md:1 -msgid "Modules" -msgstr "Módulos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/std-traits/operators.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Operators" +msgstr "Iteradores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:118 src/modules/visibility.md:1 -msgid "Visibility" -msgstr "Visibilidade" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:1 +msgid "`From` and `Into`" +msgstr "`From` e `Into`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/modules/paths.md:1 -msgid "Paths" -msgstr "Caminhos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/std-traits/casting.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Casting" +msgstr "Testando" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 -msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" -msgstr "Hierarquia do Sistema de Arquivos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:1 +msgid "`Read` and `Write`" +msgstr "`Read` e `Write`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Luhn Algorithm" -msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:110 +msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/std-traits/closures.md:1 +msgid "Closures" +msgstr "Closures" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:97 -msgid "Strings and Iterators" -msgstr "Strings e Iteradores" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:112 src/std-traits/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: ROT13" +msgstr "Exercícios" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 msgid "Day 3: Morning" msgstr "Dia 3: Manhã" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/generics.md:1 -msgid "Generics" -msgstr "Generics" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:120 src/memory-management.md:1 +msgid "Memory Management" +msgstr "Gerenciamento de Memória" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:132 src/generics/data-types.md:1 -msgid "Generic Data Types" -msgstr "Tipos de Dados Genéricos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/memory-management/review.md:1 +msgid "Review of Program Memory" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/generics/methods.md:1 -msgid "Generic Methods" -msgstr "Métodos Genéricos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/memory-management/approaches.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Approaches to Memory Management" +msgstr "Gerenciamento Automático de Memória" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:134 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1 -msgid "Monomorphization" -msgstr "Monomorfização" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/memory-management/ownership.md:1 +msgid "Ownership" +msgstr "Ownership" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/traits.md:1 -msgid "Traits" -msgstr "Traits" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/memory-management/move.md:1 +msgid "Move Semantics" +msgstr "Semântica do Move (mover)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1 -msgid "Trait Objects" -msgstr "Objetos Trait" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:125 +msgid "`Clone`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1 -msgid "Deriving Traits" -msgstr "Traits Derivados" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/memory-management/copy-types.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copy Types" +msgstr "Tipos Compostos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/traits/default-methods.md:1 -msgid "Default Methods" -msgstr "Métodos Padrão" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Drop`" +msgstr "Drop" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1 -msgid "Trait Bounds" -msgstr "Limites de trait" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/memory-management/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Builder Type" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 -msgid "impl Trait" -msgstr "Trait impl" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/smart-pointers.md:1 +msgid "Smart Pointers" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/traits/important-traits.md:1 -msgid "Important Traits" -msgstr "Traits Importantes" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/smart-pointers/box.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Box`" +msgstr "`Box`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 -msgid "Iterator" -msgstr "Iterator" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:132 src/smart-pointers/rc.md:1 +msgid "`Rc`" +msgstr "`Rc`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1 -msgid "FromIterator" -msgstr "FromIterator" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 -msgid "From and Into" -msgstr "From e Into" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 +msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" +msgstr "Dia 3: Tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 -msgid "Read and Write" -msgstr "Read e Write" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/borrowing.md:1 +msgid "Borrowing" +msgstr "Empréstimo (Borrowing)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 -msgid "Drop" -msgstr "Drop" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/borrowing/shared.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Borrowing a Value" +msgstr "Empréstimo (Borrowing)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 -msgid "Default" -msgstr "Default" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/borrowing/borrowck.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Borrow Checking" +msgstr "Empréstimo (Borrowing)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 -msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." -msgstr "Operadores: Add, Mul, ..." +#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Interior Mutability" +msgstr "Interoperabilidade" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/borrowing/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Health Statistics" +msgstr "Estatísticas de Saúde" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices and Lifetimes" +msgstr "Tempos de Vida (Lifetimes)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Slices: `&[T]`" +msgstr "Slices" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:147 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "String References" +msgstr "Referências Soltas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lifetime Annotations" +msgstr "Tempos de vida (Lifetimes) em Chamadas de Função" #: src/SUMMARY.md:149 -msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce" +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lifetime Elision" +msgstr "Tempos de Vida (Lifetimes)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Struct Lifetimes" +msgstr "Tempos de Vida (Lifetimes)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Protobuf Parsing" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:151 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "A Simple GUI Library" -msgstr "Uma Biblioteca GUI Simples" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 4: Morning" +msgstr "Dia 1: Manhã" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:153 -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" -msgstr "Dia 3: Tarde" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/iterators.md:1 +msgid "Iterators" +msgstr "Iteradores" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 src/error-handling.md:1 -msgid "Error Handling" -msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/iterators/iterator.md:5 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 +msgid "`Iterator`" +msgstr "`Iterator` (Iterador)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 -msgid "Panics" -msgstr "Panics (Pânico)" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/iterators/intoiterator.md:1 +msgid "`IntoIterator`" +msgstr "`IntoIterator`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:157 -msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Capturando o Desenrolar da Pilha" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`FromIterator`" +msgstr "FromIterator" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:158 -msgid "Structured Error Handling" -msgstr "Tratamento Estruturado de Erros" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/iterators/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 -msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" -msgstr "Propagando Erros com ?" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/modules.md:1 +#: src/modules/modules.md:1 +msgid "Modules" +msgstr "Módulos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1 -msgid "Converting Error Types" -msgstr "Convertendo Tipos de Erro" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/modules/filesystem.md:1 +msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" +msgstr "Hierarquia do Sistema de Arquivos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1 -msgid "Deriving Error Enums" -msgstr "Derivando Enums de Erro" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/modules/visibility.md:1 +msgid "Visibility" +msgstr "Visibilidade" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1 -msgid "Dynamic Error Types" -msgstr "Tipos de Erros Dinâmicos" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 +msgid "`use`, `super`, `self`" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1 -msgid "Adding Context to Errors" -msgstr "Adicionando Contexto aos Erros" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/modules/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Modules for the GUI Library" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/testing.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/testing.md:1 +#: src/chromium/testing.md:1 msgid "Testing" msgstr "Testando" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 -msgid "Unit Tests" -msgstr "Testes Unitários" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/testing/test-modules.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 msgid "Test Modules" msgstr "Módulos de Teste" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1 -msgid "Documentation Tests" -msgstr "Testes de Documentação" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/other.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Other Types of Tests" +msgstr "Outros recursos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1 -msgid "Integration Tests" -msgstr "Testes de Integração" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/SUMMARY.md:321 src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful Crates" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 -msgid "Useful crates" -msgstr "Crates Úteis para Testes" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/testing/googletest.md:1 +msgid "GoogleTest" +msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/unsafe.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/testing/mocking.md:1 +msgid "Mocking" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/testing/lints.md:1 +msgid "Compiler Lints and Clippy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/testing/exercise.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" +msgstr "Dia 1: Tarde" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/error-handling.md:1 +msgid "Error Handling" +msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/error-handling/panics.md:1 +msgid "Panics" +msgstr "Panics (Pânico)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/error-handling/try.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try Operator" +msgstr "Iterator" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Try Conversions" +msgstr "Conversões Implícitas" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:189 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Error` Trait" +msgstr "O Trait `Drop`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:190 src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`" +msgstr "`From` e `Into`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:191 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`" +msgstr "Tratamento Estruturado de Erros com `Result`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/unsafe-rust.md:1 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:1 msgid "Unsafe Rust" msgstr "Rust Inseguro (unsafe)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe" +msgstr "Rust Inseguro (unsafe)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:1 msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" msgstr "Desreferenciando Ponteiros Brutos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:1 msgid "Mutable Static Variables" msgstr "Variáveis Estáticas Mutáveis" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/unsafe/unions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:1 msgid "Unions" msgstr "Uniões" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1 -msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Functions" msgstr "Chamando Funções Inseguras" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1 -msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" -msgstr "Escrevendo Funções Inseguras" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 -msgid "Extern Functions" -msgstr "Funções Externas" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1 -msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Traits" msgstr "Implementando Traits Inseguros" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: FFI Wrapper" msgstr "Wrapper FFI seguro" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:183 src/SUMMARY.md:253 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 src/SUMMARY.md:327 src/bare-metal/android.md:1 msgid "Android" msgstr "Android" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/android/setup.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 src/SUMMARY.md:245 src/android/setup.md:1 +#: src/chromium/setup.md:1 msgid "Setup" msgstr "Configurar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:189 src/android/build-rules.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/android/build-rules.md:1 msgid "Build Rules" msgstr "Regras de Construção (Build)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:190 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:210 msgid "Binary" msgstr "Binários do Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:191 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 msgid "Library" msgstr "Bibliotecas do Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:192 src/android/aidl.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:212 src/android/aidl.md:1 msgid "AIDL" msgstr "AIDL" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:213 msgid "Interface" msgstr "Interfaces AIDL" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:194 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 msgid "Implementation" msgstr "Implementação" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:195 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 msgid "Server" msgstr "Servidor" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:216 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1 msgid "Deploy" msgstr "Implantar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 msgid "Client" msgstr "Cliente" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:198 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1 msgid "Changing API" msgstr "Alterando API" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:199 src/SUMMARY.md:243 src/android/logging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/android/logging.md:1 #: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 msgid "Logging" msgstr "Gerando Registros (Log)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 src/android/interoperability.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 src/android/interoperability.md:1 msgid "Interoperability" msgstr "Interoperabilidade" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 msgid "With C" msgstr "Com C" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:202 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 msgid "Calling C with Bindgen" msgstr "Chamando C com Bindgen" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:203 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 msgid "Calling Rust from C" msgstr "Chamando Rust do C" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 msgid "With C++" msgstr "Com C++" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:205 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The Bridge Module" +msgstr "Módulos de Teste" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Bridge" +msgstr "Binários do Rust" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:227 src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:1 +msgid "Generated C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 +msgid "C++ Bridge" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:229 src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shared Types" +msgstr "Tipos Escalares" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:1 +msgid "Shared Enums" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Error Handling" +msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:232 src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Error Handling" +msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:1 +msgid "Additional Types" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 +msgid "Building for Android: C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 +msgid "Building for Android: Genrules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 +msgid "Building for Android: Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 msgid "With Java" msgstr "Com Java" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/SUMMARY.md:351 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:373 src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1 +msgid "Exercises" +msgstr "Exercícios" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 +msgid "Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/chromium/cargo.md:1 +msgid "Comparing Chromium and Cargo Ecosystems" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 +msgid "Policy" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:249 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Unsafe Code" +msgstr "Rust Inseguro (unsafe)" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:1 +msgid "Depending on Rust Code from Chromium C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:1 +msgid "Visual Studio Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:252 src/SUMMARY.md:257 src/SUMMARY.md:265 src/SUMMARY.md:278 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise" +msgstr "Exercícios" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:1 +msgid "`rust_gtest_interop` Library" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:255 src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:1 +msgid "GN Rules for Rust Tests" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:1 +msgid "`chromium::import!` Macro" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:258 src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Interoperabilidade com C" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Example Bindings" +msgstr "Exemplos" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:1 +msgid "Limitations of CXX" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling" +msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:263 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 +msgid "Using CXX in Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:266 src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:1 +msgid "Adding Third Party Crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:267 +msgid "Configuring Cargo.toml" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:268 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:1 +msgid "Configuring `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:1 +msgid "Downloading Crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:270 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:1 +msgid "Generating `gn` Build Rules" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:271 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:1 +msgid "Resolving Problems" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:1 +msgid "Build Scripts Which Generate Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:1 +msgid "Build Scripts Which Build C++ or Take Arbitrary Actions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:1 +msgid "Depending on a Crate" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 +msgid "Reviews and Audits" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:276 +msgid "Checking into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:277 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:1 +msgid "Keeping Crates Up to Date" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:279 +msgid "Bringing It Together - Exercise" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise Solutions" +msgstr "Soluções" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:282 msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" msgstr "Bare Metal: Manhã" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:214 -msgid "no_std" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:287 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 +msgid "`no_std`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:215 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:288 msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "Um pequeno exemplo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:216 -msgid "alloc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 +msgid "`alloc`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:217 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1 msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:219 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 msgid "PACs" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:220 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 msgid "HAL Crates" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 msgid "Board Support Crates" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 -msgid "embedded-hal" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 +msgid "`embedded-hal`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 -msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 +msgid "`probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 msgid "Debugging" msgstr "Debugging" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 src/SUMMARY.md:246 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 src/SUMMARY.md:320 msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "Outros Projetos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:228 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 #: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Compass" msgstr "Bússola" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:302 src/SUMMARY.md:331 src/SUMMARY.md:354 src/SUMMARY.md:376 +msgid "Solutions" +msgstr "Soluções" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:304 msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon" msgstr "Bare Metal: Tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:232 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:306 msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:307 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 msgid "Inline Assembly" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:309 msgid "MMIO" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:310 msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:237 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:311 msgid "More Traits" msgstr "Mais Traits (Características)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:239 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:313 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:314 msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:241 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:315 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 msgid "Driver" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:242 src/SUMMARY.md:244 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:316 src/SUMMARY.md:318 msgid "Using It" msgstr "Usando o Cargo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:245 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:319 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "Exceções" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 -msgid "Useful Crates" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:322 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 +msgid "`zerocopy`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:248 -msgid "zerocopy" -msgstr "" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:249 -msgid "aarch64-paging" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:323 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 +msgid "`aarch64-paging`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 -msgid "buddy_system_allocator" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:324 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 +msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:251 -msgid "tinyvec" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 +msgid "`tinyvec`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:252 -msgid "spin" -msgstr "" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`spin`" +msgstr "`static`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:254 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 -msgid "vmbase" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:328 +msgid "`vmbase`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:256 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:330 msgid "RTC Driver" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:333 msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "Concorrência: Manhã" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:338 src/concurrency/threads.md:1 msgid "Threads" msgstr "Threads" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:265 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:339 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1 msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "Threads com Escopo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:266 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:340 src/concurrency/channels.md:1 msgid "Channels" msgstr "Canais (channels)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:267 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:341 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "Canais Ilimitados" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:268 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:342 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "Canais Delimitados" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 -msgid "Send and Sync" -msgstr "Send e Sync" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:343 src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 +msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" +msgstr "`Send` e `Sync`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 -msgid "Send" -msgstr "Send" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:344 src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 +msgid "`Send`" +msgstr "`Send`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 -msgid "Sync" -msgstr "Sync" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:345 src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 +msgid "`Sync`" +msgstr "`Sync`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:346 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 msgid "Examples" msgstr "Exemplos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:347 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1 msgid "Shared State" msgstr "Estado Compartilhado" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 -msgid "Arc" -msgstr "Arc" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:348 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 +msgid "`Arc`" +msgstr "`Arc`" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 -msgid "Mutex" -msgstr "Mutex" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:349 src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 +msgid "`Mutex`" +msgstr "`Mutex`" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:350 src/memory-management/review.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1 +msgid "Example" +msgstr "Exemplo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:278 src/SUMMARY.md:299 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:352 src/SUMMARY.md:374 #: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1 #: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3 msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "Filósofos Jantando" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:279 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:353 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1 msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "Verificador de Links Multi-Threads" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:281 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:356 msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "Concorrência: Tarde" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:283 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:358 msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:284 -msgid "async/await" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:359 src/async/async-await.md:1 +msgid "`async`/`await`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:285 src/async/futures.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:360 src/async/futures.md:1 #, fuzzy msgid "Futures" msgstr "Closures" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/async/runtimes.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:361 src/async/runtimes.md:1 msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "Tempos de Execução" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:287 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:362 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 msgid "Tokio" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:288 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126 -#: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:140 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:363 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:127 +#: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 msgid "Tasks" msgstr "Tarefas" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:289 src/async/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:364 src/async/channels.md:1 msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "Canais Assíncronos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:365 +msgid "Control Flow" +msgstr "Controle de Fluxo" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:366 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1 msgid "Join" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:367 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1 msgid "Select" msgstr "Select" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:368 msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:369 msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 -msgid "Pin" +#: src/SUMMARY.md:370 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1 +msgid "`Pin`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:371 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "Traits (Características)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:372 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 msgid "Cancellation" msgstr "Cancelar" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:375 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:95 msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:303 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:378 msgid "Final Words" msgstr "Palavras Finais" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:307 src/thanks.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:382 src/thanks.md:1 msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "Obrigado!" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:383 src/glossary.md:1 +msgid "Glossary" +msgstr "" + +#: src/SUMMARY.md:384 msgid "Other Resources" msgstr "Outros recursos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:309 src/credits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md:385 src/credits.md:1 msgid "Credits" msgstr "Créditos" -#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 src/exercises/solutions.md:1 -msgid "Solutions" -msgstr "Soluções" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:317 -msgid "Day 1 Morning" -msgstr "Dia 1 Manhã" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:318 -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" -msgstr "Dia 1 Tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:319 -msgid "Day 2 Morning" -msgstr "Dia 2 Manhã" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:320 -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" -msgstr "Dia 2 Tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:321 -msgid "Day 3 Morning" -msgstr "Dia 3 Manhã" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:322 -msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" -msgstr "Dia 3 Tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:323 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning" -msgstr "" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:324 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" -msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Tarde" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:325 -msgid "Concurrency Morning" -msgstr "Concorrência Manhã" - -#: src/SUMMARY.md:326 -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" -msgstr "Concorrência Tarde" - #: src/index.md:3 msgid "" "[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/" @@ -1057,39 +1285,47 @@ msgstr "" #: src/index.md:11 msgid "" +"The latest version of the course can be found at . If you are reading somewhere else, please check there " +"for updates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/index.md:15 +msgid "" "The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know " "anything about Rust and hope to:" msgstr "" "O objetivo do curso é ensinar Rust a você. Nós assumimos que você não saiba " "nada sobre Rust e esperamos:" -#: src/index.md:14 +#: src/index.md:18 msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language." msgstr "" "Dar a você uma compreensão abrangente da linguagem e da sintaxe de Rust." -#: src/index.md:15 +#: src/index.md:19 msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust." msgstr "" "Permitir que você modifique programas existentes e escreva novos programas " "em Rust." -#: src/index.md:16 +#: src/index.md:20 msgid "Show you common Rust idioms." msgstr "Demonstrar expressões idiomáticas comuns de Rust." -#: src/index.md:18 -msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals." +#: src/index.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "We call the first four course days Rust Fundamentals." msgstr "Nós chamamos os três primeiros dias do curso de Fundamentos do Rust." -#: src/index.md:20 +#: src/index.md:24 msgid "" "Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:" msgstr "" "Em seguida, você está convidado(a) a mergulhar a fundo em um ou mais tópicos " "especializados:" -#: src/index.md:22 +#: src/index.md:26 msgid "" "[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform " "development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java." @@ -1098,7 +1334,18 @@ msgstr "" "desenvolvimento para a plataforma Android (AOSP). Isto inclui " "interoperabilidade com C, C++ e Java." -#: src/index.md:24 +#: src/index.md:28 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Chromium](chromium.md): a half-day course on using Rust within Chromium " +"based browsers. This includes interoperability with C++ and how to include " +"third-party crates in Chromium." +msgstr "" +"[Android](android.md): um curso de meio dia sobre a utilização de Rust no " +"desenvolvimento para a plataforma Android (AOSP). Isto inclui " +"interoperabilidade com C, C++ e Java." + +#: src/index.md:31 msgid "" "[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal " "(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are " @@ -1108,7 +1355,7 @@ msgstr "" "para o desenvolvimento \"bare metal\" (sistema embarcado). Tanto micro-" "controladores quanto processadores de aplicação são cobertos." -#: src/index.md:27 +#: src/index.md:34 msgid "" "[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We " "cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and " @@ -1120,11 +1367,11 @@ msgstr "" "(escalonamento preemptivo utilizando threads e mutexes) quanto concorrência " "async/await (multitarefa cooperativa utilizando _futures_)." -#: src/index.md:33 +#: src/index.md:38 msgid "Non-Goals" msgstr "Fora do escopo" -#: src/index.md:35 +#: src/index.md:40 msgid "" "Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few " "days. Some non-goals of this course are:" @@ -1132,7 +1379,7 @@ msgstr "" "Rust é uma linguagem extensa e não conseguiremos cobrir tudo em poucos dias. " "Alguns assuntos que não são objetivos deste curso são:" -#: src/index.md:38 +#: src/index.md:43 msgid "" "Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]" @@ -1142,11 +1389,11 @@ msgstr "" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) e [Rust by Example]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) para esse fim." -#: src/index.md:42 +#: src/index.md:48 msgid "Assumptions" msgstr "Premissas" -#: src/index.md:44 +#: src/index.md:50 msgid "" "The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a " "statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and " @@ -1156,7 +1403,7 @@ msgstr "" "tipagem estática e ocasionalmente faremos comparações com C e C++ para " "melhor explicar ou contrastar a abordagem do Rust." -#: src/index.md:48 +#: src/index.md:54 msgid "" "If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or " "JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too." @@ -1164,7 +1411,7 @@ msgstr "" "Se você sabe programar em uma linguagem de tipagem dinâmica, como Python ou " "JavaScript, então você também será capaz de acompanhar." -#: src/index.md:53 +#: src/index.md:59 msgid "" "This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional " "information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor " @@ -1188,10 +1435,18 @@ msgstr "" "internamente no Google." #: src/running-the-course.md:8 +msgid "" +"We typically run classes from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break " +"in the middle. This leaves 3 hours for the morning class and 3 hours for the " +"afternoon class. Both sessions contain multiple breaks and time for students " +"to work on exercises." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course.md:13 msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:" msgstr "Antes de oferecer o curso, você precisa:" -#: src/running-the-course.md:10 +#: src/running-the-course.md:15 msgid "" "Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker " "notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more " @@ -1206,19 +1461,20 @@ msgstr "" "\"Notas do Instrutor\"). Desta forma você tem uma tela limpa para apresentar " "à turma." -#: src/running-the-course.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course.md:21 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we " -"recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants " -"have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it " -"helps them process all the information we give them." +"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes four days, we recommend that you " +"schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that they " +"find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process all " +"the information we give them." msgstr "" "Decida as datas. Como o curso leva pelo menos três dias completos, " "recomendamos que você agende os dias ao longo de duas semanas. Os " "participantes do curso disseram que eles acham útil ter uma lacuna no curso, " "pois os ajuda a processar todas as informações que lhes damos." -#: src/running-the-course.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course.md:26 msgid "" "Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a " "class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable " @@ -1237,7 +1493,7 @@ msgstr "" "particular, você fará muita codificação ao vivo como instrutor, portanto, um " "pódio não será muito útil para você." -#: src/running-the-course.md:29 +#: src/running-the-course.md:34 msgid "" "On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things " "up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your " @@ -1254,7 +1510,7 @@ msgstr "" "corrija erros de digitação enquanto você ou os participantes do curso os " "identificam." -#: src/running-the-course.md:35 +#: src/running-the-course.md:40 msgid "" "Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We " "typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the " @@ -1273,7 +1529,7 @@ msgstr "" "encontrar as informações relevantes na biblioteca padrão (\"standard " "library\")." -#: src/running-the-course.md:43 +#: src/running-the-course.md:48 msgid "" "That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun " "for you as it has been for us!" @@ -1281,7 +1537,7 @@ msgstr "" "Isso é tudo, boa sorte no curso! Esperamos que seja tão divertido para você " "como tem sido para nós!" -#: src/running-the-course.md:46 +#: src/running-the-course.md:51 msgid "" "Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" "discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We " @@ -1296,50 +1552,50 @@ msgstr "" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5 -msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:" -msgstr "O curso é rápido e muito abrangente:" +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Fundamentals" +msgstr "Binários do Rust" #: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 -msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." -msgstr "" -"Dia 1: Rust básico, _ownership_ (\"posse\") e o _borrow checker_ " -"(\"verificador de empréstimo\")." - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:8 -msgid "Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library." +msgid "" +"The first four days make up [Rust Fundamentals](../welcome-day-1.md). The " +"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground!" msgstr "" -"Dia 2: Tipos de dados compostos, correspondência de padrões e a biblioteca " -"padrão." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:9 -msgid "Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust." +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10 +msgid "{{%course outline Fundamentals}}" msgstr "" -"Dia 3: _Traits_ (\"características\") e genéricos, tratamento de erros, " -"testes e _unsafe_ (\"inseguro\") Rust." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:12 msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "Análises Detalhadas" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:14 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " +"In addition to the 4-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" "Além do curso de 3 dias sobre fundamentos de Rust, nós abordamos alguns " "tópicos mais especializados:" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust in Android" +msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Rust para Android" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:19 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The [Android Deep Dive](../android.md) is a half-day course on using Rust " -"for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with C, C+" -"+, and Java." +"The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " +"Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with " +"C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" "O [Android Deep Dive](../android.md) é um curso de meio dia sobre o uso de " "Rust para o desenvolvimento na plataforma Android. Isso inclui " "interoperabilidade com C, C++ e Java." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:23 msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" @@ -1354,7 +1610,7 @@ msgstr "" "que o sistema de compilação do Android veja os arquivos `Android.bp` em `src/" "android/`." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:28 msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " @@ -1365,21 +1621,43 @@ msgstr "" "build_all.sh`. Leia o roteiro para ver os comandos executados e verifique se " "eles funcionam quando você os executa manualmente." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34 -msgid "Bare-Metal" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Rust on Exercism" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:37 +msgid "" +"The [Rust in Chromium](../chromium.md) deep dive is a half-day course on " +"using Rust as part of the Chromium browser. It includes using Rust in " +"Chromium's `gn` build system, bringing in third-party libraries (\"crates\") " +"and C++ interoperability." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:42 +msgid "" +"You will need to be able to build Chromium --- a debug, component build is " +"[recommended](../chromium/setup.md) for speed but any build will work. " +"Ensure that you can run the Chromium browser that you've built." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" msgstr "Bare-Metal" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:48 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The [Bare-Metal Deep Dive](../bare-metal.md): a full day class on using Rust " -"for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application " -"processors are covered." +"The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " +"using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and " +"application processors are covered." msgstr "" "O [Bare-Metal Deep Dive](../bare-metal.md) é uma aula de um dia sobre o uso " "de Rust para o desenvolvimento _bare-metal_ (sistema embarcado). Tanto micro-" "controladores quanto processadores de aplicações são cobertos." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:52 msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " @@ -1391,19 +1669,21 @@ msgstr "" "Todos precisarão instalar vários pacotes, conforme descrito na [página " "inicial](../bare-metal.md)." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45 -msgid "Concurrency" -msgstr "Concorrência" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency in Rust" +msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Comprehensive Rust 🦀" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:59 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The [Concurrency Deep Dive](../concurrency.md) is a full day class on " -"classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." +"The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " +"on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." msgstr "" "O [Concurrency Deep Dive](../concurrency.md) é uma aula de um dia sobre " "concorrência clássica e `async`/`await`." -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:62 msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " @@ -1413,11 +1693,11 @@ msgstr "" "prontas para uso. Você pode então copiar/colar os exemplos para `src/main." "rs` para experimentá-los:" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:73 msgid "Format" msgstr "Formato" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:63 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:75 msgid "" "The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " "questions drive the exploration of Rust!" @@ -1470,10 +1750,11 @@ msgstr "" "maravilhosos:" #: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github." -"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) and " +"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes), and " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" "[Português do Brasil](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " @@ -1481,28 +1762,62 @@ msgstr "" "github.com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) e " "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:8 +msgid "" +"[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) " +"by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/" +"wnghl), [@anlunx](https://github.com/anlunx), [@kongy](https://github.com/" +"kongy), [@noahdragon](https://github.com/noahdragon), [@superwhd](https://" +"github.com/superwhd), [@SketchK](https://github.com/SketchK), and [@nodmp]" +"(https://github.com/nodmp)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " +"by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" +"victorhsieh), [@mingyc](https://github.com/mingyc), [@kuanhungchen](https://" +"github.com/kuanhungchen), and [@johnathan79717](https://github.com/" +"johnathan79717)." +msgstr "" +"[Português do Brasil](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " +"por [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://" +"github.com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) e " +"[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:12 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" -"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and " +"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), and " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." msgstr "" "[Coreano](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) por [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) e " "[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]" +"(https://github.com/deavid)." +msgstr "" +"[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) por [@raselmandol]" +"(https://github.com/raselmandol)." + +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:15 msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "" "Use o seletor de idioma no canto superior direito para alternar entre os " "idiomas." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 msgid "Incomplete Translations" msgstr "Traduções Incompletas" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" @@ -1510,7 +1825,7 @@ msgstr "" "Há um grande número de traduções em andamento. Nós referenciamos as " "traduções mais recentemente atualizadas:" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:22 msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." @@ -1518,7 +1833,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) por [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:23 msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." @@ -1526,7 +1841,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Francês](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) por [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS) e [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:24 msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." @@ -1534,7 +1849,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Alemão](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) por [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) e [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:25 msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" @@ -1544,7 +1859,7 @@ msgstr "" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ) e [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" "momotaro1105)." -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:27 msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " @@ -1570,26 +1885,38 @@ msgstr "" "geral do que é o Cargo e como ele se encaixa no ecossistema mais amplo e " "como ele se encaixa neste treinamento." -#: src/cargo.md:8 +#: src/cargo.md:9 msgid "Installation" msgstr "Instalação" -#: src/cargo.md:10 +#: src/cargo.md:11 msgid "**Please follow the instructions on .**" msgstr "**Por favor, siga as instruções em .**" -#: src/cargo.md:12 +#: src/cargo.md:13 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler " "(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can " -"use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross compilation, etc." +"use to install to different compiler versions." msgstr "" "Isso fornecerá a ferramenta de compilação Cargo (`cargo`) e o compilador " "Rust (`rustc`). Você também obterá o `rustup`, um utilitário de linha de " "comando que você pode usar para instalar/alternar ferramentas, configurar " "compilação cruzada, etc." -#: src/cargo.md:16 +#: src/cargo.md:17 +msgid "" +"After installing Rust, you should configure your editor or IDE to work with " +"Rust. Most editors do this by talking to [rust-analyzer](https://rust-" +"analyzer.github.io/), which provides auto-completion and jump-to-definition " +"functionality for [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), [Emacs](https://" +"rust-analyzer.github.io/manual.html#emacs), [Vim/Neovim](https://rust-" +"analyzer.github.io/manual.html#vimneovim), and many others. There is also a " +"different IDE available called [RustRover](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo.md:25 msgid "" "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust " "formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) via `apt`. However, this " @@ -1601,31 +1928,6 @@ msgstr "" "Entretanto, isto lhe fornece uma versão desatualizada do Rust e pode levar a " "comportamentos inesperados. O comando seria:" -#: src/cargo.md:22 -msgid "" -"We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code " -"(but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://rust-" -"analyzer.github.io/))." -msgstr "" -"Nós sugerimos a utilização do [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) para " -"editar o código (mas qualquer editor LSP - _Language Server Protocol_ - " -"funciona com o rust-analyzer[3](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/))." - -#: src/cargo.md:24 -msgid "" -"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" -"clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " -"tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://www." -"jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 debugging " -"only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." -msgstr "" -"Algumas pessoas também gostam de usar a família de IDEs [JetBrains](https://" -"www.jetbrains.com/clion/), que fazem suas próprias análises, mas têm suas " -"próprias vantagens e desvantagens. Se você preferi-las, pode instalar o " -"[Plugin Rust](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Observe que, a partir de " -"Janeiro de 2023, a depuração funciona apenas na versão CLion do pacote " -"JetBrains IDEA." - #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1 msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" msgstr "O ecossistema do Rust" @@ -1659,9 +1961,10 @@ msgstr "" "a execução de testes unitários." #: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " -"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is " +"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust are " "released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the " "standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once " "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." @@ -1673,13 +1976,10 @@ msgstr "" "versões do Rust instaladas ao mesmo tempo e `rustup` permitirá que você " "alterne entre elas conforme necessário." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30 -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23 -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world/hello-world.md:25 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:38 src/references/exclusive.md:19 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:68 src/memory-management/move.md:152 +#: src/error-handling/try.md:52 src/android/setup.md:18 #: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25 msgid "Key points:" msgstr "Pontos chave:" @@ -1717,7 +2017,7 @@ msgstr "" "rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html) alternativos, git, pastas, e " "outros mais." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:34 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35 msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." @@ -1726,7 +2026,7 @@ msgstr "" "edição atual é o Rust 2021. As edições anteriores foram o Rust 2015 e o Rust " "2018." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:37 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38 msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." @@ -1734,7 +2034,7 @@ msgstr "" "As edições podem fazer alterações incompatíveis com versões anteriores da " "linguagem." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:40 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41 msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." @@ -1742,7 +2042,7 @@ msgstr "" "Para evitar quebra de código, as edições são opcionais: você seleciona a " "edição para o seu _crate_ através do arquivo `Cargo.toml`." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:43 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44 msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." @@ -1750,7 +2050,7 @@ msgstr "" "Para evitar a divisão do ecossistema, os compiladores Rust podem misturar " "código escrito para diferentes edições." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:47 msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." @@ -1758,40 +2058,41 @@ msgstr "" "Mencione que é muito raro usar o compilador diretamente, não através do " "`cargo` (a maioria dos usuários nunca o faz)." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " -"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " -"not limited to: " +"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " +"not limited to:" msgstr "" "Pode valer a pena mencionar que o próprio Cargo é uma ferramenta " "extremamente poderosa e abrangente. Ele é capaz de muitos recursos " "avançados, incluindo, entre outros:" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "Estrutura do projeto/pacote" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "" "[Espaços de trabalho](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces." "html)" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "" "Dependências de desenvolvimento e gerenciamento/cache de dependência de " "tempo de execução" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:56 msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "" "[Criar scripts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts.html)" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:57 msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" @@ -1799,7 +2100,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Instalação global](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:58 msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." @@ -1807,7 +2108,7 @@ msgstr "" "Também é extensível com plugins de sub-comando (tais como [cargo clippy]" "(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:60 msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "" @@ -1841,7 +2142,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "Os blocos de código neste curso são totalmente interativos:" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:15 src/cargo/running-locally.md:45 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:15 src/cargo/running-locally.md:46 msgid "\"Edit me!\"" msgstr "\"Edite-me!\"" @@ -1850,7 +2151,8 @@ msgid "You can use " msgstr "Você pode usar " #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 -msgid "to execute the code when focus is in the text box." +#, fuzzy +msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box." msgstr "para executar o código quando o foco estiver na caixa de texto." #: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24 @@ -1897,7 +2199,7 @@ msgstr "" "fornecer o `rustc` e o `cargo` funcionando. Quando este curso foi escrito, " "as últimas versões estáveis do Rust são:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:16 msgid "" "You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " "compatibility." @@ -1905,7 +2207,7 @@ msgstr "" "Você também pode usar qualquer versão posterior, pois o Rust mantém " "compatibilidade com versões anteriores." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:17 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18 msgid "" "With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " "the examples in this training:" @@ -1913,27 +2215,27 @@ msgstr "" "Com isso finalizado, siga estas etapas para criar um binário Rust a partir " "de um dos exemplos deste treinamento:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:21 msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "" "Clique no botão _\"Copy to clipboard\"_ (\"Copiar para a área de " "transferência\") no exemplo que deseja copiar." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:23 msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "" "Use `cargo new exercise` para criar um novo diretório `exercise/` para o seu " "código:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:30 msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" "Navegue até `exercise/` e use `cargo run` para compilar e executar seu " "binário:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41 msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" @@ -1941,11 +2243,11 @@ msgstr "" "Substitua o código gerado em `src/main.rs` pelo seu próprio código. Por " "exemplo, usando o exemplo da página anterior, faça `src/main.rs` parecer como" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:50 msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "Use `cargo run` para compilar e executar seu binário atualizado:" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:60 msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" @@ -1957,7 +2259,7 @@ msgstr "" "`target/debug/` para uma compilação de depuração normal. Use `cargo build --" "release` para produzir um binário otimizado em `target/release/`." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:64 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:65 msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " @@ -1967,7 +2269,7 @@ msgstr "" "Quando você execute os comandos `cargo`, ele irá baixar e compilar " "automaticamente dependências para você." -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:72 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:73 msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " "editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal " @@ -1989,7 +2291,7 @@ msgstr "" "Este é o primeiro dia de Fundamentos do Rust. Nós iremos cobrir muitos " "pontos hoje:" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:5 msgid "" "Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, " "references, functions, and methods." @@ -1997,44 +2299,57 @@ msgstr "" "Sintaxe Rust básica: variáveis, tipos escalares e compostos, enums, structs, " "referências, funções e métodos." +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Types and type inference." +msgstr "Inferência de Tipo" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:8 +msgid "Control flow constructs: loops, conditionals, and so on." +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-1.md:9 -msgid "" -"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " -"memory management, and garbage collection." +msgid "User-defined types: structs and enums." msgstr "" -"Gerenciamento de memória: pilha versus heap, gerenciamento de memória " -"manual, gerenciamento de memória baseado em escopo e _garbage collection_ " -"(coleta de lixo)." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 -msgid "" -"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:10 +msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." +msgstr "Correspondência de padrões: desestruturando enums, structs, e arrays." + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12 src/welcome-day-2.md:12 src/welcome-day-3.md:9 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:11 +msgid "Schedule" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:14 src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:14 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:13 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "{{%session outline}}" msgstr "" -"_Ownership_ (posse): semântica de _move_, cópia e clonagem, _borrow_ " -"(empréstimo) e _lifetime_ (tempo de vida)." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 msgid "Please remind the students that:" msgstr "Lembre aos alunos que:" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 msgid "" "They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end." msgstr "Eles devem fazer perguntas na hora, não as guarde para o fim." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:21 msgid "" "The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much " "encouraged!" msgstr "A aula é para ser interativa e as discussões são muito encorajadas!" -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:22 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., " -"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other " -"language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of " -"allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way " -"communication." +"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other language. " +"It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing " +"discussions since they engage people much more than one-way communication." msgstr "" "Como instrutor, você deve tentar manter as discussões relevantes, ou seja, " "mantenha as discussões relacionadas a como o Rust faz as coisas versus " @@ -2042,14 +2357,14 @@ msgstr "" "procure permitir mais discussões, uma vez que elas engajam as pessoas muito " "mais do que uma comunicação unidirecional." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:24 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:26 msgid "" "The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides." msgstr "" "As perguntas provavelmente farão com que falemos sobre coisas antes dos " "slides." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:25 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:27 msgid "" "This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. " "Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as " @@ -2059,43 +2374,33 @@ msgstr "" "aprendizado. Lembre-se que os slides são apenas um suporte e você está livre " "para ignorá-los quando quiser." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:31 msgid "" -"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " -"speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " -"major feature and we should show students this right away." +"The idea for the first day is to show the \"basic\" things in Rust that " +"should have immediate parallels in other languages. The more advanced parts " +"of Rust come on the subsequent days." msgstr "" -"A ideia para o primeiro dia é mostrar _apenas o suficiente_ de Rust para " -"poder falar sobre o famoso _borrow checker_ (verificador de empréstimos). A " -"maneira como o Rust lida com a memória é uma característica importante e " -"devemos mostrar isso aos alunos imediatamente." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33 +#: src/welcome-day-1.md:35 msgid "" "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the " -"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):" +"schedule. Note that there is an exercise at the end of each segment, " +"followed by a break. Plan to cover the exercise solution after the break. " +"The times listed here are a suggestion in order to keep the course on " +"schedule. Feel free to be flexible and adjust as necessary!" msgstr "" -"Se você estiver ensinando isso em uma sala de aula, este é um bom lugar para " -"repassar o cronograma. Sugerimos dividir o dia em duas partes (seguindo os " -"slides):" - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36 -msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," -msgstr "Manhã: 9h às 12h," - -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:37 -msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." -msgstr "Tarde: 13h às 16h." -#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39 -msgid "" -"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " -"breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" +#: src/hello-world.md:3 src/types-and-values.md:3 src/control-flow-basics.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md:3 src/references.md:3 src/user-defined-types.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 src/methods-and-traits.md:3 src/generics.md:3 +#: src/std-types.md:3 src/std-traits.md:3 src/memory-management.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers.md:3 src/borrowing.md:3 src/slices-and-lifetimes.md:3 +#: src/iterators.md:3 src/modules.md:3 src/testing.md:3 src/error-handling.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust.md:3 +msgid "{{%segment outline}}" msgstr "" -"É claro que você pode ajustar isso conforme necessário. Certifique-se de " -"incluir pausas, recomendamos uma a cada hora!" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:3 msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" @@ -2103,16 +2408,16 @@ msgstr "" "Rust é uma nova linguagem de programação que teve sua [versão 1.0 lançada em " "2015](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:5 msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "" "Rust é uma linguagem compilada estaticamente e tem um papel semelhante ao C++" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:6 msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "`rustc` usa o LLVM como back-end." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:7 msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" @@ -2120,67 +2425,67 @@ msgstr "" "Rust suporta muitas [plataformas e arquiteturas](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:9 msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:10 msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:11 msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "Rust é usado em uma ampla gama de dispositivos:" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:12 msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "firmware e carregadores de boot," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:13 msgid "smart displays," msgstr "monitores inteligentes," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:14 msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "celulares," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:15 msgid "desktops," msgstr "desktops," -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:16 msgid "servers." msgstr "servidores." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:20 msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "Rust se encaixa na mesma área que C++:" -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:22 msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "Alta flexibilidade." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:23 msgid "High level of control." msgstr "Alto nível de controle." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:24 msgid "" "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." msgstr "" "Pode ser reduzido para dispositivos com menor poder computacional, tais como " "microcontroladores." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:25 msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "Não possui _runtime_ ou coletor de lixo (_garbage collection_)." -#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:26 msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "" "Concentra-se em confiabilidade e segurança sem sacrificar o desempenho." -#: src/hello-world.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:3 msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" @@ -2188,47 +2493,48 @@ msgstr "" "Vamos pular para o programa em Rust mais simples possível, o clássico \"Olá " "Mundo\":" -#: src/hello-world.md:8 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:8 msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\"" msgstr "\"Olá, 🌍!\"" -#: src/hello-world.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:12 msgid "What you see:" msgstr "O que você vê:" -#: src/hello-world.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:14 msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "Funções são introduzidas com `fn`." -#: src/hello-world.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:15 msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "Os blocos são delimitados por chaves como em C e C++." -#: src/hello-world.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:16 msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "A função `main` é o ponto de entrada do programa." -#: src/hello-world.md:17 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:17 msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "Rust tem macros \"higiênicas\", `println!` é um exemplo disso." -#: src/hello-world.md:18 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:18 msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "" "As strings Rust são codificadas em UTF-8 e podem conter qualquer caractere " "Unicode." -#: src/hello-world.md:22 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:22 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " -"see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something " +"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" "Este slide tenta deixar os alunos familiarizados com o código em Rust. Eles " "irão ver bastante conteúdo nos próximos três dias, então começamos devagar " "com algo familiar." -#: src/hello-world.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:27 msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " "imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." @@ -2237,19 +2543,20 @@ msgstr "" "imperativo (não funcional) e não tenta reinventar as coisas, a menos que " "seja absolutamente necessário." -#: src/hello-world.md:31 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:30 msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "Rust é moderno com suporte total para coisas como Unicode." -#: src/hello-world.md:33 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:32 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " -"arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))." +"arguments (no function [overloading](../control-flow-basics/functions.md))." msgstr "" "Rust usa macros para situações em que você deseja ter um número variável de " "argumentos (sem [sobrecarga de função](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))." -#: src/hello-world.md:36 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:35 msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " @@ -2261,7 +2568,7 @@ msgstr "" "verdade, apenas [parcialmente \"higiênicas\"](https://veykril.github.io/" "tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)." -#: src/hello-world.md:40 +#: src/hello-world/hello-world.md:39 msgid "" "Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " "programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " @@ -2274,115 +2581,103 @@ msgstr "" "série de [conceitos _funcionais_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-" "functional-features.html)." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3 -msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" -msgstr "Aqui está um pequeno programa de exemplo em Rust:" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:3 +msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" +msgstr "Alguns pontos exclusivos do Rust:" -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:6 -msgid "// Program entry point\n" -msgstr "// Ponto de entrada do programa\n" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:5 +msgid "" +"_Compile time memory safety_ - whole classes of memory bugs are prevented at " +"compile time" +msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:7 -msgid "// Mutable variable binding\n" -msgstr "// Atribuição de uma variável mutável\n" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:7 +msgid "No uninitialized variables." +msgstr "Sem variáveis não inicializadas." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:8 src/traits/impl-trait.md:15 -msgid "\"{x}\"" -msgstr "\"{x}\"" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:8 +msgid "No double-frees." +msgstr "Sem _double-frees_." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:8 -msgid "// Macro for printing, like printf\n" -msgstr "// Macro para escrever na tela, como printf\n" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:9 +msgid "No use-after-free." +msgstr "Sem _use-after-free_." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:9 -msgid "// No parenthesis around expression\n" -msgstr "// Sem parênteses ao redor de expressões\n" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:10 +msgid "No `NULL` pointers." +msgstr "Sem ponteiros `NULL`." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:10 -msgid "// Math like in other languages\n" -msgstr "// Matemática como em outras linguagens\n" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:11 +msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." +msgstr "Sem _mutexes_ bloqueados esquecidos." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:15 -msgid "\" -> {x}\"" -msgstr "\" -> {x}\"" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:12 +msgid "No data races between threads." +msgstr "Sem concorrência de dados entre _threads_." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23 -msgid "" -"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " -"will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " -"different inputs." -msgstr "" -"O código implementa a conjectura de Collatz: acredita-se que o loop sempre " -"termina, mas isso ainda não está provado. Edite o código e tente diferentes " -"entradas." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:13 +msgid "No iterator invalidation." +msgstr "Sem invalidação de iteradores." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:15 msgid "" -"Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " -"trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer " -"overflow." +"_No undefined runtime behavior_ - what a Rust statement does is never left " +"unspecified" msgstr "" -"Explique que todas as variáveis tipadas estaticamente. Tente remover `i32` " -"para acionar a inferência de tipo. Em vez disso, tente com `i8` e cause um " -"estouro de número inteiro (_integer overflow_) em tempo de execução." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32 -msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." -msgstr "Altere `let mut x` para `let x`, discuta o erro do compilador." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:17 +msgid "Array access is bounds checked." +msgstr "O acesso a matrizes tem limites verificados." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34 -msgid "" -"Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the " -"format string." -msgstr "" -"Mostre como `print!` cause um erro de compilação se os argumentos não " -"corresponderem à string de formato." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:18 +msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." +msgstr "Estouro de números inteiros é definido (\"pânico\" ou _wrap-around_)." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:20 msgid "" -"Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " -"expression which is more complex than just a single variable." +"_Modern language features_ - as expressive and ergonomic as higher-level " +"languages" msgstr "" -"Mostre como você precisa usar `{}` como um espaço reservado se quiser " -"imprimir uma expressão que seja mais complexa do que apenas uma única " -"variável." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40 -msgid "" -"Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" -"fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " -"that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." -msgstr "" -"Mostre aos alunos a biblioteca padrão (_standard library_), mostre como " -"pesquisar `std::fmt`, o qual possui as regras da mini-linguagem de " -"formatação. É importante que os alunos se familiarizem com pesquisas na " -"biblioteca padrão." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:22 +msgid "Enums and pattern matching." +msgstr "Enums e correspondência de padrões." -#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 -msgid "" -"In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt " -"documentation" -msgstr "" -"Em um shell `rustup doc std::fmt` abrirá um navegador na documentação std::" -"fmt local." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:23 +msgid "Generics." +msgstr "_Generics_." -#: src/why-rust.md:3 -msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" -msgstr "Alguns pontos exclusivos do Rust:" +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:24 +msgid "No overhead FFI." +msgstr "FFI sem _overhead_." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:25 +msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." +msgstr "Abstrações de custo zero." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:26 +msgid "Great compiler errors." +msgstr "Excelentes mensagens de erro do compilador." + +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:27 +msgid "Built-in dependency manager." +msgstr "Gerenciador de dependências integrado." -#: src/why-rust.md:5 -msgid "Compile time memory safety." -msgstr "Segurança de memória em tempo de compilação." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:28 +msgid "Built-in support for testing." +msgstr "Suporte integrado para testes." -#: src/why-rust.md:6 -msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." -msgstr "Sem comportamento indefinido em tempo de execução." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:29 +msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." +msgstr "Excelente suporte ao protocolo de servidor de linguagem (LSP)." -#: src/why-rust.md:7 -msgid "Modern language features." -msgstr "Recursos de linguagem de programação modernas." +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:33 +msgid "" +"Do not spend much time here. All of these points will be covered in more " +"depth later." +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:36 msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" @@ -2391,7 +2686,7 @@ msgstr "" "têm experiência. Dependendo da resposta você pode destacar diferentes " "características do Rust:" -#: src/why-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:39 msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " @@ -2404,7 +2699,7 @@ msgstr "" "memória. Além disso, você tem uma linguagem com funcionalidades modernas " "como correspondência de padrões e gerenciamento de dependência integrado." -#: src/why-rust.md:19 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:44 msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " @@ -2417,447 +2712,177 @@ msgstr "" "+ (sem coletor de lixo ou \"_garbage collector_\") bem como acesso a " "hardware de baixo nível (caso você precise)" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3 -msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" -msgstr "Gerenciamento de memória estática em tempo de compilação:" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5 -msgid "No uninitialized variables." -msgstr "Sem variáveis não inicializadas." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6 -msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." -msgstr "Sem vazamentos de memória (_quase_, veja as notas)." +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) provides an easy way to " +"run short Rust programs, and is the basis for the examples and exercises in " +"this course. Try running the \"hello-world\" program it starts with. It " +"comes with a few handy features:" +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7 -msgid "No double-frees." -msgstr "Sem _double-frees_." +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:8 +msgid "" +"Under \"Tools\", use the `rustfmt` option to format your code in the " +"\"standard\" way." +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8 -msgid "No use-after-free." -msgstr "Sem _use-after-free_." +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:11 +msgid "" +"Rust has two main \"profiles\" for generating code: Debug (extra runtime " +"checks, less optimization) and Release (fewer runtime checks, lots of " +"optimization). These are accessible under \"Debug\" at the top." +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9 -msgid "No `NULL` pointers." -msgstr "Sem ponteiros `NULL`." +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:15 +msgid "" +"If you're interested, use \"ASM\" under \"...\" to see the generated " +"assembly code." +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10 -msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." -msgstr "Sem _mutexes_ bloqueados esquecidos." +#: src/hello-world/playground.md:20 +msgid "" +"As students head into the break, encourage them to open up the playground " +"and experiment a little. Encourage them to keep the tab open and try things " +"out during the rest of the course. This is particularly helpful for advanced " +"students who want to know more about Rust's optimizations or generated " +"assembly." +msgstr "" -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11 -msgid "No data races between threads." -msgstr "Sem concorrência de dados entre _threads_." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12 -msgid "No iterator invalidation." -msgstr "Sem invalidação de iteradores." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16 -msgid "" -"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" -msgstr "" -"É possível produzir vazamentos de memória no Rust (seguro). Alguns exemplos " -"são:" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19 -msgid "" -"You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." -"html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-" -"initialized and runtime-sized static variables" -msgstr "" -"Você pode usar [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." -"html#method.leak) para vazar um ponteiro. Um uso para isso poderia ser para " -"obter variáveis estáticas inicializadas e dimensionadas em tempo de execução" - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21 -msgid "" -"You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget." -"html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor " -"is never run)." -msgstr "" -"Você pode usar [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." -"forget.html) para fazer o compilador \"esquecer\" sobre um valor (o que " -"significa que o destrutor nunca é executado)." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23 -msgid "" -"You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." -msgstr "" -"Você também pode criar acidentalmente uma [referência cíclica](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) com `Rc` ou `Arc`." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25 -msgid "" -"In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak " -"and Rust does not protect from those." -msgstr "" -"Na verdade, alguns considerarão que preencher infinitamente uma coleção " -"(estruturas de dados) seja um vazamento de memória e o Rust não protege " -"disso." - -#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28 -msgid "" -"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as " -"\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." -msgstr "" -"Para o propósito deste curso, \"Sem vazamentos de memória\" deve ser " -"entendido como \"Praticamente sem vazamentos de memória _acidentais_\"." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3 -msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" -msgstr "Nenhum comportamento indefinido em tempo de execução:" - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5 -msgid "Array access is bounds checked." -msgstr "O acesso a matrizes tem limites verificados." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6 -msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." -msgstr "Estouro de números inteiros é definido (\"pânico\" ou _wrap-around_)." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12 -msgid "" -"Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " -"flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " -"program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " -"panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo " -"build --release`)." -msgstr "" -"O estouro de números inteiros é definido por meio da _flag_ [`overflow-" -"checks`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-" -"checks) em tempo de compilação. Se habilitada, o programa causará um pânico " -"(uma falha controlada do programa). Caso contrário, será usada a semântica " -"_wrap-around_. Por padrão, você obtém pânicos em modo de depuração (`cargo " -"build`) e _wrap-around_ em modo de produção (`cargo build --release`)." - -#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18 -msgid "" -"Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be " -"disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to " -"call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds " -"checking." -msgstr "" -"A verificação de limites (\"_bounds checking_\") não pode ser desativada com " -"uma _flag_ do compilador. Ela também não pode ser desativada diretamente com " -"a palavra-chave `unsafe`. No entanto, `unsafe` permite que você chame " -"funções como `slice::get_unchecked` que não faz verificação de limites." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3 -msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." -msgstr "" -"O Rust é construído com toda a experiência adquirida nas últimas décadas." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5 -msgid "Language Features" -msgstr "Características da Linguagem" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7 -msgid "Enums and pattern matching." -msgstr "Enums e correspondência de padrões." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:8 -msgid "Generics." -msgstr "_Generics_." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:9 -msgid "No overhead FFI." -msgstr "FFI sem _overhead_." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:10 -msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." -msgstr "Abstrações de custo zero." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12 -msgid "Tooling" -msgstr "Ferramentas" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14 -msgid "Great compiler errors." -msgstr "Excelentes mensagens de erro do compilador." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:15 -msgid "Built-in dependency manager." -msgstr "Gerenciador de dependências integrado." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:16 -msgid "Built-in support for testing." -msgstr "Suporte integrado para testes." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17 -msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." -msgstr "Excelente suporte ao protocolo de servidor de linguagem (LSP)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23 -msgid "" -"Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' " -"for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, " -"writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level " -"instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." -msgstr "" -"Abstrações de custo zero, semelhantes ao C++, significa que você não precisa " -"'pagar' por construções de programação de alto nível com memória ou CPU. Por " -"exemplo, escrever um loop usando `for` deve resultar aproximadamente no " -"mesmo nível de instruções de baixo nível quanto usar a construção `.iter()." -"fold()`." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28 -msgid "" -"It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also " -"known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like " -"`Option` and `Result`." -msgstr "" -"Pode valer a pena mencionar que Rust enums são 'Tipos de Dados " -"Algébricos' ('_Algebraic Data Types_'), também conhecidos como 'tipos de " -"soma', que permitem que o sistema de tipos expresse coisas como `Option` " -"e `Result`." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32 -msgid "" -"Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " -"ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " -"talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ " -"feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." -msgstr "" -"Lembre as pessoas de lerem os erros --- muitos desenvolvedores se " -"acostumaram ignore as longas mensagens do compilador. O compilador Rust é " -"significativamente mais \"verbal\" do que outros compiladores. Muitas vezes, " -"ele lhe fornecerá sugestões _práticas_, prontas para copiar e colar em seu " -"código." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, " -"and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard " -"and essential:" -msgstr "" -"A biblioteca padrão do Rust (_Rust standard library_) é pequena comparada a " -"linguagens como Java, Python e Go. Rust não vem com várias coisas que você " -"pode considerar padrão e essencial:" - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41 -msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." -msgstr "" -"um gerador de números aleatórios, mas veja [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:42 -msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." -msgstr "" -"suporte para SSL ou TLS, mas consulte [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." - -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43 -msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." +"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with " +"`let`:" msgstr "" -"suporte para JSON, mas consulte [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." +"Rust fornece segurança de tipo por meio de tipagem estática. Variáveis são " +"imutáveis por padrão:" -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45 -msgid "" -"The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " -"cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " -"Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps " -"there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." -msgstr "" -"O raciocínio por trás disso é que funcionalidade na biblioteca padrão não " -"pode ser descartada, portanto ela tem que ser muito estável. Para os " -"exemplos acima, a comunidade do Rust ainda está trabalhando para encontrar a " -"melhor solução --- e talvez não exista uma única \"melhor solução\" para " -"algumas dessas coisas." +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:9 src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:34 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:16 +msgid "\"x: {x}\"" +msgstr "\"x: {x}\"" -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:10 msgid "" -"Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " -"makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence " -"of this is that the standard library can be smaller." +"// x = 20;\n" +" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" msgstr "" -"Rust vem com um gerenciador de pacotes embutido na forma de Cargo e isso " -"torna trivial baixar e compilar _crates_ de terceiros. Uma consequência " -"disso é que a biblioteca padrão pode ser menor." -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:17 msgid "" -"Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to " -"find a good and trusted one." +"Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by " +"default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes." msgstr "" -"Descobrir bons _crates_ de terceiros pode ser um problema. Sites como " -" ajudam com isso, permitindo que você compare métricas de " -"_crates_ para encontrar um bom e confiável." -#: src/why-rust/modern.md:58 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:20 msgid "" -"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " -"implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." -msgstr "" -"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) é uma implementação LSP " -"bem suportada usada pelas principais IDEs e editores de texto." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:3 -msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" +"The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile " +"time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in " +"many cases." msgstr "" -"Grande parte da sintaxe do Rust será familiar para você que vem de C, C++ ou " -"Java:" -#: src/basic-syntax.md:5 -msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces." -msgstr "Blocos e escopos são delimitados por chaves." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:3 msgid "" -"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " -"*/`." -msgstr "" -"Comentários de linha são iniciados com `//`, comentários de bloco são " -"delimitados por `/* ... */`." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:8 -msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." -msgstr "Palavras-chave como `if` e `while` funcionam da mesma forma." - -#: src/basic-syntax.md:9 -msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." +"Here are some basic built-in types, and the syntax for literal values of " +"each type." msgstr "" -"A atribuição de variáveis é feita com `=`, a comparação é feita com `==`." -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 msgid "Types" msgstr "Tipos" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:6 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:7 msgid "Literals" msgstr "Literais" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "Inteiros com sinal" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "Inteiros sem sinal" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "Números de ponto flutuante" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "`f32`, `f64`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "Strings" -msgstr "Strings" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "`&str`" -msgstr "`&str`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8 -msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" -msgstr "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "Valores escalares Unicode" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "`char`" msgstr "`char`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "Booleans" msgstr "Booleanos" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "`bool`" msgstr "`bool`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "`true`, `false`" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:14 msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "Os tipos têm os seguintes tamanhos:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:16 msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "`iN`, `uN` e `fN` têm _N_ bits," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:17 msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "`isize` e `usize` são do tamanho de um ponteiro," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:18 msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "`char` tem 32 bits," -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:19 msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "`bool` tem 8 bits." -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:23 msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "Há algumas sintaxes que não são mostradas acima:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23 -msgid "" -"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " -"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " -"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" -msgstr "" -"Strings brutas permitem que você crie um valor `&str` com caracteres de " -"escape desabilitados: `r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. Você pode embutir aspas " -"duplas utilizando uma quantidade igual de `#` em Ambos os lados das aspas:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:29 -msgid "r#\"link\"#" -msgstr "r#\"link\"#" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:30 -msgid "\"link\"" -msgstr "\"link\"" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34 -msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" -msgstr "Strings de byte permitem que você crie um valor `&[u8]` diretamente:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:38 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:39 -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:30 src/async/control-flow/join.md:30 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:99 -msgid "\"{:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{:?}\"" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:38 -msgid "b\"abc\"" -msgstr "b\"abc\"" - -#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md:25 msgid "" "All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " "`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " @@ -2867,14246 +2892,17905 @@ msgstr "" "legibilidade. Por exemplo, `1_000` pode ser escrito como `1000` (ou " "`10_00`), e `123_i64` pode ser escrito como `123i64`." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "Arrays" -msgstr "Matrizes" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "`[T; N]`" -msgstr "`[T; N]`" +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"result: {}\"" +msgstr "\"r1 é: {}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5 -msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" -msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:15 +msgid "" +"This is the first time we've seen a function other than `main`, but the " +"meaning should be clear: it takes three integers, and returns an integer. " +"Functions will be covered in more detail later." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "Tuples" -msgstr "Tuplas" +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:19 +msgid "Arithmetic is very similar to other languages, with similar precedence." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." -msgstr "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:21 +msgid "" +"What about integer overflow? In C and C++ overflow of _signed_ integers is " +"actually undefined, and might do different things on different platforms or " +"compilers. In Rust, it's defined." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6 -msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." -msgstr "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:25 +msgid "" +"Change the `i32`'s to `i16` to see an integer overflow, which panics " +"(checked) in a debug build and wraps in a release build. There are other " +"options, such as overflowing, saturating, and carrying. These are accessed " +"with method syntax, e.g., `(a * b).saturating_add(b * c).saturating_add(c * " +"a)`." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8 -msgid "Array assignment and access:" -msgstr "Atribuição e acesso a matrizes:" +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:30 +msgid "" +"In fact, the compiler will detect overflow of constant expressions, which is " +"why the example requires a separate function." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:14 -msgid "\"a: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"a: {:?}\"" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has two types to represent strings, both of which will be covered in " +"more depth later. Both _always_ store UTF-8 encoded strings." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18 -msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" -msgstr "Atribuição e acesso a tuplas:" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`String` - a modifiable, owned string." +msgstr "`String` é um _buffer_ de string mutável." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:23 -msgid "\"1st index: {}\"" -msgstr "\"1º índice: {}\"" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:7 +msgid "`&str` - a read-only string. String literals have this type." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:24 -msgid "\"2nd index: {}\"" -msgstr "\"2º índice: {}\"" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Greetings\"" +msgstr "\"greetings\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32 -msgid "Arrays:" -msgstr "Vetores:" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:12 +msgid "\"🪐\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34 -msgid "" -"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " -"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " -"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " -"different types." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:15 +msgid "\", \"" msgstr "" -"O valor do tipo matriz `[T; N]` comporta `N` elementos (constante em tempo " -"de compilação) do mesmo tipo `N`. Note que o tamanho de uma matriz é _parte " -"do seu tipo_, o que significa que `[u8; 3]` e `[u8; 4]` são considerados " -"dois tipos diferentes." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38 -msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." -msgstr "Nós podemos usar literais para atribuir valores para matrizes." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"final sentence: {}\"" +msgstr "\"X final: {x}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40 -msgid "" -"In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation " -"with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives " -"the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without " -"specifying the value after the format string." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:18 src/async/control-flow/join.md:30 +msgid "\"{:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{:?}\"" + +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:19 +msgid "//println!(\"{:?}\", &sentence[12..13]);\n" msgstr "" -"Na função `main`, o comando `print` pede a implementação de depuração " -"(_debug_) com o parâmetro de formato formato `?`: `{}` produz a saída " -"padrão, `{:?}` produz a saída de depuração. Nós também poderíamos ter usado " -"`{a}` e `{a:?}` sem especificar o valor depois da string de formato." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:25 msgid "" -"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " -"easier to read." +"This slide introduces strings. Everything here will be covered in more depth " +"later, but this is enough for subsequent slides and exercises to use strings." msgstr "" -"Adicionando `#`, p.ex. `{a:#?}`, invoca um formato \"_pretty " -"printing_\" (\"impressão bonita\"), que pode ser mais legível." - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47 -msgid "Tuples:" -msgstr "Tuplas:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49 -msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." -msgstr "Assim como matrizes, tuplas têm tamanho fixo." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51 -msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." -msgstr "Tuplas agrupam valores de diferentes tipos em um tipo composto." +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:28 +msgid "Invalid UTF-8 in a string is UB, and this not allowed in safe Rust." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:30 msgid "" -"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " -"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." +"`String` is a user-defined type with a constructor (`::new()`) and methods " +"like `s.push_str(..)`." msgstr "" -"Campos de uma tupla podem ser acessados com um ponto e o índice do valor, e." -"g. `t.0`, `t.1`." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:33 msgid "" -"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " -"and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its " -"value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " -"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. " +"The `&` in `&str` indicates that this is a reference. We will cover " +"references later, so for now just think of `&str` as a unit meaning \"a read-" +"only string\"." msgstr "" -"A tupla vazia `()` também é conhecida como \"tipo unidade\" (_unit type_). É " -"tanto um tipo quanto o único valor válido desse tipo - ou seja, o tipo e seu " -"valor são expressos como `()`. É usado para indicar, por exemplo, que uma " -"função ou expressão não tem valor de retorno, como veremos em um slide " -"futuro." -#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59 +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:36 msgid "" -"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " -"programming languages." +"The commented-out line is indexing into the string by byte position. " +"`12..13` does not end on a character boundary, so the program panics. Adjust " +"it to a range that does, based on the error message." msgstr "" -"Você pode pensar nisso como um `void`, que talvez lhe seja familiar de " -"outras linguagens de programação." -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3 -msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" -msgstr "Como C++, o Rust tem referências:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:10 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:9 -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:9 src/control-flow/blocks.md:22 -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:12 -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:12 src/control-flow/break-continue.md:15 -msgid "\"x: {x}\"" -msgstr "\"x: {x}\"" +#: src/types-and-values/strings.md:40 +msgid "" +"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " +"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " +"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" +msgstr "" +"Strings brutas permitem que você crie um valor `&str` com caracteres de " +"escape desabilitados: `r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. Você pode embutir aspas " +"duplas utilizando uma quantidade igual de `#` em Ambos os lados das aspas:" -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14 -msgid "Some notes:" -msgstr "Algumas notas:" +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:3 +msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" +msgstr "Rust verá como a variável é _usada_ para determinar o tipo:" -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:28 msgid "" -"We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " -"pointers." +"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " +"constraints given by variable declarations and usages." msgstr "" -"Devemos desreferenciar `ref_x` ao atribuí-lo um valor, semelhante à " -"ponteiros em C e C++." +"Este slide demonstra como o compilador Rust infere tipos com base em " +"restrições dadas por declarações e usos de variáveis." -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:31 msgid "" -"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " -"methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)." +"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " +"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " +"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration " +"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise " +"code." msgstr "" -"Em alguns casos, o Rust desreferenciará automaticamente, em particular ao " -"invocar métodos (tente `ref_x.count_ones()`)." +"É muito importante enfatizar que variáveis declaradas assim não são de um " +"tipo dinâmico \"qualquer tipo\" que possa armazenar quaisquer dados. O " +"código de máquina gerado por tal declaração é idêntico à declaração " +"explícita de um tipo. O compilador faz o trabalho para nós e nos ajuda a " +"escrever um código mais conciso." -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:36 msgid "" -"References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over " -"their lifetime." +"When nothing constrains the type of an integer literal, Rust defaults to " +"`i32`. This sometimes appears as `{integer}` in error messages. Similarly, " +"floating-point literals default to `f64`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:45 +msgid "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`\n" msgstr "" -"As referências que são declaradas como `mut` podem ser vinculadas a " -"diferentes valores ao longo de seu tempo de vida." -#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25 +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: " -"&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound " -"to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable " -"value." +"The first and second Fibonacci numbers are both `1`. For n>2, the n'th " +"Fibonacci number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and " +"n-2'th Fibonacci numbers." msgstr "" -"Certifique-se de observar a diferença entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` e `let " -"ref_x: &mut i32`. O primeiro representa uma referência mutável que pode ser " -"ligada a diferentes valores, enquanto o segundo representa uma referência a " -"um valor mutável." -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3 -msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" -msgstr "Rust estaticamente proibirá referências pendentes:" +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:7 +msgid "" +"Write a function `fib(n)` that calculates the n'th Fibonacci number. When " +"will this function panic?" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:12 -msgid "\"ref_x: {ref_x}\"" +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:13 +msgid "// The base case.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16 -msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." -msgstr "Diz-se que uma referência \"pega emprestado\" o valor a que se refere." +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:14 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:17 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Implement this\"" +msgstr "Implementação" -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17 -msgid "" -"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " -"enough." +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:16 +msgid "// The recursive case.\n" msgstr "" -"Rust está rastreando os tempos de vida de todas as referências para garantir " -"que elas durem o suficiente." -#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19 -msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." -msgstr "Falaremos mais sobre empréstimos quando chegarmos à _ownership_." +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:23 src/types-and-values/solution.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"fib(n) = {}\"" +msgstr "\"int: {}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3 -msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" -msgstr "Uma _slice_ (fatia) oferece uma visão de uma coleção maior:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:3 +msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:" +msgstr "" +"Grande parte da sintaxe do Rust será familiar para você que vem de C, C++ ou " +"Java:" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:8 -msgid "\"a: {a:?}\"" -msgstr "\"a: {a:?}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces." +msgstr "Blocos e escopos são delimitados por chaves." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:12 -msgid "\"s: {s:?}\"" -msgstr "\"s: {s:?}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:6 +msgid "" +"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... " +"*/`." +msgstr "" +"Comentários de linha são iniciados com `//`, comentários de bloco são " +"delimitados por `/* ... */`." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16 -msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." -msgstr "Slices pegam dados emprestados do tipo original." +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:8 +msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same." +msgstr "Palavras-chave como `if` e `while` funcionam da mesma forma." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17 -msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:9 +msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`." msgstr "" -"Pergunta: O que acontece se você modificar `a[3]` imediatamente antes de " -"imprimir `s`?" +"A atribuição de variáveis é feita com `=`, a comparação é feita com `==`." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:21 -msgid "" -"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " -"indexes in brackets." -msgstr "" -"Nós criamos uma _slice_ emprestando `a` e especificando os índices de início " -"e fim entre colchetes." +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:11 +msgid "`if` expressions" +msgstr "Expressões `if`" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:23 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:13 msgid "" -"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " -"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " -"identical." +"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" msgstr "" -"Se a _slice_ começa no índice 0, a sintaxe de _range_ (faixa) nos permite " -"omitir o índice inicial, o que significa que `&a[0..a.len()]` e `&a[..a." -"len()]` são idênticos." +"Você usa [expressões `if` ](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exatamente como declarações `if` em outras " +"linguagens:" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:25 -msgid "" -"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " -"identical." +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:21 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:36 +msgid "\"small\"" msgstr "" -"O mesmo vale para o último índice, logo `&a[2..a.len()]` e `&a[2..]` são " -"idênticos." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:27 -msgid "" -"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:23 +msgid "\"biggish\"" msgstr "" -"Para criar facilmente uma _slice_ de uma matriz completa, podemos " -"utilizar`&a[..]`." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:29 -msgid "" -"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " -"computation on slices of different sizes." +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:25 +msgid "\"huge\"" msgstr "" -"`s` é uma referência a uma _slice_ de `i32`. Observe que o tipo de `s` " -"(`&[i32]`) não menciona mais o tamanho da matriz. Isso nos permite realizar " -"cálculos em _slices_ de tamanhos diferentes." -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:31 +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:30 msgid "" -"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " -"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. " +"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " +"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" msgstr "" -"As _slices_ sempre pegam emprestado de outro objeto. Neste exemplo, `a` deve " -"permanecer 'vivo' (em escopo) por pelo menos tanto tempo quanto nossa " -"_slice_." +"Além disso, você pode usá-lo como uma expressão. A última expressão de cada " +"bloco se torna o valor da expressão `if`" -#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:33 -msgid "" -"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " -"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " -"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " -"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " -"`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained " -"in the borrow checker section." +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:36 +msgid "\"large\"" msgstr "" -"A questão sobre a modificação de `a[3]` pode gerar uma discussão " -"interessante, mas a resposta é que por motivos de segurança de memória você " -"não pode fazer isso por meio de `a` neste ponto durante a execução, mas você " -"pode ler os dados de `a` e `s` com segurança. Isto funciona antes da criação " -"do _slice_, e novamente depois de `println`, quando o _slice_ não é mais " -"necessário. Mais detalhes serão explicados na seção do verificador de " -"empréstimos." -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1 -msgid "`String` vs `str`" -msgstr "`String` vs `str`" +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"number size: {}\"" +msgstr "\"escopo interno: {a}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3 -msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" -msgstr "Agora podemos entender os dois tipos de strings em Rust:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " +"branch blocks must have the same type. Show what happens if you add `;` " +"after `\"small\"` in the second example." +msgstr "" +"Como `if` é uma expressão e deve ter um tipo específico, ambos os blocos de " +"ramificação devem ter o mesmo tipo. Considere mostrar o que acontece se você " +"adicionar um `;` depois de `x / 2` no segundo exemplo." -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:7 src/traits/read-write.md:36 -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:12 -msgid "\"World\"" -msgstr "\"Mundo\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/conditionals.md:47 +msgid "" +"When `if` is used in an expression, the expression must have a `;` to " +"separate it from the next statement. Remove the `;` before `println!` to see " +"the compiler error." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:8 -msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" -msgstr "\"s1: {s1}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:3 +msgid "There are three looping keywords in Rust: `while`, `loop`, and `for`:" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:10 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:16 -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:15 -msgid "\"Hello \"" -msgstr "\"Olá \"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`while`" +msgstr "_Loops_ (Laços) `while`" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:11 src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:13 -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:9 -msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" -msgstr "\"s2: {s2}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" +"expr.html#predicate-loops) works much like in other languages, executing the " +"loop body as long as the condition is true." +msgstr "" +"A [palavra-chave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) funciona de maneira muito similar a outras " +"linguagens:" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:16 -msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" -msgstr "\"s3: {s3}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:18 +msgid "\"Final x: {x}\"" +msgstr "\"X final: {x}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20 -msgid "Rust terminology:" -msgstr "Terminologia do Rust:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`for`" +msgstr "_Loops_ `for`" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22 -msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." -msgstr "`&str` é uma referência imutável para uma _slice_ de string." +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) iterates " +"over ranges of values:" +msgstr "" +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) usado para " +"definir destrutores e" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23 -msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." -msgstr "`String` é um _buffer_ de string mutável." +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:35 +msgid "`loop`" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:37 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " -"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " -"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." +"The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just " +"loops forever, until a `break`." msgstr "" -"`&str` introduz uma _slice_ de string, a qual é uma referência imutável para " -"os dados da string em formato UTF-8 armazenados em um bloco de memória. " -"Literais de string (`\"Hello\"`) são armazenadas no código binário do " -"programa." +"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) usado para " +"definir destrutores e" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"{i}\"" +msgstr "\"i: {i}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:55 msgid "" -"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " -"`Vec`, it is owned." +"We will discuss iteration later; for now, just stick to range expressions." msgstr "" -"O tipo `String` do Rust é um invólucro ao redor de uma matriz de bytes. " -"Assim como um `Vec`, ele é _owned_." -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:56 msgid "" -"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " -"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " -"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." +"Note that the `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax for " +"an inclusive range." msgstr "" -"Da mesma forma que outros tipos, `String::from()` cria uma string a partir " -"de um literal; `String::new()` cria uma nova string vazia, na qual dados de " -"string podem ser adicionados com os métodos `push()` e `push_str()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " -"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." +"If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For " +"`loop`, this can take an optional expression that becomes the value of the " +"`loop` expression." msgstr "" -"A macro `format!()` é uma maneira conveniente de gerar uma string _owned_ a " -"partir de valores dinâmicos. Ela aceita os mesmos formatadores que `println!" -"()`." +"Se você quiser sair de um loop cedo, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:8 msgid "" -"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " -"selection." +"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." msgstr "" -"Você pode emprestar _slices_ `&str` de `String` através do operador `&` e, " -"opcionalmente, selecionar um _range_ (\"intervalo\")." +"Se você quiser iniciar imediatamente a próxima iteração use [`continue`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-" +"expressions)." -#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40 -msgid "" -"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one " -"that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " -"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " -"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:24 +msgid "\"{result}\"" msgstr "" -"Para programadores C++: pense em `&str` como `const char*` de C++, mas que " -"sempre aponta para uma string válida na memória. Em Rust, `String` é um " -"equivalente aproximado de `std::string` de C++ (principal diferença: ele só " -"pode conter bytes codificados em UTF-8 e nunca usará uma otimização de " -"string pequena)." -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:28 msgid "" -"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" -"Fizz_buzz) interview question:" +"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " +"used to break out of nested loops:" msgstr "" -"Uma versão em Rust da famosa pergunta de entrevistas [FizzBuzz](https://en." -"wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz):" +"Ambos `continue` e `break` podem opcionalmente receber um _label_ (rótulo) " +"como argumento que é usado para sair de loops aninhados:" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:18 -msgid "\"fizz\"" -msgstr "\"fizz\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:37 +msgid "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" +msgstr "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:18 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:19 -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:40 src/testing/unit-tests.md:15 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:65 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:112 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:114 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:118 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:136 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:140 -msgid "\"\"" -msgstr "\"\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:47 +msgid "" +"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." +msgstr "Neste caso, paramos o loop externo após 3 iterações do loop interno." -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:19 -msgid "\"buzz\"" -msgstr "\"buzz\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:51 +msgid "" +"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " +"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " +"`while` and `for` loops)." +msgstr "" +"Observe que `loop` é a única construção de loop que retorna um valor não " +"trivial . Isso ocorre porque é garantido que ele será executado pelo menos " +"uma vez (diferente de loops `while` e `for`)." -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:21 -msgid "\"{n}\"" -msgstr "\"{n}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:3 +msgid "Blocks" +msgstr "Blocos" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:23 -msgid "\"{fizz}{buzz}\"" -msgstr "\"{fizz}{buzz}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:5 +msgid "" +"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " +"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" +msgstr "" +"Um bloco em Rust contêm uma sequência de expressões. Cada bloco tem um valor " +"e um tipo, os quais são os da última expressão do bloco:" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:28 src/traits/trait-objects.md:79 -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:80 src/testing/test-modules.md:12 -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:59 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:158 -msgid "\"{}\"" -msgstr "\"{}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:13 +msgid "\"y: {y}\"" +msgstr "\"y: {y}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:20 msgid "" -"We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations " -"nor headers are necessary. " +"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " +"`()`." msgstr "" -"Nos referimos em `main` a uma função escrita abaixo. Nem declarações prévias " -"e nem cabeçalhos são necessários." +"Se a última expressão terminar com `;`, o valor resultante e o tipo será " +"`()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36 -msgid "" -"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " -"programming languages), then a return type." +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:22 +msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" +msgstr "Escopos e Sobreposição" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:24 +msgid "A variable's scope is limited to the enclosing block." msgstr "" -"Os parâmetros de declaração são seguidos por um tipo (o inverso de algumas " -"linguagens de programação) e, em seguida, um tipo de retorno." -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:26 msgid "" -"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " -"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression." +"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " +"the same scope:" msgstr "" -"A última expressão em um corpo de uma função (ou qualquer bloco) torna-se o " -"valor de retorno. Simplesmente omita o `;` no final da expressão." +"Você pode sobrepor (_shadow_) variáveis, tanto aquelas de escopos externos " +"quanto variáveis do mesmo escopo:" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:32 +msgid "\"before: {a}\"" +msgstr "\"antes: {a}\"" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:34 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:7 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:19 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:225 +msgid "\"hello\"" +msgstr "\"olá\"" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:35 +msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\"" +msgstr "\"escopo interno: {a}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:38 +msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" +msgstr "\"sobreposto no escopo interno: {a}\"" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:41 +msgid "\"after: {a}\"" +msgstr "\"depois: {a}\"" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:47 msgid "" -"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " -"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." +"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " +"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." msgstr "" -"Algumas funções não têm valor de retorno e retornam o 'tipo unitário', `()`. " -"O compilador irá inferir isso se o tipo de retorno `-> ()` for omitido." +"Você pode mostrar como o valor do bloco muda alterando a última linha do " +"bloco. Por exemplo, adicionar/remover um ponto e vírgula (`;`) ou usar um " +"`return`." -#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:49 msgid "" -"The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " -"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." +"Show that a variable's scope is limited by adding a `b` in the inner block " +"in the last example, and then trying to access it outside that block." msgstr "" -"A expressão de intervalo no loop `for` em `imprimir_fizzbuzz_para()` contém " -"`=n`, o que faz com que inclua o limite superior." -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:51 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." +"Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both " +"variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available under " +"the same name, depending where you use it in the code." msgstr "" -"Todos os itens da linguagem podem ser documentados com a sintaxe especial " -"`///`." +"Definição: _Shadowing_ é diferente da mutação, porque após a sobreposição " +"(_shadowing_), os locais de memória de ambas as variáveis existem ao mesmo " +"tempo. Ambas estão disponíveis com o mesmo nome, dependendo de onde você as " +"usa no código. " -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:6 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:54 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type." +msgstr "Uma variável sobreposta pode ter um tipo diferente. " + +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:55 msgid "" -"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " -"argument.\n" -"///\n" -"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" +"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " +"after `.unwrap()`." msgstr "" -"/// Determine se o primeiro argumento é divisível pelo segundo argumento.\n" -"///\n" -"/// Se o segundo argumento for zero, o resultado é falso.\n" - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:11 -msgid "// Corner case, early return\n" -msgstr "// Caso excepcional, retorne antes\n" - -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:13 -msgid "// The last expression in a block is the return value\n" -msgstr "// A última expressão do bloco é o valor de retorno\n" +"A sobreposição parece obscura a princípio, mas é conveniente para manter os " +"valores após `.unwrap()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:21 msgid "" -"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " -"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " -"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." +"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " +"programming languages), then a return type." msgstr "" -"O conteúdio é tratado como _Markdown_. Todos os _crates_ publicados na " -"biblioteca Rust são documentados automaticamente em [`docs.rs`](https://docs." -"rs) utilizando a ferramenta [rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-" -"is-rustdoc.html). É idiomático documentar todos os itens públicos em uma API " -"usando este padrão." +"Os parâmetros de declaração são seguidos por um tipo (o inverso de algumas " +"linguagens de programação) e, em seguida, um tipo de retorno." -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:23 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]" -"(https://docs.rs/rand)." +"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " +"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression. The `return` " +"keyword can be used for early return, but the \"bare value\" form is " +"idiomatic at the end of a function (refactor `gcd` to use a `return`)." msgstr "" -"Mostre aos alunos os documentos gerados para o crate `rand` em [`docs.rs/" -"rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." +"A última expressão em um corpo de uma função (ou qualquer bloco) torna-se o " +"valor de retorno. Simplesmente omita o `;` no final da expressão." -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:27 msgid "" -"This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in " -"real code they should be present." +"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " +"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." msgstr "" -"Este curso não inclui o rustdoc nos slides, apenas para economizar espaço, " -"mas em código real eles devem estar presentes." +"Algumas funções não têm valor de retorno e retornam o 'tipo unitário', `()`. " +"O compilador irá inferir isso se o tipo de retorno `-> ()` for omitido." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Overloading is not supported -- each function has a single implementation." +msgstr "Cada função tem uma única implementação:" -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:30 msgid "" -"Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not " -"be addressed here." +"Always takes a fixed number of parameters. Default arguments are not " +"supported. Macros can be used to support variadic functions." msgstr "" -"Os comentários internos do documento são discutidos posteriormente (na " -"página sobre módulos) e não precisam ser ser abordados aqui." -#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Always takes a single set of parameter types. These types can be generic, " +"which will be covered later." +msgstr "Sempre usa um único conjunto de tipos de parâmetros." + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:3 msgid "" -"Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " -"`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" -"testing/doc-tests.html)." +"Macros are expanded into Rust code during compilation, and can take a " +"variable number of arguments. They are distinguished by a `!` at the end. " +"The Rust standard library includes an assortment of useful macros." msgstr "" -"Os comentários do Rustdoc podem conter trechos de código-fonte, que podem " -"ser executados e testados por meio de `cargo test`. Nós discutiremos estes " -"testes na [seção de Testes](../testing/doc-tests.html)." -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:7 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " -"method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" +"`println!(format, ..)` prints a line to standard output, applying formatting " +"described in [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)." msgstr "" -"Métodos são funções associadas a um tipo específico. O primeiro argumento " -"(`self`) de um método é uma instância do tipo ao qual está associado:" +"A sobrecarga de operadores é implementada por meio do `trait` contido em " +"[`std::ops`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:24 -msgid "\"old area: {}\"" -msgstr "\"area antiga: {}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:9 +msgid "" +"`format!(format, ..)` works just like `println!` but returns the result as a " +"string." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:26 -msgid "\"new area: {}\"" -msgstr "\"nova area: {}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:11 +msgid "`dbg!(expression)` logs the value of the expression and returns it." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:12 msgid "" -"We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " -"class." +"`todo!()` marks a bit of code as not-yet-implemented. If executed, it will " +"panic." msgstr "" -"Veremos muito mais sobre métodos no exercício de hoje e na aula de amanhã." -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:14 +msgid "" +"`unreachable!()` marks a bit of code as unreachable. If executed, it will " +"panic." msgstr "" -"Adicione um método estático chamado `Retangulo::new` e o chame a partir de " -"`main`:" -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:32 #, fuzzy +msgid "\"{n}! = {}\"" +msgstr "\"{} {}\"" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:38 msgid "" -"While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods " -"are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual " -"constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See " -"the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." +"The takeaway from this section is that these common conveniences exist, and " +"how to use them. Why they are defined as macros, and what they expand to, is " +"not especially critical." msgstr "" -"Enquanto _tecnicamente_, o Rust não possui construtores customizados, " -"métodos estáticos são normalmente usados para inicializar _structs_ (embora " -"não sejam necessários). The construtor propriamente dito, `Retangulo " -"{ largura, altura }`, poderia ser chamado diretamente. Veja o [Rustnomicon]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." -#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45 -#, fuzzy +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:42 msgid "" -"Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " -"static methods can take arbitrary parameters." +"The course does not cover defining macros, but a later section will describe " +"use of derive macros." msgstr "" -"Adicione um construtor `Retangulo::novo_quadrado(largura: u32)` para " -"demonstrar que tais métodos estáticos podem ter parâmetros arbitrários." - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1 -msgid "Function Overloading" -msgstr "Sobrecarga de Funções" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3 -msgid "Overloading is not supported:" -msgstr "Sobrecarga não é suportada:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5 -msgid "Each function has a single implementation:" -msgstr "Cada função tem uma única implementação:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [Collatz Sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) is " +"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6 -msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." -msgstr "Sempre tem um número fixo de parâmetros." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:4 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "1" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7 -msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types." -msgstr "Sempre usa um único conjunto de tipos de parâmetros." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:4 +msgid " greater than zero:" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8 -msgid "Default values are not supported:" -msgstr "Valores padrão não são suportados:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "If _n" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9 -msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." -msgstr "Todos as chamadas têm o mesmo número de argumentos." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "i" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10 -msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." -msgstr "Às vezes macros são utilizadas como alternativa." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 +msgid "_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _n" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12 -msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" -msgstr "No entanto, os parâmetros da função podem ser tipos genéricos:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 +msgid "_." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:20 -msgid "\"coin toss: {}\"" -msgstr "\"lance da moeda: {}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid "_ is even, then _n" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:20 -msgid "\"heads\"" -msgstr "\"cara\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "i+1" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:20 -msgid "\"tails\"" -msgstr "\"coroa\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid " = n" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:21 -msgid "\"cash prize: {}\"" -msgstr "\"prêmio em dinheiro: {}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 +msgid " / 2_." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27 -msgid "" -"When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind of " -"limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later " -"section." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid "_ is odd, then _n" msgstr "" -"Ao usar tipos genéricos, o `Into` da biblioteca padrão pode fornecer um " -"tipo de polimorfismo limitado nos tipos de argumento. Veremos mais detalhes " -"em uma seção posterior." -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 1: Exercícios Matinais" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid " = 3 * n" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3 -msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" -msgstr "Nestes exercícios, vamos explorar duas partes do Rust:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 +msgid " + 1_." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5 -msgid "Implicit conversions between types." -msgstr "Conversões implícitas entre tipos." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "For example, beginning with _n" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7 -msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." -msgstr "Matrizes (_Arrays_) e _loops_ (laços) `for`." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 +msgid "_ = 3:" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11 -msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" -msgstr "Algumas coisas a considerar ao resolver os exercícios:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "3 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13 -msgid "" -"Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" -"completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) " -"for details on installing Rust." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "2" msgstr "" -"Se possível, use uma instalação local do Rust. Desta forma, você pode obter " -"preenchimento automático em seu editor. Veja a página sobre [Utilização do " -"Cargo](../../cargo.md) para detalhes sobre instalação do Rust." -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17 -msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." -msgstr "Alternativamente, utilize o Rust Playground." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 +msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19 -msgid "" -"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose " -"their state if you navigate away from the page." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 +msgid "10 is even, so _n" msgstr "" -"Os trechos de código não são editáveis de propósito: os trechos de código " -"embutidos perdem seu estado se você sair da página." -#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 -msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"morning.md) provided." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 +msgid "3" msgstr "" -"Depois de ver os exercícios, você pode ver as [soluções](solutions-morning." -"md) fornecidas." -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " -"([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" -"implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 +msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" msgstr "" -"Rust não aplicará automaticamente _conversões implícitas_ entre os tipos " -"([ao contrário de C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" -"implicit_conversion)). Você pode ver isso em um programa como este:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:15 -msgid "\"{x} * {y} = {}\"" -msgstr "\"{x} * {y} = {}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "5 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19 -msgid "" -"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The " -"`From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into` " -"trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type " -"expresses that it can be converted into another type." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 +msgid "4" msgstr "" -"Todos os tipos inteiros do Rust implementam os _traits_ [`From`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) e [`Into`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) para nos deixar converter entre " -"eles. O trait `From` tem um único método `from()` e da mesma forma, o " -"trait `Into` tem um único método `into()`. A implementação desses traits " -"é como um tipo expressa que pode ser convertido em outro tipo." -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25 -msgid "" -"The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " -"means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " -"calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From for " -"i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into for " -"i8`." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 +msgid "_ = 3 * 15 + 1 = 16;" msgstr "" -"A biblioteca padrão tem uma implementação de `From for i16`, o que " -"significa que podemos converter uma variável `x` do tipo `i8` para um `i16` " -"chamando `i16::from(x)`. Ou, mais simples, com `x.into()`, porque a " -"implementação `From for i16` cria automaticamente uma implementação de " -"`Into for i8`." -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30 -msgid "" -"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so " -"it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " -"implementation automatically." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "16 is even, so _n" msgstr "" -"O mesmo se aplica às suas próprias implementações de `From` para seus " -"próprios tipos, logo é suficiente implementar apenas `From` para obter uma " -"respectiva implementação `Into` automaticamente." -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33 -msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." -msgstr "Execute o programa acima e observe o erro de compilação." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "5" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35 -msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." -msgstr "Atualize o código acima para utilizar `into()` para fazer a conversão." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 +msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37 -msgid "" -"Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " -"`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " -"converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " -"[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait." -"From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you check." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "8 is even, so _n" msgstr "" -"Mude os tipos de `x` e `y` para outros tipos (como `f32`, `bool`, `i128`) " -"para ver quais tipos você pode converter para quais outros tipos. " -"Experimente converter tipos pequenos em tipos grandes e vice-versa. " -"Verifique a [documentação da biblioteca padrão](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/convert/trait.From.html) para ver se `From` está implementado para os " -"pares que você verificar." -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3 -msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" -msgstr "Matrizes (_Arrays_) e _Loops_ (Laços) `for`" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 +msgid "6" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3 -msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" -msgstr "Vimos que uma matriz pode ser declarada assim:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 +msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9 -msgid "" -"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}" -"`:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "4 is even, so _n" msgstr "" -"Você pode imprimir tal matriz solicitando sua representação de depuração com " -"`{:?}`:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:14 -msgid "\"array: {array:?}\"" -msgstr "\"matriz: {array:?}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "7" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18 -msgid "" -"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " -"keyword:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 +msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" msgstr "" -"Rust permite iterar em coisas como matrizes e _ranges_ (faixas ou " -"intervalos) usando a palavra-chave `for`:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:24 -msgid "\"Iterating over array:\"" -msgstr "\"Iterando sobre a matriz:\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 +msgid "2 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:26 -msgid "\" {n}\"" -msgstr "\" {n}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 +msgid "8" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:30 -msgid "\"Iterating over range:\"" -msgstr "\"Iterando sobre um range:\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 +msgid "_ = 1; and" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:32 -msgid "\" {}\"" -msgstr "\" {}\"" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:19 +msgid "the sequence terminates." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:21 msgid "" -"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix " -"and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into " -"columns):" +"Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given " +"initial `n`." msgstr "" -"Use o exercício acima para escrever uma função `pretty_print` que imprime " -"uma matriz e uma função `transpose` que irá transpor uma matriz (transformar " -"linhas em colunas):" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41 -msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n" -"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n" -" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n" -"```" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:25 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47 -msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." -msgstr "Limite ambas as funções a operar em matrizes 3 × 3." +#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:20 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Length: {}\"" +msgstr "" +"\"s2: {s2}\"\n" +"\n" +"// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49 +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md:1 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md:1 +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md:1 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome Back" +msgstr "Bem-vindo" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:3 msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and implement the " -"functions:" +"Tuples and arrays are the first \"compound\" types we have seen. All " +"elements of an array have the same type, while tuples can accommodate " +"different types. Both types have a size fixed at compile time." msgstr "" -"Copie o código abaixo para e implemente as " -"funções:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:53 -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:14 -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:8 src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:26 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:13 -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:19 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:49 -msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" -msgstr "// TODO: remova isto quando você terminar sua implementação .\n" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:66 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:65 -msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" -msgstr "// <-- o comentário faz com que o rustfmt adicione uma nova linha\n" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:27 +msgid "Arrays" +msgstr "Matrizes" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:71 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:70 -msgid "\"matrix:\"" -msgstr "\"matriz:\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +msgid "`[T; N]`" +msgstr "`[T; N]`" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:75 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:74 -msgid "\"transposed:\"" -msgstr "\"transposta:\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:9 +msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" +msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80 -msgid "Bonus Question" -msgstr "Pergunta Bônus" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:9 +msgid "Tuples" +msgstr "Tuplas" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82 -msgid "" -"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your " -"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional " -"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" -msgstr "" -"Você poderia usar slices `&[i32]` em vez de matrizes 3 × 3 fixas no código " -"para o seu argumento e tipos de retorno? Algo como `&[&[i32]]` para um slice-" -"de-slices bidimensional. Por que sim ou por que não?" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." +msgstr "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..." -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87 -msgid "" -"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality " -"implementation." -msgstr "" -"Veja o crate [`ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) para uma implementação " -"de produção." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:10 +msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." +msgstr "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..." -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92 -msgid "" -"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " -"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." -msgstr "" -"A solução e a resposta para a seção de bônus estão disponíveis na Seção " -"[Soluções](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:12 +msgid "Array assignment and access:" +msgstr "Atribuição e acesso a matrizes:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95 -msgid "" -"The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " -"preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." -msgstr "" -"O uso da referência `&matriz` em `for n in &matriz` é uma prévia sutil das " -"questões de propriedade que surgirão à tarde." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:24 +msgid "Tuple assignment and access:" +msgstr "Atribuição e acesso a tuplas:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:98 -msgid "Without the `&`..." -msgstr "Sem o `&`..." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:40 +msgid "Arrays:" +msgstr "Vetores:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:99 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:42 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " -"[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" -"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." +"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " +"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " +"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two " +"different types. Slices, which have a size determined at runtime, are " +"covered later." msgstr "" -"O loop teria sido o que consome a matriz. Esta é uma mudança [introduzida na " -"Edição de 2021](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/rust-2021/" -"IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." +"O valor do tipo matriz `[T; N]` comporta `N` elementos (constante em tempo " +"de compilação) do mesmo tipo `N`. Note que o tamanho de uma matriz é _parte " +"do seu tipo_, o que significa que `[u8; 3]` e `[u8; 4]` são considerados " +"dois tipos diferentes." -#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:102 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:48 msgid "" -"An implicit array copy would have occured. Since `i32` is a copy type, then " -"`[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." +"Try accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Array accesses are checked at " +"runtime. Rust can usually optimize these checks away, and they can be " +"avoided using unsafe Rust." msgstr "" -"Uma cópia implícita da matriz teria ocorrido. Como `i32` é um tipo de cópia " -"(_copy type_), então `[i32; 3]` também é um tipo de cópia." -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable " -"by default:" -msgstr "" -"Rust fornece segurança de tipo por meio de tipagem estática. Variáveis são " -"imutáveis por padrão:" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:52 +msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." +msgstr "Nós podemos usar literais para atribuir valores para matrizes." -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:10 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:54 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"// x = 20;\n" -" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" +"The `println!` macro asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format " +"parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. " +"Types such as integers and strings implement the default output, but arrays " +"only implement the debug output. This means that we must use debug output " +"here." msgstr "" +"Na função `main`, o comando `print` pede a implementação de depuração " +"(_debug_) com o parâmetro de formato formato `?`: `{}` produz a saída " +"padrão, `{:?}` produz a saída de depuração. Nós também poderíamos ter usado " +"`{a}` e `{a:?}` sem especificar o valor depois da string de formato." -#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:59 msgid "" -"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " -"types less and less as the course progresses." +"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " +"easier to read." msgstr "" -"Devido à inferência de tipos, o `i32` é opcional. Gradualmente mostraremos " -"os tipos cada vez menos à medida que o curso progride." - -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3 -msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" -msgstr "Rust verá como a variável é _usada_ para determinar o tipo:" +"Adicionando `#`, p.ex. `{a:#?}`, invoca um formato \"_pretty " +"printing_\" (\"impressão bonita\"), que pode ser mais legível." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:7 -msgid "\"u32: {x}\"" -msgstr "\"u32: {x}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:62 +msgid "Tuples:" +msgstr "Tuplas:" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:11 -msgid "\"i8: {y}\"" -msgstr "\"i8: {y}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:64 +msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." +msgstr "Assim como matrizes, tuplas têm tamanho fixo." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:20 -msgid "// takes_u32(y);\n" -msgstr "// recebe_u32(y);\n" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:66 +msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." +msgstr "Tuplas agrupam valores de diferentes tipos em um tipo composto." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:68 msgid "" -"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " -"constraints given by variable declarations and usages." +"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " +"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." msgstr "" -"Este slide demonstra como o compilador Rust infere tipos com base em " -"restrições dadas por declarações e usos de variáveis." +"Campos de uma tupla podem ser acessados com um ponto e o índice do valor, e." +"g. `t.0`, `t.1`." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:71 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " -"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " -"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration " -"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise " -"code." +"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, " +"and the only valid value of that type --- that is to say both the type and " +"its value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a " +"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide." msgstr "" -"É muito importante enfatizar que variáveis declaradas assim não são de um " -"tipo dinâmico \"qualquer tipo\" que possa armazenar quaisquer dados. O " -"código de máquina gerado por tal declaração é idêntico à declaração " -"explícita de um tipo. O compilador faz o trabalho para nós e nos ajuda a " -"escrever um código mais conciso." +"A tupla vazia `()` também é conhecida como \"tipo unidade\" (_unit type_). É " +"tanto um tipo quanto o único valor válido desse tipo - ou seja, o tipo e seu " +"valor são expressos como `()`. É usado para indicar, por exemplo, que uma " +"função ou expressão não tem valor de retorno, como veremos em um slide " +"futuro." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples-and-arrays.md:75 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " -"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " -"using `_` as a placeholder:" +"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other " +"programming languages." msgstr "" -"O código a seguir informa ao compilador para copiar para um determinado " -"contêiner genérico sem que o código especifique explicitamente o tipo " -"contido, usando `_` como _placeholder_:" - -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:39 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:21 -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:17 -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:45 -msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" -msgstr "\"v: {v:?}\"" +"Você pode pensar nisso como um `void`, que talvez lhe seja familiar de " +"outras linguagens de programação." -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:42 -msgid "\"vv: {vv:?}\"" -msgstr "\"vv: {vv:?}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:3 +msgid "The `for` statement supports iterating over arrays (but not tuples)." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:18 msgid "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" -"HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." +"This functionality uses the `IntoIterator` trait, but we haven't covered " +"that yet." msgstr "" -"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html#method.collect) depende de [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), que [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-HashSet%3CT," -"+S%3E) implementa." - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1 -msgid "Static and Constant Variables" -msgstr "Variáveis Estáticas e Constantes" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:21 msgid "" -"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" -"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " -"the program. " +"The `assert_ne!` macro is new here. There are also `assert_eq!` and `assert!" +"` macros. These are always checked while, debug-only variants like " +"`debug_assert!` compile to nothing in release builds." msgstr "" -"Variáveis estáticas e constantes são duas maneiras diferentes de criar " -"valores com escopo global que não podem ser movidos ou realocados durante a " -"execução do programa. " - -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6 -msgid "`const`" -msgstr "`const`" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " -"inlined wherever they are used:" +"The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " +"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" -"Constantes são avaliadas em tempo de compilação e seus valores são " -"incorporados onde quer que sejam usados:" +"A palavra-chave `match` permite que você corresponda um valor a um ou mais " +"_padrões_ (_patterns_). As comparações são feitas de cima para baixo e a " +"primeira correspondência encontrada é selecionada." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:24 src/memory-management/stack.md:8 -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:36 src/std/string.md:8 -#: src/traits/read-write.md:35 src/testing/unit-tests.md:20 -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:25 src/testing/test-modules.md:12 -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:9 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:26 -msgid "\"Hello\"" -msgstr "\"Olá\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:6 +msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" +msgstr "" +"Os padrões podem ser valores simples, similarmente a `switch` em C e C++:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:25 -msgid "\"Digest: {digest:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Resumo: {digest:?}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:11 +msgid "'x'" +msgstr "'x'" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29 -msgid "" -"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "'q'" +msgstr "'q'" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:13 +msgid "\"Quitting\"" +msgstr "\"Encerrando\"" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:62 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:62 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'a'" +msgstr "'a'" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'s'" +msgstr "'s'" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'w'" +msgstr "'w'" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "'d'" +msgstr "'d'" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:14 +msgid "\"Moving around\"" +msgstr "\"Movendo por ai\"" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 src/error-handling/exercise.md:54 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:56 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:54 src/error-handling/solution.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'0'" +msgstr "'0'" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 src/error-handling/exercise.md:54 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:56 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:54 src/error-handling/solution.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +msgid "'9'" +msgstr "'9'" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:15 +msgid "\"Number input\"" +msgstr "\"Entrada de número\"" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:16 +msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\"" msgstr "" -"De acordo com o [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), eles são expandidos no próprio local (_inline_) quando " -"utilizados." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:17 +msgid "\"Something else\"" +msgstr "\"Alguma outra coisa\"" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:22 msgid "" -"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " -"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." +"The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The " +"expressions _must_ be irrefutable, meaning that it covers every possibility, " +"so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case." msgstr "" -"Somente funções marcadas como `const` podem ser chamadas em tempo de " -"compilação para gerar valores `const`. As funções `const` podem, entretanto, " -"ser chamadas em tempo de execução." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33 -msgid "`static`" -msgstr "`static`" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:26 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Match can be used as an expression. Just like `if`, each match arm must have " +"the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In the " +"example above, the type is `()`." +msgstr "" +"Assim como `if let`, cada braço de correspondência deve ter o mesmo tipo. O " +"tipo é a última expressão do bloco, se houver. No exemplo acima, o tipo é " +"`()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:35 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:30 msgid "" -"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " -"therefore will not move:" +"A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that " +"can be used within the match arm." msgstr "" -"Variáveis estáticas permanecerão válidas durante toda a execução do programa " -"e, portanto, não serão movidas:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:38 -msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\"" -msgstr "\"Bem-vindo ao RustOS 3.14\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:33 +msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true." +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41 -msgid "\"{BANNER}\"" -msgstr "\"{BANNER}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:37 src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:34 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:28 src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:68 +msgid "Key Points:" +msgstr "Pontos Chave:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:45 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:39 msgid "" -"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" -"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " -"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, " -"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " -"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " -"`const` is generally preferred." +"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " +"pattern" msgstr "" -"Conforme observado no [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-" -"const-vs-static.html), eles não são expandidos no local (_inlined_) quando " -"utilizados e possuem um local de memória real associado. Isso é útil para " -"código inseguro (_unsafe_) e embarcado, e a variável é válida durante toda a " -"execução do programa. Quando um valor de escopo global não tem uma razão " -"para precisar de identidade de objeto, geralmente `const` é preferido." +"Você pode apontar como alguns caracteres específicos podem ser usados em um " +"padrão" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:41 +msgid "`|` as an `or`" +msgstr "`|` como um `ou`" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:42 +msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" +msgstr "`..` pode expandir o quanto for necessário" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:43 +msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" +msgstr "`1..=5` representa um intervalo inclusivo" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:44 +msgid "`_` is a wild card" +msgstr "`_` é um curinga" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:46 msgid "" -"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " -"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible " -"to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any " -"access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../" -"unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust." +"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " +"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " +"allow." msgstr "" -"Como variáveis estáticas (`static`) são acessíveis de qualquer _thread_, " -"elas precisam ser `Sync`. A mutabilidade interior é possível através de um " -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atômico ou " -"similar. Também é possível ter variáveis estáticas mutáveis, mas elas exigem " -"sincronização manual de forma que qualquer acesso a elas requer código " -"“inseguro”. Veremos [variáveis estáticas mutáveis](../unsafe/mutable-static-" -"variables.md) no capítulo sobre _Unsafe Rust_." +"Guardas de correspondência, como um recurso de sintaxe separado, são " +"importantes e necessárias quando se quer expressar ideias mais complexas do " +"que somente o padrão permitiria." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:57 -msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:48 +msgid "" +"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " +"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " +"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " +"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." msgstr "" -"Mencione que `const` se comporta semanticamente de maneira similar ao " -"`constexpr` de C++." +"Eles não são iguais à expressão `if` separada dentro do bloco de " +"correspondência. Uma expressão `if` dentro do bloco de ramificação (depois " +"de `=>`) acontece depois que a correspondência é selecionada. A falha na " +"condição `if` dentro desse bloco não resultará em outras verificações de " +"correspondência da expressão `match` original serem consideradas." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/match.md:52 msgid "" -"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " -"global variable in C++." +"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " +"with an `|`." msgstr "" -"Por outro lado, `static` é muito mais similar a um `const` ou variável " -"global mutável em C++." +"A condição definida na guarda se aplica a todas as expressões em um padrão " +"com um `|`." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:3 msgid "" -"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " -"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." +"Destructuring is a way of extracting data from a data structure by writing a " +"pattern that is matched up to the data structure, binding variables to " +"subcomponents of the data structure." msgstr "" -"`static` fornece identidade de objeto: um endereço na memória e estado " -"conforme exigido por tipos com mutabilidade interior tais como `Mutex`." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60 -msgid "" -"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " -"it is helpful and safer than using a static." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can destructure tuples and arrays by matching on their elements:" msgstr "" -"Não é muito comum que alguém precise de uma constante avaliada em tempo de " -"execução, mas é útil e mais seguro do que usar uma variável estática." +"Você pode desestruturar vetores, tuplas e _slices_ combinando seus elementos:" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61 -msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:18 +msgid "\"on Y axis\"" msgstr "" -"Dados de `thread_local` podem ser criados com a macro `std::thread_local`." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:63 -msgid "Properties table:" -msgstr "Tabela de propriedades:" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:19 +msgid "\"on X axis\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 -msgid "Property" -msgstr "Propriedade" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:20 +msgid "\"left of Y axis\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 -msgid "Static" -msgstr "Static" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:21 +msgid "\"below X axis\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65 -msgid "Constant" -msgstr "Constant" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:22 +msgid "\"first quadrant\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -msgid "Has an address in memory" -msgstr "Possui um endereço na memória" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:33 +msgid "\"Tell me about {triple:?}\"" +msgstr "\"Fale-me sobre {triple:?}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "Yes" -msgstr "Sim" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:35 +msgid "\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"" +msgstr "\"Primeiro é 0, y = {y} e z = {z}\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67 -msgid "No (inlined)" -msgstr "Não (_inlined_, i.e., expandida no local)" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:36 +msgid "\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"" +msgstr "\"Primeiro é 1 e o resto foi ignorado\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" -msgstr "É válida durante toda a execução do programa" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:37 +msgid "\"All elements were ignored\"" +msgstr "\"Todos os elementos foram ignorados\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "No" -msgstr "Não" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Create a new array pattern using `_` to represent an element." +msgstr "Crie um novo padrão usando `_` para representar um elemento. " -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -msgid "Can be mutable" -msgstr "Pode ser mutável" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:45 +msgid "Add more values to the array." +msgstr "Adicione mais valores ao vetor." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69 -msgid "Yes (unsafe)" -msgstr "Sim (inseguro)" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:46 +msgid "" +"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " +"elements." +msgstr "" +"Aponte que `..` vai expandir para levar em conta um número diferente de " +"elementos." -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -msgid "Evaluated at compile time" -msgstr "Avaliada em tempo de compilação" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:48 +msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" +msgstr "" +"Mostre correspondência com a cauda usando os padrões `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70 -msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" -msgstr "Sim (inicializada em tempo de compilação)" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71 -msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" -msgstr "_Inlined_ (expandida no local) onde quer que seja utilizada" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "What is the type of this variable?" +msgstr "Qual é o tipo de `palavra` em cada laço?" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:11 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " -"the same scope:" +"Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will " +"transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):" msgstr "" -"Você pode sobrepor (_shadow_) variáveis, tanto aquelas de escopos externos " -"quanto variáveis do mesmo escopo:" +"Use o exercício acima para escrever uma função `pretty_print` que imprime " +"uma matriz e uma função `transpose` que irá transpor uma matriz (transformar " +"linhas em colunas):" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:9 -msgid "\"before: {a}\"" -msgstr "\"antes: {a}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:22 +msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices." +msgstr "Limite ambas as funções a operar em matrizes 3 × 3." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:12 src/traits/from-into.md:7 -#: src/traits/from-into.md:19 -msgid "\"hello\"" -msgstr "\"olá\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:24 +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and implement the " +"functions:" +msgstr "" +"Copie o código abaixo para e implemente as " +"funções:" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:13 -msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\"" -msgstr "\"escopo interno: {a}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:28 src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:20 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:14 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:51 +msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" +msgstr "// TODO: remova isto quando você terminar sua implementação .\n" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:16 -msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" -msgstr "\"sobreposto no escopo interno: {a}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:37 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:34 +msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" +msgstr "// <-- o comentário faz com que o rustfmt adicione uma nova linha\n" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:19 -msgid "\"after: {a}\"" -msgstr "\"depois: {a}\"" +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:42 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"matriz:\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25 -msgid "" -"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing " -"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available " -"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. " -msgstr "" -"Definição: _Shadowing_ é diferente da mutação, porque após a sobreposição " -"(_shadowing_), os locais de memória de ambas as variáveis existem ao mesmo " -"tempo. Ambas estão disponíveis com o mesmo nome, dependendo de onde você as " -"usa no código. " +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:44 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"transposta:\"" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26 -msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. " -msgstr "Uma variável sobreposta pode ter um tipo diferente. " +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:17 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:25 +msgid "//\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27 +#: src/references/shared.md:3 msgid "" -"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " -"after `.unwrap()`." +"A reference provides a way to access another value without taking " +"responsibility for the value, and is also called \"borrowing\". Shared " +"references are read-only, and the referenced data cannot change." msgstr "" -"A sobreposição parece obscura a princípio, mas é conveniente para manter os " -"valores após `.unwrap()`." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28 +#: src/references/shared.md:20 msgid "" -"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory " -"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type " -"does not change." +"A shared reference to a type `T` has type `&T`. A reference value is made " +"with the `&` operator. The `*` operator \"dereferences\" a reference, " +"yielding its value." msgstr "" -"O código a seguir demonstra por que o compilador não pode simplesmente " -"reutilizar locais de memória ao sobrepor uma variável imutável em um escopo, " -"mesmo que o tipo não seja alterado." -#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:35 src/testing/test-modules.md:8 -msgid "\"{a} {b}\"" -msgstr "\"{a} {b}\"" +#: src/references/shared.md:24 +msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" +msgstr "Rust estaticamente proibirá referências pendentes:" -#: src/memory-management.md:3 -msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" -msgstr "Tradicionalmente, as linguagens se dividem em duas grandes categorias:" - -#: src/memory-management.md:5 -msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." -msgstr "" -"Controle total através do gerenciamento manual de memória: C, C++, " -"Pascal, ..." - -#: src/memory-management.md:6 +#: src/references/shared.md:37 msgid "" -"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " -"Haskell, ..." +"A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to, and this is a good " +"model for students not familiar with pointers: code can use the reference to " +"access the value, but is still \"owned\" by the original variable. The " +"course will get into more detail on ownership in day 3." msgstr "" -"Segurança total através do gerenciamento automático de memória em tempo de " -"execução: Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..." -#: src/memory-management.md:8 -msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" -msgstr "Rust oferece uma nova combinação:" - -#: src/memory-management.md:10 +#: src/references/shared.md:42 msgid "" -"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " -"management." +"References are implemented as pointers, and a key advantage is that they can " +"be much smaller than the thing they point to. Students familiar with C or C+" +"+ will recognize references as pointers. Later parts of the course will " +"cover how Rust prevents the memory-safety bugs that come from using raw " +"pointers." msgstr "" -"Controle total **_e_** segurança por imposição do correto gerenciamento de " -"memória em tempo de compilação." - -#: src/memory-management.md:13 -msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." -msgstr "Ele faz isso com um conceito de _ownership_ (posse) explícito." - -#: src/memory-management.md:15 -msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." -msgstr "Primeiro, vamos rever como funciona o gerenciamento de memória." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1 -msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" -msgstr "A Pilha (_Stack_) vs O _Heap_" - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3 -msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." -msgstr "Pilha: Área contínua de memória para variáveis locais." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4 -msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." -msgstr "Os valores têm tamanhos fixos conhecidos em tempo de compilação." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5 -msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." -msgstr "Extremamente rápida: basta mover um ponteiro de pilha." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6 -msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." -msgstr "Fácil de gerenciar: segue chamadas de função." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7 -msgid "Great memory locality." -msgstr "Ótima localidade de memória." -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9 -msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." -msgstr "Heap: Armazenamento de valores fora das chamadas de função." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10 -msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." -msgstr "Valores possuem tamanhos dinâmicos determinados em tempo de execução." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11 -msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." +#: src/references/shared.md:47 +msgid "" +"Rust does not automatically create references for you - the `&` is always " +"required." msgstr "" -"Ligeiramente mais devagar que a pilha: é necessário um pouco de " -"gerenciamento." - -#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12 -msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." -msgstr "Sem garantias de localidade de memória." - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1 -msgid "Stack and Heap Example" -msgstr "Exemplo de Pilha e _Heap_" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3 +#: src/references/shared.md:50 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " -"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" +"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " +"methods (try `r.count_ones()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like " +"in C++." msgstr "" -"A criação de uma `String` coloca metadados de tamanho fixo na pilha e dados " -"dinamicamente dimensionados - a string propriamente dita - no _heap_:" +"Em alguns casos, o Rust desreferenciará automaticamente, em particular ao " +"invocar métodos (tente `ref_x.count_ones()`)." -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28 +#: src/references/shared.md:53 msgid "" -"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " -"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." +"In this example, `r` is mutable so that it can be reassigned (`r = &b`). " +"Note that this re-binds `r`, so that it refers to something else. This is " +"different from C++, where assignment to a reference changes the referenced " +"value." msgstr "" -"Mencione que uma `String` é suportada por um `Vec`, portanto ela tem um " -"tamanho e capacidade e pode crescer se for mutável por meio de realocação no " -"heap." -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30 +#: src/references/shared.md:57 msgid "" -"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " -"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" -"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " -"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" +"A shared reference does not allow modifying the value it refers to, even if " +"that value was mutable. Try `*r = 'X'`." msgstr "" -"Se os alunos perguntarem sobre isso, você pode mencionar que a memória " -"subjacente é alocada no heap usando o _[System Allocator](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html)_ e os alocadores personalizados podem " -"ser implementados usando a _[API Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"alloc/index.html)_." -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32 +#: src/references/shared.md:60 msgid "" -"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should " -"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" +"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " +"enough. Dangling references cannot occur in safe Rust. `x_axis` would return " +"a reference to `point`, but `point` will be deallocated when the function " +"returns, so this will not compile." msgstr "" -"Podemos inspecionar o layout da memória com código inseguro (`unsafe`). No " -"entanto, você deve apontar que isso é legitimamente inseguro!" - -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:37 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:34 -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:7 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:27 -msgid "' '" -msgstr "' '" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:38 -msgid "\"world\"" -msgstr "\"mundo\"" +#: src/references/shared.md:65 +msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." +msgstr "Falaremos mais sobre empréstimos quando chegarmos à _ownership_." -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:39 +#: src/references/exclusive.md:3 msgid "" -"// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" -" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " -"to\n" -" // undefined behavior.\n" +"Exclusive references, also known as mutable references, allow changing the " +"value they refer to. They have type `&mut T`." msgstr "" -"// NÃO FAÇA ISSO EM CASA! Somente com propósito educacional.\n" -" // String não fornece nenhuma garantia sobre o seu layout, então isso " -"pode causar\n" -" // um comportamento indefinido.\n" -#: src/memory-management/stack.md:44 -msgid "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\"" -msgstr "\"Ponteiro = {ptr:#x}, tamanho = {len}, capacidade = {capacity}\"" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3 -msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." -msgstr "Você mesmo aloca e desaloca memória no heap." - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5 +#: src/references/exclusive.md:21 msgid "" -"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " -"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." +"\"Exclusive\" means that only this reference can be used to access the " +"value. No other references (shared or exclusive) can exist at the same time, " +"and the referenced value cannot be accessed while the exclusive reference " +"exists. Try making an `&point.0` or changing `point.0` while `x_coord` is " +"alive." msgstr "" -"Se isto não for feito com cuidado, travamentos, bugs, vulnerabilidades de " -"segurança e vazamentos de memória podem ocorrer." -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7 -msgid "C Example" -msgstr "Exemplo em C" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9 -msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" -msgstr "Você deve chamar `free` em cada ponteiro que alocar com `malloc`:" - -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:14 +#: src/references/exclusive.md:26 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"//\n" -" // ... lots of code\n" -" //\n" +"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut x_coord: &i32` and `let " +"x_coord: &mut i32`. The first one represents a shared reference which can be " +"bound to different values, while the second represents an exclusive " +"reference to a mutable value." msgstr "" -"//\n" -" // ... várias linhas de código\n" -" //\n" +"Certifique-se de observar a diferença entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` e `let " +"ref_x: &mut i32`. O primeiro representa uma referência mutável que pode ser " +"ligada a diferentes valores, enquanto o segundo representa uma referência a " +"um valor mutável." -#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21 +#: src/references/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: " -"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the " -"pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security " -"vulnerabilities." +"We will create a few utility functions for 3-dimensional geometry, " +"representing a point as `[f64;3]`. It is up to you to determine the function " +"signatures." msgstr "" -"Memória é vazada se a função retornar mais cedo entre `malloc` e `free`: o " -"ponteiro é perdido e não podemos liberar a memória. Pior ainda, liberando o " -"ponteiro duas vezes, ou acessando um ponteiro já liberado pode levar a " -"vulnerabilidades de segurança." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3 +#: src/references/exercise.md:7 msgid "" -"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." +"// Calculate the magnitude of a vector by summing the squares of its " +"coordinates\n" +"// and taking the square root. Use the `sqrt()` method to calculate the " +"square\n" +"// root, like `v.sqrt()`.\n" msgstr "" -"Construtores e destrutores permitem que o tempo de vida de um objeto seja " -"rastreado." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5 +#: src/references/exercise.md:15 msgid "" -"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is " -"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception " -"is raised." +"// Normalize a vector by calculating its magnitude and dividing all of its\n" +"// coordinates by that magnitude.\n" msgstr "" -"Ao envolver um ponteiro em um objeto, você pode liberar memória quando o " -"objeto é destruído. O compilador garante que isso aconteça, mesmo que uma " -"exceção seja lançada." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9 -msgid "" -"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " -"gives you smart pointers." +#: src/references/exercise.md:23 +msgid "// Use the following `main` to test your work.\n" msgstr "" -"Isso geralmente é chamado de _aquisição de recursos é inicialização_ " -"(_Resource Acquisition Is Initialization_, RAII) e fornece ponteiros " -"inteligentes (_smart pointers_)." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12 -msgid "C++ Example" -msgstr "Exemplo em C++" +#: src/references/exercise.md:27 src/references/solution.md:22 +msgid "\"Magnitude of a unit vector: {}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20 -msgid "" -"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory " -"allocated on the heap." +#: src/references/exercise.md:30 src/references/solution.md:25 +msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?}: {}\"" msgstr "" -"O objeto `std::unique_ptr` é alocado na pilha e aponta para memória alocada " -"no heap." -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22 -msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." -msgstr "No final de `diga_ola`, o destrutor `std::unique_ptr` será executado." +#: src/references/exercise.md:32 src/references/solution.md:27 +msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?} after normalization: {}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23 -msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." -msgstr "O destrutor libera o objeto `Pessoa` para o qual ele aponta." +#: src/references/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// Calculate the magnitude of the given vector.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25 +#: src/references/solution.md:12 msgid "" -"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" +"/// Change the magnitude of the vector to 1.0 without changing its " +"direction.\n" msgstr "" -"Construtores especiais de movimento (_move_) são usados ao passar o " -"_\"ownership\"_ para uma função:" - -#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:28 -msgid "\"Carla\"" -msgstr "\"Carla\"" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1 -msgid "Automatic Memory Management" -msgstr "Gerenciamento Automático de Memória" +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:3 +msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" +msgstr "Como C e C++, Rust tem suporte para `structs` personalizadas:" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3 -msgid "" -"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " -"memory management:" -msgstr "" -"Uma alternativa ao gerenciamento de memória manual e baseado em escopo é o " -"gerenciamento automático de memória:" +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:12 +msgid "\"{} is {} years old\"" +msgstr "\"{} tem {} anos.\"" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6 -msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." -msgstr "O programador nunca aloca ou desaloca memória explicitamente." +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:16 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:87 +msgid "\"Peter\"" +msgstr "\"Pedro\"" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7 -msgid "" -"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " -"programmer." +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:22 +msgid "\"Avery\"" msgstr "" -"Um \"coletor de lixo\" (_garbage collector_) encontra memória não utilizada " -"e a desaloca para o programador." - -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9 -msgid "Java Example" -msgstr "Exemplo em Java" -#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11 -msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" -msgstr "O objeto `pessoa` não é desalocado depois que `digaOla` retorna:" +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:27 +msgid "\"Jackie\"" +msgstr "\"Jackie\"" -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1 -msgid "Memory Management in Rust" -msgstr "Gerenciamento de Memória no Rust" +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:36 +msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." +msgstr "Structs funcionam como em C ou C++." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3 -msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" -msgstr "O gerenciamento de memória no Rust é uma combinação:" +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:37 +msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." +msgstr "" +"Como em C++, e ao contrário de C, nenhum _`typedef`_ é necessário para " +"definir um tipo." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5 -msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." -msgstr "Seguro e correto como Java, mas sem um coletor de lixo." +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:38 +msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." +msgstr "Ao contrário do C++, não há herança entre _structs_." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:39 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, " -"can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference " -"counted." +"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " +"structs." msgstr "" -"Dependendo de qual abstração (ou combinação de abstrações) você escolher, " -"pode ser um simples ponteiro único, referência contada ou referência " -"atomicamente contada." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7 -msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." -msgstr "Baseado em escopo como C++, mas o compilador impõe adesão total." +"Este pode ser um bom momento para que as pessoas saibam que existem " +"diferentes tipos de _structs_." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:8 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:41 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " -"have no cost at runtime like C." +"Zero-sized structs (e.g. `struct Foo;`) might be used when implementing a " +"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " +"value itself." msgstr "" -"Um usuário do Rust pode escolher a abstração certa para a situação, algumas " -"até sem custo em tempo de execução como C." - -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10 -msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." -msgstr "O Rust consegue isso modelando o _ownership_ (posse) explicitamente." +"_Structs_ de tamanho zero `por exemplo, struct Foo;` podem ser usadas ao " +"implementar uma característica em algum tipo, mas não possuem nenhum dado " +"que você deseja armazenar nelas." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:44 msgid "" -"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " -"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " -"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential " -"errors in C." +"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " +"not important." msgstr "" -"Neste ponto, se perguntado como, você pode mencionar que em Rust isso " -"geralmente é tratado por _wrappers_ (invólucros) RAII tais como [Box]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"rc/struct.Rc.html) ou [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc." -"html). Eles encapsulam a propriedade (ownership) e a alocação de memória por " -"vários meios e previnem os erros possíveis em C." +"O próximo slide apresentará as estruturas tuplas (_Estruturas Tupla_) usadas " +"quando o nome dos campos não são importantes." -#: src/memory-management/rust.md:16 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:46 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." +"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " +"struct using a shorthand." msgstr "" -"Aqui você pode ser perguntado sobre destrutores, o _trait_ [Drop](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) é o equivalente em Rust." +"Se você já tiver variáveis com os nomes corretos, poderá criar a estrutura " +"(_struct_) usando uma abreviação:" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3 -msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:48 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The syntax `..avery` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " +"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " +"the last element." msgstr "" -"Aqui está uma comparação aproximada das técnicas de gerenciamento de memória." +"A sintaxe `..pedro` permite copiar a maioria dos campos de uma _struct_ sem " +"precisar explicitar seus tipos. Sempre deve ser o último elemento." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5 -msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" -msgstr "Vantagens de Diferentes Técnicas de Gerenciamento de Memória" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:7 +msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" +msgstr "" +"Se os nomes dos campos não forem importantes, você pode usar uma estrutura " +"de tupla:" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 src/memory-management/comparison.md:22 -msgid "Manual like C:" -msgstr "Manual como C:" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:14 +msgid "\"({}, {})\"" +msgstr "\"({}, {})\"" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:8 src/memory-management/comparison.md:14 -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:17 -msgid "No runtime overhead." -msgstr "Nenhuma sobrecarga em tempo de execução." +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:18 +msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" +msgstr "" +"Isso é comumente utilizado para _wrappers_ (invólucros) com campo único " +"(chamados _newtypes_):" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:9 src/memory-management/comparison.md:26 -msgid "Automatic like Java:" -msgstr "Automático como Java:" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:25 +msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\"" +msgstr "\"Pergunte para um cientista de foguetes da NASA\"" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:10 -msgid "Fully automatic." -msgstr "Totalmente automatizado." +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:14 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:98 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:101 +msgid "// ...\n" +msgstr "// …\n" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:11 -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:18 -msgid "Safe and correct." -msgstr "Seguro e correto." +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:40 +msgid "" +"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " +"a primitive type, for example:" +msgstr "" +"_Newtypes_ são uma ótima maneira de codificar informações adicionais sobre o " +"valor em um tipo primitivo, por exemplo:" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:12 -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:29 -msgid "Scope-based like C++:" -msgstr "Baseado em escopo como C++:" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:42 +msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." +msgstr "O número é medido em algumas unidades: `Newtons` no exemplo acima." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:13 -msgid "Partially automatic." -msgstr "Parcialmente automático." +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " +"to validate it again at every use: `PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`." +msgstr "" +"O valor passou por alguma validação quando foi criado, então não é preciso " +"validá-lo novamente a cada uso: `NumeroTelefone(String)` ou " +"`NumeroImpar(u32)`." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:15 -msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:" -msgstr "Baseado em escopo imposto pelo compilador como Rust:" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:46 +msgid "" +"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " +"single field in the newtype." +msgstr "" +"Demonstre como somar um valor `f64` em um valor do tipo `Newtons` acessando " +"o campo único no _newtype_." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:16 -msgid "Enforced by compiler." -msgstr "Imposto pelo compilador." +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:48 +msgid "" +"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " +"for instance using booleans as integers." +msgstr "" +"Geralmente, Rust não gosta de coisas implícitas, como _unwrapping_ " +"automático ou, por exemplo, usar booleanos como inteiros." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20 -msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" -msgstr "Desvantagens de Diferentes Técnicas de Gerenciamento de Memória" +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:50 +msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." +msgstr "Sobrecarga de operadores é discutido no Dia 3 (_generics_)." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:23 -msgid "Use-after-free." -msgstr "Uso após a liberação (_use-after-free_)." +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:51 +msgid "" +"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." +msgstr "" +"O examplo é uma referência sutil a falha do [Orbitador Climático de Marte]" +"(https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter)." -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:24 -msgid "Double-frees." -msgstr "Liberações duplas (_double-frees_)." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:3 +msgid "" +"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " +"variants:" +msgstr "" +"A palavra-chave `enum` permite a criação de um tipo que possui algumas " +"variantes diferentes:" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:25 -msgid "Memory leaks." -msgstr "Vazamentos de memória." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Simple variant\n" +msgstr "// Variante tupla\n" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:27 -msgid "Garbage collection pauses." -msgstr "Pausas para coleta de lixo." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Tuple variant\n" +msgstr "// Variante tupla\n" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:28 -msgid "Destructor delays." -msgstr "Atrasos na execução de destrutores." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// Struct variant\n" +msgstr "// Variante completa\n" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:30 -msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer (on C++)." -msgstr "Complexo, o programador deve optar em utilizá-las." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"On this turn: {:?}\"" +msgstr "\"s: {s:?}\"" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:31 -msgid "Circular references can lead to memory leaks" -msgstr "Referências circulares podem causar vazamentos de memória" +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type." +msgstr "Enumerações permitem coletar um conjunto de valores em um tipo" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:32 -msgid "Potential runtime overhead" -msgstr "Potencial impacto negativo em desempenho em tempo de execução" +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:31 +msgid "" +"`Direction` is a type with variants. There are two values of `Direction`: " +"`Direction::Left` and `Direction::Right`." +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:33 -msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:" -msgstr "Imposto pelo compilador e baseado em escopo como Rust:" +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:33 +msgid "" +"`PlayerMove` is a type with three variants. In addition to the payloads, " +"Rust will store a discriminant so that it knows at runtime which variant is " +"in a `PlayerMove` value." +msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:34 -msgid "Some upfront complexity." -msgstr "Alguma complexidade inicial." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:36 +#, fuzzy +msgid "This might be a good time to compare structs and enums:" +msgstr "Este pode ser um bom momento para comparar _Structs_ e _Enums_:" -#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:35 -msgid "Can reject valid programs." -msgstr "Pode rejeitar programas válidos." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " +"with different types of fields (variant payloads)." +msgstr "" +"Em ambos, você pode ter uma versão simples sem campos (_unit struct_, ou " +"estrutura unitária) ou uma com diferentes tipos de campo." -#: src/ownership.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:39 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " -"to use a variable outside its scope:" +"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " +"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " +"all defined in an enum." msgstr "" -"Todas as associações de variáveis têm um _escopo_ onde são válidas e é um " -"erro usar uma variável fora de seu escopo:" +"Você pode até mesmo implementar as diferentes variantes de uma _Enum_ com " +"_Structs_ separadas, mas elas não seriam do mesmo tipo, como seriam se todas " +"fossem definidas em uma _Enum_. " -#: src/ownership.md:12 -msgid "\"x: {}\"" -msgstr "\"x: {}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:42 +msgid "Rust uses minimal space to store the discriminant." +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership.md:14 -msgid "\"y: {}\"" -msgstr "\"y: {}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:43 +msgid "If necessary, it stores an integer of the smallest required size" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership.md:18 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:44 msgid "" -"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed." +"If the allowed variant values do not cover all bit patterns, it will use " +"invalid bit patterns to encode the discriminant (the \"niche " +"optimization\"). For example, `Option<&u8>` stores either a pointer to an " +"integer or `NULL` for the `None` variant." msgstr "" -"No final do escopo, a variável é eliminada (_\"dropada\"_) e os dados são " -"liberados." - -#: src/ownership.md:19 -msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." -msgstr "Um destrutor pode ser executado aqui para liberar recursos." -#: src/ownership.md:20 -msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value." -msgstr "Dizemos que a variável _possui_ (_owns_) o valor." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3 -msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" -msgstr "Uma atribuição transferirá o _ownership_ entre variáveis:" - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:7 -msgid "\"Hello!\"" -msgstr "\"Olá!\"" - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:10 -msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -msgstr "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14 -msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." -msgstr "A atribuição de `s1` a `s2` transfere o _ownership_." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15 -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." -msgstr "Quando `s1` sai do escopo, nada acontece: ele não tem _ownership_." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:48 +msgid "" +"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" +msgstr "" +"É possível controlar a discriminante se necessário (e.g., para " +"compatibilidade com C):" -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16 -msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." -msgstr "Quando `s2` sai do escopo, os dados da string são liberados." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:66 +msgid "" +"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " +"bytes." +msgstr "" +"Sem `repr`, o tipo da discriminante usa 2 bytes, porque 10001 cabe em 2 " +"bytes." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17 -msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:69 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:75 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:50 src/memory-management/move.md:99 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:83 src/borrowing/shared.md:32 +msgid "More to Explore" msgstr "" -"Há sempre _exatamente_ uma associação de variável que possui (\"_owns_\") um " -"valor." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:71 msgid "" -"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " -"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." +"Rust has several optimizations it can employ to make enums take up less " +"space." msgstr "" -"Mencione que isso é o oposto dos _defaults_ (padrões) em C++, que copia por " -"valor, a menos que você use `std::move` (e seu construtor esteja definido!)." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:73 msgid "" -"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " -"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " -"are aggressively optimized away." +"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " +"`size_of::>()`." msgstr "" -"Apenas o _ownership_ é movido. A geração de código de máquina para manipular " -"os dados é uma questão de otimização, e essas cópias são agressivamente " -"otimizadas." +"Otimização de ponteiro nulo: para [alguns tipos](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/option/#representation), o Rust garante que `size_of::()` se iguala " +"`size_of::>()`." -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:77 msgid "" -"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." +"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " +"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " +"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." msgstr "" -"Valores simples (tais como inteiros) podem ser marcados como `Copy` (cópia) " -"(veja slides mais adiante)." - -#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27 -msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." -msgstr "No Rust, clones são explícitos (utilizando-se `clone`)." +"Código de exemplo caso queira mostrar como a representação em bits _pode_ " +"ser na prática. É importante apontar que o compilador não oferece nenhuma " +"garantia a respeito dessa representação, portanto isso é completamente " +"inseguro." -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:5 -msgid "\"Rust\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-" +"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of " +"the program." msgstr "" +"Variáveis estáticas e constantes são duas maneiras diferentes de criar " +"valores com escopo global que não podem ser movidos ou realocados durante a " +"execução do programa. " -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10 -msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." -msgstr "Os dados no heap de `s1` são reutilizados para `s2`." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11 -msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." -msgstr "Quando `s1` sai do escopo, nada acontece (foi movido dele)." - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13 -msgid "Before move to `s2`:" -msgstr "Antes de mover para `s2`:" - -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30 -msgid "After move to `s2`:" -msgstr "Depois de mover para `s2`:" +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:6 +msgid "`const`" +msgstr "`const`" -#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:8 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" -": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": s2 : |\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" -": | len | 4 | :\n" -": | capacity | 4 | :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ :\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" +"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are " +"inlined wherever they are used:" msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" Pilha Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": s1 \"(inacessível)\" : : :\n" -": +------------+------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | ponteiro | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" -": | tamanho | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" -": | capacidade | 4 | : | : :\n" -": +------------+------+ : | : :\n" -": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -": s2 : |\n" -": +------------+------+ : |\n" -": | ponteiro | o---+---+--'\n" -": | tamanho | 4 | :\n" -": | capacidade | 4 | :\n" -": +------------+------+ :\n" -": :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" -"```" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1 -msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++" -msgstr "Trabalho Extra em C++ Moderno" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3 -msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" -msgstr "O C++ moderno resolve isso de maneira diferente:" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:6 -msgid "\"Cpp\"" -msgstr "\"Cpp\"" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:7 -msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n" -msgstr "// Duplica os dados em s1.\n" +"Constantes são avaliadas em tempo de compilação e seus valores são " +"incorporados onde quer que sejam usados:" -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:31 msgid "" -"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." +"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." msgstr "" -"Os dados de `s1` no heap são duplicados e `s2` obtém sua própria cópia " -"independente." - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11 -msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." -msgstr "Quando `s1` e `s2` saem de escopo, cada um libera sua própria memória." - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13 -msgid "Before copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Antes da atribuição por cópia:" - -#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30 -msgid "After copy-assignment:" -msgstr "Após atribuição por cópia:" +"De acordo com o [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), eles são expandidos no próprio local (_inline_) quando " +"utilizados." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:33 msgid "" -"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " -"parameter. This transfers ownership:" +"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " +"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." msgstr "" -"Quando você passa um valor para uma função, o valor é atribuído ao parâmetro " -"da função. Isso transfere a _ownership_:" - -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:8 src/traits/impl-trait.md:10 -msgid "\"Hello {name}\"" -msgstr "\"Olá {name}\"" - -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:12 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:56 -msgid "\"Alice\"" -msgstr "\"Alice\"" +"Somente funções marcadas como `const` podem ser chamadas em tempo de " +"compilação para gerar valores `const`. As funções `const` podem, entretanto, " +"ser chamadas em tempo de execução." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:14 -msgid "// say_hello(name);\n" -msgstr "// say_hello(name);\n" +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:36 +msgid "`static`" +msgstr "`static`" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:38 msgid "" -"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " -"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." +"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " +"therefore will not move:" msgstr "" -"Com a primeira chamada para `diga_ola`, `main` desiste da ownership de " -"`nome`. Depois disso, `nome` não pode mais ser usado dentro de `main`." +"Variáveis estáticas permanecerão válidas durante toda a execução do programa " +"e, portanto, não serão movidas:" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:42 +msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\"" +msgstr "\"Bem-vindo ao RustOS 3.14\"" -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:45 +msgid "\"{BANNER}\"" +msgstr "\"{BANNER}\"" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:49 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " -"`say_hello` function." +"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" +"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " +"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, and " +"the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a " +"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, " +"`const` is generally preferred." msgstr "" -"A memória do heap alocada para `name` será liberada no final da função " -"`say_hello`." +"Conforme observado no [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-" +"const-vs-static.html), eles não são expandidos no local (_inlined_) quando " +"utilizados e possuem um local de memória real associado. Isso é útil para " +"código inseguro (_unsafe_) e embarcado, e a variável é válida durante toda a " +"execução do programa. Quando um valor de escopo global não tem uma razão " +"para precisar de identidade de objeto, geralmente `const` é preferido." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22 -msgid "" -"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " -"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:57 +msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`." msgstr "" -"`main` pode manter a ownership se passar `nome` como uma referência " -"(`&name`) e se `say_hello` aceitar uma referência como um parâmetro." +"Mencione que `const` se comporta semanticamente de maneira similar ao " +"`constexpr` de C++." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:58 msgid "" -"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." -"clone()`)." +"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable " +"global variable in C++." msgstr "" -"Alternativamente, `main` pode passar um clone de `nome` na primeira chamada " -"(`name.clone()`)." +"Por outro lado, `static` é muito mais similar a um `const` ou variável " +"global mutável em C++." -#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:60 msgid "" -"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " -"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." +"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " +"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." msgstr "" -"Rust torna mais difícil a criação de cópias inadvertidamente do que o C++, " -"tornando padrão a semântica de movimento e forçando os programadores a " -"tornar os clones explícitos." +"`static` fornece identidade de objeto: um endereço na memória e estado " +"conforme exigido por tipos com mutabilidade interior tais como `Mutex`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:62 msgid "" -"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" +"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " +"it is helpful and safer than using a static." msgstr "" -"Embora a semântica de movimento seja o padrão, certos tipos são copiados por " -"padrão:" +"Não é muito comum que alguém precise de uma constante avaliada em tempo de " +"execução, mas é útil e mais seguro do que usar uma variável estática." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:10 src/control-flow/blocks.md:11 -msgid "\"y: {y}\"" -msgstr "\"y: {y}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:65 +msgid "Properties table:" +msgstr "Tabela de propriedades:" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14 -msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." -msgstr "Esses tipos implementam o _trait_ `Copy`." +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:67 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +msgid "Property" +msgstr "Propriedade" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16 -msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" -msgstr "" -"Você pode habilitar seus próprios tipos para usar a semântica de cópia:" +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:67 +msgid "Static" +msgstr "Static" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:25 -msgid "\"p1: {p1:?}\"" -msgstr "\"p1: {p1:?}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:67 +msgid "Constant" +msgstr "Constant" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:26 -msgid "\"p2: {p2:?}\"" -msgstr "\"p2: {p2:?}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:69 +msgid "Has an address in memory" +msgstr "Possui um endereço na memória" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30 -msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." -msgstr "Após a atribuição, tanto `p1` quanto `p2` possuem seus próprios dados." +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:69 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +msgid "Yes" +msgstr "Sim" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31 -msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." -msgstr "Também podemos usar `p1.clone()` para copiar os dados explicitamente." +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:69 +msgid "No (inlined)" +msgstr "Não (_inlined_, i.e., expandida no local)" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35 -msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" -msgstr "Copia e clonagem não são a mesma coisa:" +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program" +msgstr "É válida durante toda a execução do programa" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:70 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "No" +msgstr "Não" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +msgid "Can be mutable" +msgstr "Pode ser mutável" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:71 +msgid "Yes (unsafe)" +msgstr "Sim (inseguro)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +msgid "Evaluated at compile time" +msgstr "Avaliada em tempo de compilação" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:72 +msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)" +msgstr "Sim (inicializada em tempo de compilação)" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:73 +msgid "Inlined wherever it is used" +msgstr "_Inlined_ (expandida no local) onde quer que seja utilizada" + +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:77 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " -"arbitrary objects." +"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " +"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar." msgstr "" -"Cópia refere-se a cópias bit a bit de regiões de memória e não funciona em " -"objetos arbitrários." +"Como variáveis estáticas (`static`) são acessíveis de qualquer _thread_, " +"elas precisam ser `Sync`. A mutabilidade interior é possível através de um " +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atômico ou " +"similar. Também é possível ter variáveis estáticas mutáveis, mas elas exigem " +"sincronização manual de forma que qualquer acesso a elas requer código " +"“inseguro”. Veremos [variáveis estáticas mutáveis](../unsafe/mutable-static-" +"variables.md) no capítulo sobre _Unsafe Rust_." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38 -msgid "" -"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." +#: src/user-defined-types/static-and-const.md:82 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." msgstr "" -"Cópia não permite lógica personalizada (ao contrário dos construtores de " -"cópia em C++)." +"Dados de `thread_local` podem ser criados com a macro `std::thread_local`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39 +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:3 msgid "" -"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " -"implementing the `Clone` trait." +"A type alias creates a name for another type. The two types can be used " +"interchangeably." msgstr "" -"Clonagem é uma operação mais geral e também permite um comportamento " -"personalizado através da implementação do trait `Clone`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40 -msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." -msgstr "Cópia não funciona em tipos que implementam o trait `Drop`." +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:13 +msgid "// Aliases are more useful with long, complex types:\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29 -msgid "In the above example, try the following:" -msgstr "No exemplo acima, tente o seguinte:" +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:22 +msgid "C programmers will recognize this as similar to a `typedef`." +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " -"is not a `Copy` type." +"We will create a data structure to represent an event in an elevator control " +"system. It is up to you to define the types and functions to construct " +"various events. Use `#[derive(Debug)]` to allow the types to be formatted " +"with `{:?}`." msgstr "" -"Adicione um campo `String` ao `struct Point`. Ele não irá compilar porque " -"`String` não é um tipo `Copy`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:7 msgid "" -"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " -"`println!` for `p1`." +"This exercise only requires creating and populating data structures so that " +"`main` runs without errors. The next part of the course will cover getting " +"data out of these structures." msgstr "" -"Remova `Copy` do atributo `derive`. O erro do compilador agora está no " -"`println!` para `p1`." - -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46 -msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." -msgstr "Mostre que ele funciona se ao invés disso você clonar `p1`." -#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:12 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:4 msgid "" -"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way " -"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " -"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." +"/// An event in the elevator system that the controller must react to.\n" msgstr "" -"Se os alunos perguntarem sobre `derive`, basta dizer que isto é uma forma de " -"gerar código em Rust em tempo de compilação. Nesse caso, as implementações " -"padrão dos traits `Copy` e `Clone` são geradas." -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3 -msgid "" -"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a " -"function _borrow_ the value:" +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:15 +msgid "// TODO: add required variants\n" msgstr "" -"Em vez de transferir a ownership ao chamar uma função, você pode permitir " -"que uma função _empreste_ o valor:" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:18 src/ownership/borrowing.md:45 -msgid "\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:17 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:22 +msgid "/// A direction of travel.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22 -msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:24 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:39 +msgid "/// The car has arrived on the given floor.\n" msgstr "" -"A função `add` _pega emprestado_ (_borrows_) dois pontos e retorna um novo " -"ponto." -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23 -msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." -msgstr "O chamador mantém a _ownership_ das entradas." +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:29 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:44 +msgid "/// The car doors have opened.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27 -msgid "Notes on stack returns:" -msgstr "Notas sobre os retornos da pilha:" +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:34 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:49 +msgid "/// The car doors have closed.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:39 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:54 msgid "" -"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " -"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " -"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the " -"assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" " -"optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same " -"when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" +"/// A directional button was pressed in an elevator lobby on the given " +"floor.\n" msgstr "" -"Demonstre que o retorno de `somar` é barato porque o compilador pode " -"eliminar a operação de cópia. Modifique o código acima para imprimir " -"endereços da pilha e execute-o no [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) " -"ou veja o código _assembly_ em [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). No " -"nível de otimização \"DEBUG\", os endereços devem mudar, enquanto eles " -"permanecem os mesmos quando a configuração é alterada para \"RELEASE\":" - -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "\"&p.0: {:p}\"" -msgstr "\"&p3.0: {:p}\"" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:44 -#, fuzzy -msgid "\"&p3.0: {:p}\"" -msgstr "\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:44 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:59 +msgid "/// A floor button was pressed in the elevator car.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48 -msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:52 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:67 +msgid "\"A ground floor passenger has pressed the up button: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -"O compilador Rust pode fazer otimização de valor de retorno (_Return Value " -"Operation_ - RVO)." -#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49 -msgid "" -"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " -"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " -"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " -"copy." +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:55 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:70 +msgid "\"The car has arrived on the ground floor: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -"Em C++, a elisão (omissão) de cópia deve ser definida na especificação da " -"linguagem porque os construtores podem ter efeitos colaterais. Em Rust, isso " -"não é um problema. Se o RVO não aconteceu, o Rust sempre executará uma cópia " -"`memcpy` simples e eficiente." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3 -msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:" -msgstr "O Rust coloca restrições nas formas como você pode emprestar valores:" +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:56 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:71 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"The car door opened: {:?}\"" +msgstr "\"Não foi possível abrir o diário: {err}\"" -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5 -msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_" -msgstr "Você pode ter um ou mais valores `&T` a qualquer momento, _ou_" +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:58 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:73 +msgid "\"A passenger has pressed the 3rd floor button: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6 -msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value." -msgstr "Você pode ter exatamente um valor `&mut T`." +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:61 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:76 +msgid "\"The car door closed: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:18 src/std/rc.md:13 -msgid "\"a: {a}\"" -msgstr "\"a: {a}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:62 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:77 +msgid "\"The car has arrived on the 3rd floor: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:19 src/std/rc.md:14 -msgid "\"b: {b}\"" -msgstr "\"b: {b}\"" +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:7 +msgid "/// A button was pressed.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25 -msgid "" -"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " -"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:10 +msgid "/// The car has arrived at the given floor.\n" msgstr "" -"O código acima não compila porque `a` é emprestado como mutável (através de " -"`c`) e como imutável (através de `b`) ao mesmo tempo." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26 -msgid "" -"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " -"to make the code compile." +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// The car's doors have opened.\n" msgstr "" -"Mova a instrução `println!` para `b` antes do escopo que introduz `c` para " -"fazer o código compilar." -#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27 -msgid "" -"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " -"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " -"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// The car's doors have closed.\n" msgstr "" -"Após essa alteração, o compilador percebe que `b` só é usado antes do novo " -"empréstimo mutável de `a` através de `c`. Este é um recurso do verificador " -"de empréstimo (_borrow checker_) chamado \"tempos de vida não lexicais\"." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3 -msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" -msgstr "Um valor emprestado tem um _tempo de vida_ (_lifetime_):" +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:19 +msgid "/// A floor is represented as an integer.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5 -msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:29 +msgid "/// A user-accessible button.\n" msgstr "" -"O tempo de vida pode ser implícito: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6 -msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:33 +msgid "/// A button in the elevator lobby on the given floor.\n" msgstr "" -"Tempos de vida também podem ser explícitos: `&'a Point`, `&'documento str`." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23 -msgid "" -"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " -"lifetime `a`\"." +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:36 +msgid "/// A floor button within the car.\n" msgstr "" -"Leia `&'a Point` como \"um `Point` emprestado que é válido por pelo menos o " -"tempo de vida `a`\"." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9 +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Day 2" +msgstr "Bem-vindos ao Dia 2" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " -"yourself." +"Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, today will focus on Rust's type " +"system:" +msgstr "Agora que vimos uma boa quantidade de Rust, continuaremos com:" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Pattern matching: extracting data from structures." +msgstr "Correspondência de padrões: desestruturando enums, structs, e arrays." + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7 +msgid "Methods: associating functions with types." msgstr "" -"Tempos de vida são sempre inferidos pelo compilador: você não pode atribuir " -"um tempo de vida você mesmo." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11 -msgid "" -"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is " -"a valid solution." +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8 +msgid "Traits: behaviors shared by multiple types." msgstr "" -"Anotações de tempo de vida criam restrições; o compilador verifica se há uma " -"solução válida." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13 -msgid "" -"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " -"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " -"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9 +msgid "Generics: parameterizing types on other types." msgstr "" -"Tempos de vida para argumentos de função e valores de retorno precisam ser " -"completamente especificados, mas o Rust permite que eles sejam omitidos na " -"maioria das vezes com [algumas regras simples](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3 +#: src/welcome-day-2.md:10 msgid "" -"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " -"value:" +"Standard library types and traits: a tour of Rust's rich standard library." msgstr "" -"Além de emprestar seus argumentos, uma função pode retornar um valor " -"emprestado:" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:17 -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:47 -msgid "\"left-most point: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Ponto mais à esquerda: {:?}\"" +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:3 +msgid "Like tuples, structs and enums can also be destructured by matching:" +msgstr "" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21 -msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." -msgstr "`'a` é um parâmetro genérico, ele é inferido pelo compilador." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:5 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:58 +msgid "Structs" +msgstr "Structs" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22 -msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." -msgstr "Os tempos de vida começam com `'` e `'a` é um name padrão típico." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:17 +msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" +msgstr "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25 -msgid "" -"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." -msgstr "" -"A parte _pelo menos_ é importante quando os parâmetros estão em escopos " -"diferentes." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:18 +msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" +msgstr "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:19 +msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" +msgstr "\"y = {y}, outros campos foram ignorados\"" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:26 msgid "" -"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " -"resulting in the following code:" +"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " +"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " +"`enum` type:" msgstr "" -"Mova a declaração de `p2` e `p3` para um novo escopo (`{ ... }`), resultando " -"no seguinte código:" +"Os padrões também podem ser usados para vincular variáveis a partes de seus " +"valores. É assim que você inspeciona a estrutura de seus tipos. Vamos " +"começar com um tipo `enum` simples:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:39 +msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" +msgstr "\"não é possível dividir {n} em duas partes iguais\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:46 +msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" +msgstr "\"{n} divido em dois é {half}\"" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50 -msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." -msgstr "Note como isto não compila uma vez que `p3` vive mais que `p2`." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:47 +msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" +msgstr "\"desculpe, aconteceu um erro: {msg}\"" -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:52 msgid "" -"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, " -"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile " -"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear." +"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " +"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " +"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." msgstr "" -"Reinicie o espaço de trabalho e altere a assinatura da função para `fn " -"left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. Isso não será " -"compilado porque a relação entre os tempos de vida `'a` e `'b` não é clara." +"Aqui usamos a verificação de correspondência para _desestruturar_ o valor " +"contido em `Result`. Na primeira verificação de correspondência, `half` está " +"vinculado ao valor dentro da variante `Ok`. Na segunda, `msg` está vinculado " +"à mensagem de erro." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53 -msgid "Another way to explain it:" -msgstr "Outra forma de explicar:" +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:60 +msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." +msgstr "Modifique os valores em `foo` para corresponder com os outros padrões." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54 -msgid "" -"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " -"returns another reference." +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:61 +msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." msgstr "" -"Duas referências a dois valores são emprestadas por uma função e a função " -"retorna outra referência." +"Adicione um novo campo a `Foo` e faça mudanças nos padrões conforme " +"necessário." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:62 msgid "" -"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)." +"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " +"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " +"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." msgstr "" -"Ela deve ter vindo de uma dessas duas entradas (ou de uma variável global)." +"A diferença entre uma captura (_capture_) e uma expressão constante pode ser " +"difícil de perceber. Tente modificar o `2` no segundo braço para uma " +"variável, e veja que, de forma sútil, não funciona. Mude para `const` e veja " +"funcionando novamente." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:70 msgid "" -"Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " -"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " -"reference came from." +"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " +"a `match`." msgstr "" -"De qual? O compilador precisa saber, de forma que no local da chamada a " -"referência retornada não seja usada por mais tempo do que uma variável de " -"onde veio a referência." +"A expressão `if`/`else` está retornando um `enum` que é posteriormente " +"descompactado com um `match`." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:72 msgid "" -"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" +"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " +"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " +"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." msgstr "" -"Se um tipo de dados armazena dados emprestados, ele deve ser anotado com um " -"tempo de vida:" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:10 -msgid "\"Bye {text}!\"" -msgstr "\"Até logo {text}!\"" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:14 -msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" -msgstr "\"A raposa marrom ágil pula sobre o cachorro preguiçoso.\"" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:17 -msgid "// erase(text);\n" -msgstr "// erase(text);\n" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:18 -msgid "\"{fox:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{fox:?}\"" - -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:19 -msgid "\"{dog:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{dog:?}\"" +"Você pode tentar adicionar uma terceira variante à definição de Enum e " +"exibir os erros ao executar o código. Aponte os lugares onde seu código " +"agora é \"não exaustivo\" e como o compilador tenta lhe dar dicas." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:75 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " -"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " -"`Highlight` that uses that data." +"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " +"matched." msgstr "" -"No exemplo acima, a anotação em `Highlight` impõe que os dados subjacentes " -"ao `&str` contido vivam pelo menos tanto quanto qualquer instância de " -"`Highlight` que use esses dados." +"Os valores nas variantes de uma _enum_ só podem ser acessados após uma " +"correspondência de padrão. O padrão vincula referências aos campos no " +"\"braço\" do _match_ após `=>`." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:77 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " -"the borrow checker throws an error." +"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " +"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled." msgstr "" -"Se `text` for consumido antes do final do tempo de vida de `fox` (ou `dog`), " -"o verificador de empréstimo lançará um erro." +"Demonstre o que acontece quando a busca não abrange todas as possibilidades. " +"Mencione a vantagem que o compilador do Rust oferece confirmando quando " +"todos os casos foram tratados. " -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring.md:79 msgid "" -"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " -"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " -"somewhat harder to use." +"Save the result of `divide_in_two` in the `result` variable and `match` it " +"in a loop. That won't compile because `msg` is consumed when matched. To fix " +"it, match `&result` instead of `result`. That will make `msg` a reference so " +"it won't be consumed. This [\"match ergonomics\"](https://rust-lang.github." +"io/rfcs/2005-match-ergonomics.html) appeared in Rust 2018. If you want to " +"support older Rust, replace `msg` with `ref msg` in the pattern." msgstr "" -"Tipos com dados emprestados forçam os usuários a manter os dados originais. " -"Isso pode ser útil para criar exibições leves, mas geralmente as tornam um " -"pouco mais difíceis de usar." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28 -msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " +"They are used for pattern matching:" msgstr "" -"Quando possível, faça com que as estruturas de dados possuam (_own_) seus " -"dados diretamente." -#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29 -msgid "" -"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " -"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " -"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " -"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." -msgstr "" -"Algumas _structs_ com múltiplas referências internas podem ter mais de uma " -"anotação de tempo de vida. Isso pode ser necessário se houver a necessidade " -"de descrever-se relacionamentos de tempo de vida entre as próprias " -"referências, além do tempo de vida da própria _struct_. Esses são casos de " -"uso bastante avançados." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 1: Exercícios da Tarde" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3 -msgid "We will look at two things:" -msgstr "Nós iremos ver duas coisas:" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:6 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:10 +msgid "`if let` expressions" +msgstr "Expressões `if let`" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5 -msgid "A small book library," -msgstr "Uma pequena biblioteca literária," +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`while let` expressions" +msgstr "Loops while let" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7 -msgid "Iterators and ownership (hard)." -msgstr "Iteradores e _ownership_ (difícil)." +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:8 +msgid "`match` expressions" +msgstr "Expressões `match` (Correspondência)" -#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:12 msgid "" -"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." +"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " +"whether a value matches a pattern:" msgstr "" -"Depois de ver os exercícios, você pode ver as [soluções](solutions-afternoon." -"md) fornecidas." +"A [expressão `if let` ](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" +"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lhe permite que você execute um código " +"diferente, dependendo se um valor corresponde a um padrão:" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"slept for {:?}\"" +msgstr "\"Ponto mais à esquerda: {:?}\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`let else` expressions" +msgstr "Expressões `if let`" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:35 msgid "" -"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " -"now, you just need to know part of its API:" +"For the common case of matching a pattern and returning from the function, " +"use [`let else`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/" +"let_else.html). The \"else\" case must diverge (`return`, `break`, or panic " +"- anything but falling off the end of the block)." msgstr "" -"Nós iremos aprender muito mais sobre _structs_ e o tipo `Vec` amanhã. Por " -"hora, você só precisa conhecer parte de sua API:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:11 -msgid "\"middle value: {}\"" -msgstr "\"valor do meio: {}\"" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:45 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:107 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"got None\"" +msgstr "\"none\"" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:13 -msgid "\"item: {item}\"" -msgstr "\"item: {item}\"" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:51 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:111 +msgid "\"got empty string\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:18 -msgid "" -"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " -" and update the types to make it compile:" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:57 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:115 +msgid "\"not a hex digit\"" msgstr "" -"Use isto para modelar uma coleção de livros de uma biblioteca. Copie o " -"código abaixo para e atualize os tipos para " -"compilar:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:32 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:33 -msgid "// This is a constructor, used below.\n" -msgstr "// Este é um construtor, utilizado abaixo.\n" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:62 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:113 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"result: {:?}\"" +msgstr "\"s: {s:?}\"" + +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:62 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:114 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:115 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:116 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:16 +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:87 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:90 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:11 src/testing/googletest.md:12 +#: src/testing/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"foo\"" +msgstr "\"foo\"" -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:40 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:41 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:66 msgid "" -"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" -"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" -"//\n" -"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" -"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" -"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" +"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " +"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" msgstr "" -"// Implemente os métodos abaixo. Atualize o parâmetro `self` para\n" -"// indicar o nível requerido de ownership sobre o objeto:\n" -"//\n" -"// - `&self` para acesso compartilhado de apenas leitura,\n" -"// - `&mut self` para acesso mutável exclusivo,\n" -"// - `self` para acesso exclusivo por valor.\n" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:49 -msgid "\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\"" -msgstr "\"Inicialize e retorne um valor `Biblioteca`\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:52 -msgid "" -"//fn len(self) -> usize {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -msgstr "" -"//fn tamanho(self) -> usize {\n" -" // todo!(\"Retorne o tamanho de `self.livros`\")\n" -" //}\n" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:56 -msgid "" -"//fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" -" //}\n" -msgstr "" -"//fn esta_vazia(self) -> bool {\n" -" // todo!(\"Retorne `true` se `self.livros` for vazio\")\n" -" //}\n" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:60 -msgid "" -"//fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -msgstr "" -"//fn adicionar_livro(self, book: Livro) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Adicione um novo livro em `self.livros`\")\n" -" //}\n" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:64 -msgid "" -"//fn print_books(self) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " -"year\")\n" -" //}\n" -msgstr "" -"//fn imprimir_livros(self) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Itere sobre `self.livros` e sobre o título e ano de cada " -"livro\")\n" -" //}\n" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:68 -msgid "" -"//fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" -" //}\n" -msgstr "" -"//fn livro_mais_antigo(self) -> Option<&Livro> {\n" -" // todo!(\"Retorne uma referência para o livro mais antigo (se " -"houver)\")\n" -" //}\n" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:72 -msgid "" -"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" -"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" -"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" -"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" -msgstr "" -"// Isto demonstra o comportamento esperado. Descomente o código abaixo e\n" -"// implemente os métodos que faltam. Você precisará atualizar as\n" -"// assinaturas dos métodos, incluindo o parâmetro \"self\"! Você talvez\n" -"// precise atualizar as atribuições de variável dentro de `main()`.\n" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:80 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:124 -msgid "" -"//println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." -"is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " -"1865));\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", " -"library.is_empty());\n" -" //\n" -" //\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -" //\n" -" //match library.oldest_book() {\n" -" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" -" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" -" //}\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" -" //library.print_books();\n" -msgstr "" -"//println!(\"A biblioteca está vazia: biblioteca.esta_vazia() -> {}\", " -"biblioteca.esta_vazia());\n" -" //\n" -" //biblioteca.adicionar_livro(Livro::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" -" //biblioteca.adicionar_livro(Livro::new(\"Alice's Adventures in " -"Wonderland\", 1865));\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The biblioteca não está mais vazia: biblioteca.esta_vazia() " -"-> {}\", biblioteca.esta_vazia());\n" -" //\n" -" //\n" -" //biblioteca.imprimir_livros();\n" -" //\n" -" //match biblioteca.livro_mais_antigo() {\n" -" // Some(livro) => println!(\"O livro mais antigo é {}\", livro." -"titulo),\n" -" // None => println!(\"A biblioteca está vazia!\"),\n" -" //}\n" -" //\n" -" //println!(\"The biblioteca tem {} livros\", biblioteca.tamanho());\n" -" //biblioteca.imprimir_livros();\n" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:102 -msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" -msgstr "[Soluções](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3 -msgid "" -"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"traits." -msgstr "" -"O modelo de _ownership_ do Rust afeta muitas APIs. Um exemplo disso são os " -"_traits_ [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator." -"html) e [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." -"IntoIterator.html)." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28 -msgid "`Iterator`" -msgstr "`Iterator` (Iterador)" +"Similar a `if let`, há uma variante [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) que testa " +"repetidamente se um valor corresponde a um padrão:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:82 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The " -"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` " -"back:" +"Here [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.pop) returns `Some(c)` until the string is empty, after " +"which it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through " +"all items." msgstr "" -"Os _traits_ são como interfaces: eles descrevem o comportamento (métodos) " -"para um tipo. O _trait_ `Iterator` simplesmente diz que você pode chamar " -"`next` até obter `None` como retorno:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20 -msgid "You use this trait like this:" -msgstr "Você usa esse _trait_ da seguinte forma:" +"Aqui o iterador retornado por `v.into_iter()` retornará uma `Option` em " +"cada chamada para `next()`. Ele retorna `Some(x)` até que seja concluído e, " +"em seguida, retorna `None`. O `while let` nos permite continuar iterando " +"por todos os itens." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:27 -msgid "\"v[0]: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"v[0]: {:?}\"" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:89 +msgid "if-let" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:28 -msgid "\"v[1]: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"v[1]: {:?}\"" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:91 +msgid "" +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " +"it more concise than `match`." +msgstr "" +"Ao contrário de `match`, `if let` não precisa cobrir todas as ramificações. " +"Isso pode torná-lo mais conciso do que `match`." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:29 -msgid "\"v[2]: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"v[2]: {:?}\"" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:93 +msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." +msgstr "Um uso comum é lidar com valores `Some` ao trabalhar com `Option`." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:30 -msgid "\"No more items: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Sem mais itens: {:?}\"" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:94 +msgid "" +"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." +msgstr "" +"Ao contrário de `match`, `if let` não suporta cláusulas de guarda para " +"correspondência de padrões." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34 -msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" -msgstr "Qual é o tipo retornado pelo iterador? Teste sua resposta aqui:" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:96 +msgid "let-else" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:42 -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:79 -msgid "\"v0: {v0:?}\"" -msgstr "\"v0: {v0:?}\"" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:98 +msgid "" +"`if-let`s can pile up, as shown. The `let-else` construct supports " +"flattening this nested code. Rewrite the awkward version for students, so " +"they can see the transformation." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46 -msgid "Why is this type used?" -msgstr "Por que esse tipo?" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:102 +msgid "The rewritten version is:" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48 -msgid "`IntoIterator`" -msgstr "`IntoIterator`" +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:122 +#, fuzzy +msgid "while-let" +msgstr "_Loops_ (Laços) `while let`" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:124 msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " -"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the " -"iterator:" +"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " +"matches the pattern." msgstr "" -"O _trait_ `Iterator` informa como _iterar_ depois de criar um iterador. O " -"_trait_ relacionado `IntoIterator` lhe informa como criar o iterador:" +"Ressalte que o loop `while let` continuará executando enquanto o valor " +"corresponder ao padrão." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:126 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must " -"declare two types:" +"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " +"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `name.pop()`. The " +"`while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." msgstr "" -"A sintaxe aqui significa que toda implementação de `IntoIterator` deve " -"declarar dois tipos:" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65 -msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`," -msgstr "`Item`: o tipo sobre o qual iteramos, como `i8`," +"Você pode reescrever o loop `while let` como um loop infinito com uma " +"instrução `if` que é interrompido quando não houver mais nenhum valor para " +"desempacotar (_unwrap_) para `iter.next()`. O `while let` fornece um atalho " +"para o cenário acima." -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:66 -msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." -msgstr "`IntoIter`: o tipo `Iterator` retornado pelo método `into_iter`." +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:5 msgid "" -"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " -"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" +"The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later " +"in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the " +"tests. To evaluate a boxed expression, use the deref operator (`*`) to " +"\"unbox\" it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`." msgstr "" -"Observe que `IntoIter` e `Item` estão vinculados: o iterador deve ter o " -"mesmo tipo `Item`, o que significa que ele retorna `Option`" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71 -msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" -msgstr "Como antes, qual é o tipo retornado pelo iterador?" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:75 -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:91 -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:35 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:22 -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:14 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:150 -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:151 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:152 -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:21 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:60 -msgid "\"foo\"" -msgstr "\"foo\"" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:75 -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:91 -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:21 -msgid "\"bar\"" -msgstr "\"bar\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83 -msgid "`for` Loops" -msgstr "_Loops_ `for`" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:10 msgid "" -"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " -"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " -"resulting iterator:" +"Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The standard " +"[`Result`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result." +"html) type is an enum that represents either a successful value " +"(`Ok(Value)`) or an error (`Err(String)`). We will cover this type in detail " +"later." msgstr "" -"Agora que conhecemos `Iterator` e `IntoIterator`, podemos construir loops " -"`for`. Eles chamam `into_iter()` em uma expressão e itera sobre o iterador " -"resultante:" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:94 -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:98 -msgid "\"word: {word}\"" -msgstr "\"palavra: {word}\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103 -msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?" -msgstr "Qual é o tipo de `palavra` em cada laço?" +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:15 +msgid "" +"Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing " +"`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use " +"`todo!()` and get the tests to pass one-by-one. You can also skip a test " +"temporarily with `#[ignore]`:" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:26 msgid "" -"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl " -"IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for " -"Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-" -"for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." +"If you finish early, try writing a test that results in division by zero or " +"integer overflow. How could you handle this with `Result` instead of a panic?" msgstr "" -"Experimente com o código acima e depois consulte a documentação para [`impl " -"IntoIterator para &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) e [`impl " -"IntoIterator para Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." -"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) para verificar suas respostas." -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1 -msgid "Welcome to Day 2" -msgstr "Bem-vindos ao Dia 2" +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:30 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:4 +msgid "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3 -msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:" -msgstr "Agora que vimos uma boa quantidade de Rust, continuaremos com:" +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:38 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:12 +msgid "/// An expression, in tree form.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5 -msgid "Structs, enums, methods." -msgstr "Estruturas (structs), enumerações (enums), métodos (methods)." +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:42 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" +msgstr "// Sem parênteses ao redor de expressões\n" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:7 -msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays." -msgstr "Correspondência de padrões: desestruturando enums, structs, e arrays." +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:45 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:19 +msgid "/// A literal value\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:9 -msgid "" -"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and " -"`continue`." +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:104 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:40 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:102 +msgid "\"division by zero\"" msgstr "" -"Construtos de fluxo de controle: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, " -"`break`, e `continue`." -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:112 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"expr: {:?}\"" +msgstr "\"a: {:?}\"" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:3 msgid "" -"The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " -"`Rc` and `Arc`." +"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " +"an `impl` block:" msgstr "" -"A Biblioteca Padrão: `String`, `Option` e `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc` e " -"`Arc`." +"Rust permite que você associe funções aos seus novos tipos. Você faz isso " +"com um bloco `impl`:" -#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15 -msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." -msgstr "" -"Módulos: visibilidade, caminhos (paths), e hierarquia do sistema de arquivos." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:14 +msgid "// No receiver, a static method\n" +msgstr "// Sem receptor, método estático\n" -#: src/structs.md:3 -msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" -msgstr "Como C e C++, Rust tem suporte para `structs` personalizadas:" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:19 +msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n" +msgstr "// Empréstimo único com acesso de leitura e escrita em self\n" -#: src/structs.md:13 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:20 src/methods.md:21 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:87 -msgid "\"Peter\"" -msgstr "\"Pedro\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:24 +msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" +msgstr "// Empréstimo compartilhado com acesso apenas de leitura em self\n" -#: src/structs.md:16 src/structs.md:19 src/structs.md:25 -msgid "\"{} is {} years old\"" -msgstr "\"{} tem {} anos.\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:26 +msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\"" +msgstr "\"Registrou {} voltas para {}:\"" -#: src/structs.md:22 -msgid "\"Jackie\"" -msgstr "\"Jackie\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:28 +msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\"" +msgstr "\"Volta {idx}: {lap} seg\"" -#: src/structs.md:31 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28 src/methods.md:30 -#: src/methods/example.md:46 src/pattern-matching.md:25 -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 -msgid "Key Points:" -msgstr "Pontos Chave:" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:32 +msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self\n" +msgstr "// Propriedade exclusiva de self\n" -#: src/structs.md:33 -msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." -msgstr "Structs funcionam como em C ou C++." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:35 +msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Corrida {} foi encerrada, tempo de voltas total: {}\"" -#: src/structs.md:34 -msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." -msgstr "" -"Como em C++, e ao contrário de C, nenhum _`typedef`_ é necessário para " -"definir um tipo." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:40 +msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" +msgstr "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" -#: src/structs.md:35 -msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." -msgstr "Ao contrário do C++, não há herança entre _structs_." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:47 +msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n" +msgstr "// race.add_lap(42);\n" -#: src/structs.md:36 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:51 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " -"slides." +"The `self` arguments specify the \"receiver\" - the object the method acts " +"on. There are several common receivers for a method:" msgstr "" -"Os métodos são definidos em um bloco _`impl`_, que veremos nos próximos " -"slides." +"O `&self` acima indica que o método toma emprestado o objeto imutavelmente. " +"Existem outros receptores possíveis para um método:" -#: src/structs.md:37 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:54 msgid "" -"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " -"structs. " +"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " +"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" -"Este pode ser um bom momento para que as pessoas saibam que existem " -"diferentes tipos de _structs_." +"`&self`: pega emprestado o objeto do chamador como uma referência " +"compartilhada e imutável. O objeto pode ser usado novamente depois." -#: src/structs.md:38 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:56 msgid "" -"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a " -"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " -"value itself. " +"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " +"reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" -"_Structs_ de tamanho zero `por exemplo, struct Foo;` podem ser usadas ao " -"implementar uma característica em algum tipo, mas não possuem nenhum dado " -"que você deseja armazenar nelas." +"`&mut self`: pega emprestado o objeto do chamador como uma referência única " +"e mutável. O objeto pode ser usado novamente depois." -#: src/structs.md:39 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:58 msgid "" -"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " -"not important." +"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " +"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " +"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly " +"transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." msgstr "" -"O próximo slide apresentará as estruturas tuplas (_Estruturas Tupla_) usadas " -"quando o nome dos campos não são importantes." +"`self`: toma posse do objeto e o move do chamador. O método se torna o " +"proprietário do objeto. O objeto será descartado (desalocado) quando o " +"método retorna, a menos que sua _ownership_ (posse) seja explicitamente " +"transmitida. Posse completa não significa automaticamente mutabilidade." -#: src/structs.md:40 -msgid "" -"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " -"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " -"the last element." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:62 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object." msgstr "" -"A sintaxe `..pedro` permite copiar a maioria dos campos de uma _struct_ sem " -"precisar explicitar seus tipos. Sempre deve ser o último elemento." +"`mut self`: o mesmo que acima, mas enquanto o método possui o objeto, ele " +"pode alterá-lo também." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3 -msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:63 +msgid "" +"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " +"create constructors which are called `new` by convention." msgstr "" -"Se os nomes dos campos não forem importantes, você pode usar uma estrutura " -"de tupla:" +"Sem receptor: isso se torna um método estático (_static_) na estrutura. " +"Normalmente usado para criar construtores que, por convenção, são chamados " +"`new`." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:10 -msgid "\"({}, {})\"" -msgstr "\"({}, {})\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:70 +msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." +msgstr "Pode ser útil introduzir métodos comparando-os com funções." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14 -msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:71 +msgid "" +"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " +"first parameter represents the instance as `self`." msgstr "" -"Isso é comumente utilizado para _wrappers_ (invólucros) com campo único " -"(chamados _newtypes_):" - -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:21 -msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\"" -msgstr "\"Pergunte para um cientista de foguetes da NASA\"" - -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:25 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:14 -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:99 -msgid "// ...\n" -msgstr "// …\n" +"Métodos são chamados em uma instância de um tipo (como _struct_ ou _enum_), " +"o primeiro parâmetro representa a instância como `self`." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:73 msgid "" -"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " -"a primitive type, for example:" +"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " +"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " +"all the implementation code in one predictable place." msgstr "" -"_Newtypes_ são uma ótima maneira de codificar informações adicionais sobre o " -"valor em um tipo primitivo, por exemplo:" +"Os desenvolvedores podem optar por usar métodos para aproveitar a sintaxe do " +"receptor do método e ajudar a mantê-los mais organizados. Usando métodos, " +"podemos manter todo o código de implementação em um local previsível." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38 -msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." -msgstr "O número é medido em algumas unidades: `Newtons` no exemplo acima." +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:76 +msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." +msgstr "Destaque o uso da palavra-chave `self`, um receptor de método." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:77 msgid "" -"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " -"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`." +"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " +"the struct name could also be used." msgstr "" -"O valor passou por alguma validação quando foi criado, então não é preciso " -"validá-lo novamente a cada uso: `NumeroTelefone(String)` ou " -"`NumeroImpar(u32)`." +"Mostre que é um termo abreviado para `self:Self` e talvez mostre como o nome " +"da _struct_ também poderia ser usado." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:79 msgid "" -"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " -"single field in the newtype." +"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " +"can be used elsewhere in the block." msgstr "" -"Demonstre como somar um valor `f64` em um valor do tipo `Newtons` acessando " -"o campo único no _newtype_." +"Explique que `Self` é um apelido de tipo para o tipo em que o bloco `impl` " +"está e pode ser usado em qualquer outro lugar no bloco." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:81 msgid "" -"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " -"for instance using booleans as integers." +"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " +"refer to individual fields." msgstr "" -"Geralmente, Rust não gosta de coisas implícitas, como _unwrapping_ " -"automático ou, por exemplo, usar booleanos como inteiros." - -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42 -msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." -msgstr "Sobrecarga de operadores é discutido no Dia 3 (_generics_)." +"Observe como `self` é usado como outras _Structs_ e a notação de ponto pode " +"ser usada para se referir a campos individuais." -#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:83 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." -"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." +"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " +"by trying to run `finish` twice." msgstr "" -"O examplo é uma referência sutil a falha do [Orbitador Climático de Marte]" -"(https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter)." +"Este pode ser um bom momento para demonstrar como `&self` difere de `self` " +"modificando o código e tentando executar `dizer_ola` duas vezes." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:85 msgid "" -"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " -"struct using a shorthand:" +"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " +"receiver types, such as `Box`." msgstr "" -"Se você já tiver variáveis com os nomes corretos, poderá criar a estrutura " -"(_struct_) usando uma abreviação:" - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:21 -msgid "\"{peter:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{peter:?}\"" +"Além das variantes de `self`, também existem [tipos especiais de _wrapper_]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) que " +"podem ser tipos de receptores, como `Box`." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:3 msgid "" -"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " -"interchangeable with the struct type name" +"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" msgstr "" -"A função `new` poderia ser escrita utilizando `Self` como tipo, já que ele é " -"intercambiável com o nome da _struct_" +"Rust permite abstrair características dos tipos usando `trait`. Eles são " +"semelhantes a interfaces:" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41 -msgid "" -"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the " -"default values for the other fields." +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:18 +msgid "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\"" msgstr "" -"Implemente a _trait_ `Default` (Padrão) para a _struct_. Defina alguns " -"campos e utilize valores padrão para os demais." - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:52 -msgid "\"Bot\"" -msgstr "\"Robô\"" - -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:62 -msgid "\"Sam\"" -msgstr "\"Sam\"" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68 -msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." -msgstr "Métodos são definidos no bloco `impl`." +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:24 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Woof, my name is {}!\"" +msgstr "\"Olá, meu nome é {}\"" -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69 -msgid "" -"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that " -"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:30 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:26 +msgid "\"Miau!\"" msgstr "" -"Use a sintaxe de atualização de estruturas para definir uma nova `struct` " -"usando `peter`. Note que a variável `peter` não será mais acessível após." -#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70 -msgid "" -"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." -msgstr "" -"Utilize `{:#?}` para imprimir _structs_ utilizando a representação de " -"depuração (`Debug`)." +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:36 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:33 +msgid "\"Fido\"" +msgstr "\"Bidu\"" -#: src/enums.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:45 msgid "" -"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " -"variants:" +"A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to " +"implement the trait." msgstr "" -"A palavra-chave `enum` permite a criação de um tipo que possui algumas " -"variantes diferentes:" - -#: src/enums.md:8 -msgid "// Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" -msgstr "// Implementação baseada em https://xkcd.com/221/\n" -#: src/enums.md:9 -msgid "// Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:48 +msgid "Traits are implemented in an `impl for { .. }` block." msgstr "" -"// Escolhido por uma rolagem de dados justa. Garantido ser aleatório.\n" -#: src/enums.md:28 -msgid "\"You got: {:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Você tirou: {:?}\"" - -#: src/enums.md:36 -msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type" -msgstr "Enumerações permitem coletar um conjunto de valores em um tipo" - -#: src/enums.md:37 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:50 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " -"`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +"Traits may specify pre-implemented (provided) methods and methods that users " +"are required to implement themselves. Provided methods can rely on required " +"methods. In this case, `greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`." msgstr "" -"Esta página oferece um tipo de _enum_ `MoedaJogada` com duas variantes " -"`Cara` e `Coroa`. Você pode observar o _namespace_ ao usar variantes." - -#: src/enums.md:38 -msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:" -msgstr "Este pode ser um bom momento para comparar _Structs_ e _Enums_:" +"_Traits_ podem especificar métodos pré-implementados (padrão) e métodos que " +"os usuários são obrigados a implementar. Os métodos com implementações " +"padrão podem contar com os métodos requeridos." -#: src/enums.md:39 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:3 msgid "" -"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " -"with different types of fields (variant payloads). " +"Supported traits can be automatically implemented for your custom types, as " +"follows:" msgstr "" -"Em ambos, você pode ter uma versão simples sem campos (_unit struct_, ou " -"estrutura unitária) ou uma com diferentes tipos de campo." -#: src/enums.md:40 -msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:15 +msgid "// Default trait adds `default` constructor.\n" msgstr "" -"Em ambos, as funções associadas são definidas dentro de um bloco `impl`." -#: src/enums.md:41 -msgid "" -"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " -"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " -"all defined in an enum. " +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:16 +msgid "// Clone trait adds `clone` method.\n" msgstr "" -"Você pode até mesmo implementar as diferentes variantes de uma _Enum_ com " -"_Structs_ separadas, mas elas não seriam do mesmo tipo, como seriam se todas " -"fossem definidas em uma _Enum_. " -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3 -msgid "" -"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use " -"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:17 +msgid "\"EldurScrollz\"" msgstr "" -"Você pode definir enums mais ricos onde as variantes carregam dados. Você " -"pode então usar a instrução `match` (corresponder) para extrair os dados de " -"cada variante:" - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:8 -msgid "// Variant without payload\n" -msgstr "// Variante sem conteúdo\n" - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:9 -msgid "// Tuple struct variant\n" -msgstr "// Variante tupla\n" - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:10 -msgid "// Full struct variant\n" -msgstr "// Variante completa\n" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:16 -msgid "\"page loaded\"" -msgstr "\"página carregada\"" - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:17 -msgid "\"pressed '{c}'\"" -msgstr "\"pressionou '{c}'\"" - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:18 -msgid "\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"" -msgstr "\"clicou em x={x}, y={y}\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:18 +msgid "// Debug trait adds support for printing with `{:?}`.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:24 src/pattern-matching.md:10 -msgid "'x'" -msgstr "'x'" +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"{:?} vs. {:?}\"" +msgstr "\"a: {:?}\"" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:25 msgid "" -"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " -"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" " -"after the `=>`." +"Derivation is implemented with macros, and many crates provide useful derive " +"macros to add useful functionality. For example, `serde` can derive " +"serialization support for a struct using `#[derive(Serialize)]`." msgstr "" -"Os valores nas variantes de uma _enum_ só podem ser acessados após uma " -"correspondência de padrão. O padrão vincula referências aos campos no " -"\"braço\" do _match_ após `=>`." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:3 msgid "" -"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is " -"no fall-through like in C or C++." +"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " +"collection:" msgstr "" -"A expressão é comparada com os padrões de cima a baixo. Não existe _fall-" -"through_ como em C ou C++." +"Objetos `trait` permitem valores de diferentes tipos, por exemplo, em uma " +"coleção:" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37 -msgid "" -"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " -"match arm which was executed." -msgstr "" -"A expressão _match_ possui um valor. O valor é o da última expressão " -"executada em um \"braço\" do _match_." +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:36 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" +msgstr "\"Olá, meu nome é {}\"" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:41 +msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" +msgstr "Layout da memória após alocar `pets`:" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:43 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " -"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": pets : : +----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----+ .->| F | i | d | o " +"| :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o | | +----+----+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-+ " +"`---------. :\n" +": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | data " +"| :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | | +-------+--|-------" +"+ :\n" +": : : | | | '-->| name | o, 4, 4 " +"| :\n" +": : : | | | | age | 5 " +"| :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | | +-------+----------" +"+ :\n" +" : | | " +"| :\n" +" : | | | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | | | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | | '---->| \"::talk\" " +"| :\n" +" : | | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : | " +"| :\n" +" : | | " +"data :\n" +" : | | +-------+-------" +"+ :\n" +" : | '-->| lives | 9 " +"| :\n" +" : | +-------+-------" +"+ :\n" +" : " +"| :\n" +" : | " +"vtable :\n" +" : | +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : '---->| \"::talk\" " +"| :\n" +" : +----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Começando do topo, nós procuramos qual padrão corresponde ao valor, e então " -"executamos o código após a flecha. Quando uma correspondência é encontrada, " -"nós paramos. " +"```bob\n" +" Pilha Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"pets : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" +"+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " +"| :\n" +": | tamanho | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" +"+ :\n" +": | capac. | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" +"+ :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| nome: \"Bidu\" " +"| :\n" +": : : | | | +---------------" +"+ :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " +"| :\n" +" : | | | " +"+--------------------------+ :\n" +" : | | '---->| \"::" +"nome\"| :\n" +" : | | " +"+--------------------------+ :\n" +" : | " +"| : \n" +" : | | +-" +"+ : \n" +" : | '-->|" +"\\| : \n" +" : | +-" +"+ : \n" +" : " +"| : \n" +" : | +-----------------------" +"+ : \n" +" : '---->| \"::nome\" " +"| : \n" +" : +-----------------------" +"+ :\n" +" : :\n" +" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - -'\n" +"\n" +"```" -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:77 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " -"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. " +"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " +"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" -"Demonstre o que acontece quando a busca não abrange todas as possibilidades. " -"Mencione a vantagem que o compilador do Rust oferece confirmando quando " -"todos os casos foram tratados. " - -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40 -msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." -msgstr "`match` inspeciona um campo discriminant escondido na `enum`." +"Tipos que implementam um dado `trait` podem ter tamanhos diferentes. Isto " +"torna impossível haver coisas como `Vec` no exemplo anterior." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:79 msgid "" -"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" -"discriminant()`" +"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " +"implements `Pet`." msgstr "" -"É possível recuperar o discriminante chamando `std::mem::discriminant()`" +"`dyn Pet` é uma maneira de dizer ao compilador sobre um tipo de tamanho " +"dinâmico que implementa `Pet`." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:81 msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where " -"comparing field values doesn't affect equality." +"In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on " +"the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:" msgstr "" -"Isso é útil, por exemplo, ao implementar `PartialEq` para _structs_ nas " -"quais comparar valores de campos não afeta a igualdade." -#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:83 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version " -"cannot implement traits, for example." +"A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to " +"the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable) for the `Pet` " +"implementation of that particular object." msgstr "" -"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` não é exatamente o mesmo que `WebEvent::" -"Click(Click)` com uma `struct Click { ... }` _top-level_. A versão no " -"próprio local (_inline_) não permite implementar _traits_, por exemplo." +"No exemplo, `pets` possui _fat pointers_ para objetos que implementam `Pet`. " +"O _fat pointer_ consiste em dois componentes, um ponteiro para o objeto " +"propriamente dito e um ponteiro para a tabela de métodos virtuais para a " +"implementação de `Pet` do objeto em particular." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:86 msgid "" -"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " -"account:" +"The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` " +"has a `lives` field." msgstr "" -"Enums, em Rust, são agrupados de maneira compacta, levando em consideração " -"restrições devido ao alinhamento:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:10 -msgid "\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\"" -msgstr "\"{}: tamanho {} bytes, alinhamento: {} bytes\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:88 +msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" +msgstr "Compare estas saídas no exemplo anterior::" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:24 -msgid "" -"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout." -"html)." -msgstr "" -"Consulte a [Referência do Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-" -"layout.html)." +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:90 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:91 src/std-traits/closures.md:62 +msgid "\"{} {}\"" +msgstr "\"{} {}\"" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:30 -msgid "" -"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " -"variant." -msgstr "" -"Internamente Rust utiliza um campo (discriminante) para saber qual a " -"variante da _enum_." +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:92 +#: src/methods-and-traits/trait-objects.md:93 +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:112 src/std-traits/exercise.md:23 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:29 src/modules/solution.md:78 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:17 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:59 +msgid "\"{}\"" +msgstr "\"{}\"" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:32 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" +"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " +"trait objects. We'll only implement the drawing of it (as text) for " +"simplicity." msgstr "" -"É possível controlar a discriminante se necessário (e.g., para " -"compatibilidade com C):" +"Vamos projetar uma biblioteca GUI clássica usando nosso novo conhecimento de " +"_traits_ e objetos de `trait`." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:37 -msgid "// 0\n" -msgstr "// 0\n" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:6 +msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" +msgstr "Teremos vários _widgets_ em nossa biblioteca:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:39 -msgid "// 10001\n" -msgstr "// 10001\n" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:8 +msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." +msgstr "`Window`: tem um `título` e contém outros _widgets_." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:43 -msgid "\"A: {}\"" -msgstr "\"A: {}\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:9 +msgid "" +"`Button`: has a `label`. In reality, it would also take a callback function " +"to allow the program to do something when the button is clicked but we won't " +"include that since we're only drawing the GUI." +msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:44 -msgid "\"B: {}\"" -msgstr "\"B: {}\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:12 +msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." +msgstr "`Label`: tem um `rótulo`." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:45 -msgid "\"C: {}\"" -msgstr "\"C: {}\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:14 +msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." +msgstr "Os _widgets_ irão implementar o `trait` `Widget`, veja abaixo." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:49 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:16 msgid "" -"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " -"bytes." +"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " +"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" msgstr "" -"Sem `repr`, o tipo da discriminante usa 2 bytes, porque 10001 cabe em 2 " -"bytes." +"Copie o código abaixo para , codifique os " +"métodos `draw_into` para que você implemente o `trait` `Widget`:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:53 -msgid "Try out other types such as" -msgstr "Tente outros tipos como" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:24 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:5 +#: src/modules/solution.md:36 +msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:55 -msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," -msgstr "`dbg_size!(bool)`: tamanho 1 bytes, alinhamento: 1 bytes," +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:27 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:8 +#: src/modules/solution.md:39 +msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:56 -msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, " -"see below)," +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:30 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:11 +#: src/modules/solution.md:42 +msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" msgstr "" -"`dbg_size!(Option)`: tamanho 1 bytes, alinhamento: 1 bytes (otimização " -"de nicho, seja abaixo)," -#: src/enums/sizes.md:57 -msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:34 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:15 +#: src/modules/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"{buffer}\"" msgstr "" -"`dbg_size!(&i32)`: tamanho 8 bytes, alinhamento: 8 bytes (em uma máquina de " -"64-bits)," -#: src/enums/sizes.md:58 -msgid "" -"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " -"optimization, see below)." +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:79 +msgid "// TODO: Implement `Widget` for `Label`.\n" msgstr "" -"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: tamanho 8 bytes, alinhamento: 8 bytes (otimização " -"de ponteiro nulo, veja abaixo)." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:60 -msgid "" -"Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " -"discriminant." +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:81 +msgid "// TODO: Implement `Widget` for `Button`.\n" msgstr "" -"Otimização de nicho: Rust vai mesclar padrões de bits não utilizados na " -"discriminante da _enum_." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:63 -msgid "" -"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " -"`size_of::>()`." +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:83 +msgid "// TODO: Implement `Widget` for `Window`.\n" msgstr "" -"Otimização de ponteiro nulo: para [alguns tipos](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/option/#representation), o Rust garante que `size_of::()` se iguala " -"`size_of::>()`." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:67 -msgid "" -"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " -"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " -"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:87 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:117 +#: src/modules/solution.md:183 +msgid "\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:88 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:118 +#: src/modules/solution.md:185 +msgid "\"This is a small text GUI demo.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:89 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:119 +#: src/modules/solution.md:186 +msgid "\"Click me!\"" msgstr "" -"Código de exemplo caso queira mostrar como a representação em bits _pode_ " -"ser na prática. É importante apontar que o compilador não oferece nenhuma " -"garantia a respeito dessa representação, portanto isso é completamente " -"inseguro." -#: src/enums/sizes.md:75 src/enums/sizes.md:114 -msgid "\"- {}: {:#x}\"" -msgstr "\"- {}: {:#x}\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:94 +msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" +msgstr "A saída do programa acima pode ser algo simples como:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:80 src/enums/sizes.md:131 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:106 msgid "" -"// TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" -" // representation of types.\n" +"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " +"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " +"and how you can control alignment:" msgstr "" -"// TOTALMENTE INSEGURO. Rust não oferece nenhuma garantia sobre a\n" -" // representação dos tipos em bits.\n" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:83 -msgid "\"Bitwise representation of bool\"" -msgstr "\"Representação em bits de booleano\"" +"Se você quiser desenhar texto alinhado, você pode usar os operadores de " +"formatação [fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index." +"html#fillalignment). Em particular, observe como você pode preencher com " +"diferentes caracteres (aqui um `'/'`) e como você pode controlar o " +"alinhamento:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:87 -msgid "\"Bitwise representation of Option\"" -msgstr "\"Representação em bits de Option\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:114 +msgid "\"left aligned: |{:/>\"" -msgstr "\"Representação em bits de Option>\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:115 +msgid "\"centered: |{:/^width$}|\"" +msgstr "\"centralizado: |{:/^width$}|\"" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:98 -msgid "\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\"" -msgstr "\"Representação em bits de Option<&i32>\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:116 +msgid "\"right aligned: |{:/>width$}|\"" +msgstr "\"alinhado à direita: |{:/>width$}|\"" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:105 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:120 msgid "" -"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more " -"than 256 `Option`s together." +"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" msgstr "" -"Exemplo mais complexo caso queira demonstrar o que acontece ao encadear mais " -"de 256 `Option`s de uma vez." +"Usando esses truques de alinhamento, você pode, por exemplo, produzir uma " +"saída como esta:" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:108 -msgid "\"1000\"" -msgstr "\"1000\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:63 +msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:117 +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:75 src/modules/solution.md:162 msgid "" -"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " -"signs.\n" -"// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" +"// TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" +" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" +" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" msgstr "" -"// Macro que envolve um valor em 2^n Some() no qual n é o número de \"@\".\n" -"// É preciso aumentar o limite de recursão para aplicar essa macro.\n" -#: src/enums/sizes.md:138 -msgid "\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\"" -msgstr "\"Representação em bits de uma sequência de 128 Option's.\"" - -#: src/enums/sizes.md:142 -msgid "\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\"" -msgstr "\"Representação em bits de uma sequência de 256 Option's.\"" +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:78 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:84 +#: src/modules/solution.md:165 src/modules/solution.md:171 +msgid "\"+-{:- Point {}`? Isn't that " +"redundant?" msgstr "" -"`self`: toma posse do objeto e o move do chamador. O método se torna o " -"proprietário do objeto. O objeto será descartado (desalocado) quando o " -"método retorna, a menos que sua _ownership_ (posse) seja explicitamente " -"transmitida. Posse completa não significa automaticamente mutabilidade." +"_Pergunta:_ Por que `T` é especificado duas vezes em `impl Point {}`? " +"Isso não é redundante?" -#: src/methods/receiver.md:14 -msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. " +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:32 +msgid "" +"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " +"They are independently generic." msgstr "" -"`mut self`: o mesmo que acima, mas enquanto o método possui o objeto, ele " -"pode alterá-lo também." +"Isso ocorre porque é uma seção de implementação genérica para tipo genérico. " +"Eles são genéricos de forma independente." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:34 +msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." +msgstr "Significa que esses métodos são definidos para qualquer `T`." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:15 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:35 +#, fuzzy +msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`." +msgstr "É possível escrever `Impl Point { .. }`." + +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:36 msgid "" -"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " -"create constructors which are called `new` by convention." +"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " +"block will only be available for `Point`." msgstr "" -"Sem receptor: isso se torna um método estático (_static_) na estrutura. " -"Normalmente usado para criar construtores que, por convenção, são chamados " -"`new`." +"`Point` ainda é genérico e você pode usar `Point`, mas os métodos neste " +"bloco só estarão disponíveis para `Point`." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:18 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md:39 msgid "" -"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " -"receiver types, such as `Box`." +"Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`. Update the " +"code to allow points that have elements of different types, by using two " +"type variables, e.g., `T` and `U`." msgstr "" -"Além das variantes de `self`, também existem [tipos especiais de _wrapper_]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) que " -"podem ser tipos de receptores, como `Box`." -#: src/methods/receiver.md:24 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3 msgid "" -"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " -"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, " -"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from " -"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it." +"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " +"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." msgstr "" -"Considere enfatizar \"compartilhado e imutável\" e \"único e mutável\". " -"Essas restrições sempre vêm juntos no Rust devido às regras do _Borrow " -"Checker_ (verificador de empréstimo), e `self` não é uma exceção. Não será " -"possível referenciar uma _struct_ de vários locais e chamar um método " -"mutável (`&mut self`) nela." - -#: src/methods/example.md:11 -msgid "// No receiver, a static method\n" -msgstr "// Sem receptor, método estático\n" - -#: src/methods/example.md:15 -msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n" -msgstr "// Empréstimo único com acesso de leitura e escrita em self\n" +"Ao trabalhar com genéricos, muitas vezes você exigir que os tipos " +"implementem algum `trait` para poder utilizar os métodos do `trait`." -#: src/methods/example.md:19 -msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" -msgstr "// Empréstimo compartilhado com acesso apenas de leitura em self\n" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6 +msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" +msgstr "Você consegue fazer isso com `T:Trait` ou `impl Trait`:" -#: src/methods/example.md:20 -msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\"" -msgstr "\"Registrou {} voltas para {}:\"" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:12 +msgid "// struct NotClonable;\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/methods/example.md:22 -msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\"" -msgstr "\"Volta {idx}: {lap} seg\"" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:18 +msgid "\"{pair:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/methods/example.md:26 -msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self\n" -msgstr "// Propriedade exclusiva de self\n" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:24 +msgid "Try making a `NonClonable` and passing it to `duplicate`." +msgstr "" -#: src/methods/example.md:28 -msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\"" -msgstr "\"Corrida {} foi encerrada, tempo de voltas total: {}\"" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:26 +msgid "When multiple traits are necessary, use `+` to join them." +msgstr "" -#: src/methods/example.md:33 -msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" -msgstr "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:28 +msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." +msgstr "" +"Mostre uma cláusula `where`, os estudantes irão encontrá-la quando lerem " +"código." -#: src/methods/example.md:40 -msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n" -msgstr "// race.add_lap(42);\n" +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:39 +msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." +msgstr "Organiza a assinatura da função se você tiver muitos parâmetros." -#: src/methods/example.md:47 -msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." -msgstr "Todos os quatro métodos aqui usam um receptor de método diferente." +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:40 +msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." +msgstr "Possui recursos adicionais tornando-o mais poderoso." -#: src/methods/example.md:48 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:41 msgid "" -"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " -"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." +"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " +"be arbitrary, like `Option`." msgstr "" -"Você pode apontar como isso muda o que a função pode fazer com os valores " -"das variáveis e se/como ela pode ser usada novamente na `main`." +"Se alguém perguntar, o recurso extra é que o tipo à esquerda de \":\" pode " +"ser arbitrário, como `Option`." -#: src/methods/example.md:49 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:44 msgid "" -"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice." +"Note that Rust does not (yet) support specialization. For example, given the " +"original `duplicate`, it is invalid to add a specialized `duplicate(a: u32)`." msgstr "" -"Você pode mostrar o erro que aparece ao tentar chamar `encerrar` duas vezes." -#: src/methods/example.md:50 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3 msgid "" -"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " -"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic " -"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds " -"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature." +"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " +"arguments and return values:" msgstr "" -"Observe que, embora os receptores do método sejam diferentes, as funções não " -"estáticas são chamadas da mesma maneira no corpo principal. Rust permite " -"referenciar e desreferenciar automaticamente ao chamar métodos. Rust " -"adiciona automaticamente `&`, `*`, `muts` para que esse objeto corresponda à " -"assinatura do método." +"Semelhante aos limites do _trait_, a sintaxe do _trait_ `impl` pode ser " +"usada em argumentos de funções e em valores de retorno:" -#: src/methods/example.md:51 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:7 msgid "" -"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " -"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " +"// Syntactic sugar for:\n" +"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" msgstr "" -"Você pode apontar que `imprimir_voltas` está usando um vetor e iterando " -"sobre ele. Descreveremos os vetores com mais detalhes à tarde. " -#: src/pattern-matching.md:3 -msgid "" -"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " -"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19 +msgid "\"{many}\"" msgstr "" -"A palavra-chave `match` permite que você corresponda um valor a um ou mais " -"_padrões_ (_patterns_). As comparações são feitas de cima para baixo e a " -"primeira correspondência encontrada é selecionada." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:6 -msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:21 +msgid "\"{many_more}\"" msgstr "" -"Os padrões podem ser valores simples, similarmente a `switch` em C e C++:" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:13 -msgid "'q'" -msgstr "'q'" +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:23 +msgid "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching.md:13 -msgid "\"Quitting\"" -msgstr "\"Encerrando\"" +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:29 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The " +"meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." +msgstr "" +"O significado do _trait_ `impl` é um pouco difere de acordo com sua posição." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:14 -msgid "'a'" -msgstr "'a'" +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:32 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " +"trait bound." +msgstr "" +"Como parâmetro, o _trait_ `impl` é como um parâmetro genérico anônimo com um " +"limitador de características (trait)." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:14 -msgid "'s'" -msgstr "'s'" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:14 -msgid "'w'" -msgstr "'w'" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:14 -msgid "'d'" -msgstr "'d'" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:14 -msgid "\"Moving around\"" -msgstr "\"Movendo por ai\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:15 -msgid "'0'" -msgstr "'0'" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:15 -msgid "'9'" -msgstr "'9'" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:15 -msgid "\"Number input\"" -msgstr "\"Entrada de número\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:16 -msgid "\"Something else\"" -msgstr "\"Alguma outra coisa\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:21 -msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." -msgstr "O padrão `_` é um padrão curinga que corresponde a qualquer valor." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:26 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:35 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " -"pattern" +"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " +"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " +"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." msgstr "" -"Você pode apontar como alguns caracteres específicos podem ser usados em um " -"padrão" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:27 -msgid "`|` as an `or`" -msgstr "`|` como um `ou`" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:28 -msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" -msgstr "`..` pode expandir o quanto for necessário" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:29 -msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" -msgstr "`1..=5` representa um intervalo inclusivo" - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:30 -msgid "`_` is a wild card" -msgstr "`_` é um curinga" +"Como tipo de retorno, significa que o tipo de retorno é algum tipo concreto " +"que implementa o _trait_, sem namear o tipo. Isso pode ser útil quando você " +"não deseja expor o tipo concreto em uma API pública." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:31 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:39 msgid "" -"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " -"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." +"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " +"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " +"function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " +"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " +"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" +">()`." msgstr "" -"Pode ser útil mostrar como funciona a vinculação, por exemplo, substituindo " -"um caractere curinga por uma variável ou removendo as aspas ao redor de `q`." - -#: src/pattern-matching.md:32 -msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." -msgstr "Você pode demonstrar correspondência em uma referência." -#: src/pattern-matching.md:33 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:46 msgid "" -"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, " -"as the term can show up in error messages." +"What is the type of `debuggable`? Try `let debuggable: () = ..` to see what " +"the error message shows." msgstr "" -"Este pode ser um bom momento para trazer à tona o conceito de padrões " -"irrefutáveis, já que o termo pode aparecer em mensagens de erro." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 +#: src/generics/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " -"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " -"`enum` type:" +"In this short exercise, you will implement a generic `min` function that " +"determines the minimum of two values, using a `LessThan` trait." msgstr "" -"Os padrões também podem ser usados para vincular variáveis a partes de seus " -"valores. É assim que você inspeciona a estrutura de seus tipos. Vamos " -"começar com um tipo `enum` simples:" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:16 -msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" -msgstr "\"não é possível dividir {n} em duas partes iguais\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:23 -msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" -msgstr "\"{n} divido em dois é {half}\"" +#: src/generics/exercise.md:8 src/generics/solution.md:5 +msgid "/// Return true if self is less than other.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:24 -msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" -msgstr "\"desculpe, aconteceu um erro: {msg}\"" +#: src/generics/exercise.md:29 +msgid "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29 -msgid "" -"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " -"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " -"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." +#: src/generics/exercise.md:33 src/generics/solution.md:36 +msgid "\"Shapiro\"" msgstr "" -"Aqui usamos a verificação de correspondência para _desestruturar_ o valor " -"contido em `Result`. Na primeira verificação de correspondência, `half` está " -"vinculado ao valor dentro da variante `Ok`. Na segunda, `msg` está vinculado " -"à mensagem de erro." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36 -msgid "" -"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " -"a `match`." +#: src/generics/exercise.md:34 src/generics/exercise.md:35 +#: src/generics/solution.md:37 src/generics/solution.md:38 +msgid "\"Baumann\"" msgstr "" -"A expressão `if`/`else` está retornando um `enum` que é posteriormente " -"descompactado com um `match`." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37 +#: src/std-types.md:7 msgid "" -"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " -"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " -"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." +"For each of the slides in this section, spend some time reviewing the " +"documentation pages, highlighting some of the more common methods." msgstr "" -"Você pode tentar adicionar uma terceira variante à definição de Enum e " -"exibir os erros ao executar o código. Aponte os lugares onde seu código " -"agora é \"não exaustivo\" e como o compilador tenta lhe dar dicas." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 -msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" -msgstr "Você também pode desestruturar `structs`:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:15 -msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" -msgstr "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:16 -msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" -msgstr "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:17 -msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" -msgstr "\"y = {y}, outros campos foram ignorados\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23 -msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." -msgstr "Modifique os valores em `foo` para corresponder com os outros padrões." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24 -msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." +#: src/std-types/std.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " +"types used by Rust libraries and programs. This way, two libraries can work " +"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" -"Adicione um novo campo a `Foo` e faça mudanças nos padrões conforme " -"necessário." +"Rust vem com uma biblioteca padrão (_standard library_) que ajuda a " +"estabelecer um conjunto de tipos comuns usados por bibliotecas e programas " +"Rust. Dessa forma, duas bibliotecas podem trabalhar juntas sem problemas " +"porque ambas usam o mesmo tipo `String`." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 +#: src/std-types/std.md:7 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " -"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " -"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." +"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " +"`alloc` and `std`." msgstr "" -"A diferença entre uma captura (_capture_) e uma expressão constante pode ser " -"difícil de perceber. Tente modificar o `2` no segundo braço para uma " -"variável, e veja que, de forma sútil, não funciona. Mude para `const` e veja " -"funcionando novamente." +"Na verdade, o Rust contém várias camadas de Biblioteca Padrão: `core`, " +"`alloc` e `std`. " -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3 +#: src/std-types/std.md:10 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:" +"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " +"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system." msgstr "" -"Você pode desestruturar vetores, tuplas e _slices_ combinando seus elementos:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:9 -msgid "\"Tell me about {triple:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Fale-me sobre {triple:?}\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:11 -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:34 -msgid "\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"" -msgstr "\"Primeiro é 0, y = {y} e z = {z}\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:12 -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:35 -msgid "\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"" -msgstr "\"Primeiro é 1 e o resto foi ignorado\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:13 -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:36 -msgid "\"All elements were ignored\"" -msgstr "\"Todos os elementos foram ignorados\"" +"`core` inclui os tipos e funções mais básicos que não dependem de `libc`, " +"alocador ou até mesmo a presença de um sistema operacional. " -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21 +#: src/std-types/std.md:12 msgid "" -"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed " -"length." +"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " +"`Box` and `Arc`." msgstr "" -"Desestruturar _slices_ de tamanho desconhecido é possível utilizando padrões " -"de tamanho fixo." - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:32 -msgid "\"Tell me about {slice:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Fale-me sobre {slice:?}\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41 -msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. " -msgstr "Crie um novo padrão usando `_` para representar um elemento. " - -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42 -msgid "Add more values to the array." -msgstr "Adicione mais valores ao vetor." +"`alloc` inclui tipos que requerem um alocador de heap global, como `Vec`, " +"`Box` e `Arc`." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43 +#: src/std-types/std.md:14 msgid "" -"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of " -"elements." +"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "" -"Aponte que `..` vai expandir para levar em conta um número diferente de " -"elementos." +"Os aplicativos Rust embarcados geralmente usam apenas `core` e, às vezes, " +"`alloc`." -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44 -msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" +#: src/std-types/docs.md:3 +msgid "Rust comes with extensive documentation. For example:" msgstr "" -"Mostre correspondência com a cauda usando os padrões `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`" -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:5 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " -"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" +"All of the details about [loops](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/" +"expressions/loop-expr.html)." msgstr "" -"Ao verificar uma correspondência, você pode adicionar uma guarda (_guard_) " -"para um padrão. É uma expressão Booleana arbitrária que será executada se o " -"padrão corresponder:" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:10 -msgid "\"Tell me about {pair:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Fale-me sobre {pair:?}\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:12 -msgid "\"These are twins\"" -msgstr "\"Estes são gêmeos\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:13 -msgid "\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"" -msgstr "\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:14 -msgid "\"The first one is odd\"" -msgstr "\"O primeiro é ímpar\"" - -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:15 -msgid "\"No correlation...\"" -msgstr "\"Sem correlação...\"" +"Se você quiser sair de um loop cedo, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:7 msgid "" -"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " -"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " -"allow." +"Primitive types like [`u8`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive." +"u8.html)." msgstr "" -"Guardas de correspondência, como um recurso de sintaxe separado, são " -"importantes e necessárias quando se quer expressar ideias mais complexas do " -"que somente o padrão permitiria." -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:9 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " -"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " -"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't " -"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." +"Standard library types like [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/" +"option/enum.Option.html) or [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" +"std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)." msgstr "" -"Eles não são iguais à expressão `if` separada dentro do bloco de " -"correspondência. Uma expressão `if` dentro do bloco de ramificação (depois " -"de `=>`) acontece depois que a correspondência é selecionada. A falha na " -"condição `if` dentro desse bloco não resultará em outras verificações de " -"correspondência da expressão `match` original serem consideradas." +"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) e [`String`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26 -msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." -msgstr "Você pode usar as variáveis definidas no padrão em sua expressão `if`." +#: src/std-types/docs.md:13 +msgid "In fact, you can document your own code:" +msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:16 msgid "" -"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " -"with an `|`." +"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " +"argument.\n" +"///\n" +"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" msgstr "" -"A condição definida na guarda se aplica a todas as expressões em um padrão " -"com um `|`." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 2: Exercícios Matinais" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3 -msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" -msgstr "Veremos a implementação de métodos em dois contextos:" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5 -msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics." -msgstr "Uma _struct_ simples que guarda estatísticas de saúde." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7 -msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library." -msgstr "Várias _structs_ e _enums_ para uma biblioteca de desenho." +"/// Determine se o primeiro argumento é divisível pelo segundo argumento.\n" +"///\n" +"/// Se o segundo argumento for zero, o resultado é falso.\n" -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:27 msgid "" -"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " -"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." +"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " +"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is " +"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." msgstr "" -"Você está trabalhando na implementação de um sistema de monitoramento de " -"saúde. Como parte disso, você precisa acompanhar as estatísticas de saúde " -"dos usuários." +"O conteúdio é tratado como _Markdown_. Todos os _crates_ publicados na " +"biblioteca Rust são documentados automaticamente em [`docs.rs`](https://docs." +"rs) utilizando a ferramenta [rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-" +"is-rustdoc.html). É idiomático documentar todos os itens públicos em uma API " +"usando este padrão." -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:32 msgid "" -"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a " -"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods " -"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." +"To document an item from inside the item (such as inside a module), use `//!" +"` or `/*! .. */`, called \"inner doc comments\":" msgstr "" -"Você começará com algumas funções fragmentadas em um bloco `impl` e também " -"com a definição da estrutura `Usuario`. Seu objetivo é implementar os " -"métodos esboçados para a `struct` `Usuario` definidos no bloco `impl`." -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:36 msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " -"methods:" +"//! This module contains functionality relating to divisibility of " +"integers.\n" msgstr "" -"Copie o código abaixo em e implemente os " -"métodos que estão faltando:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:72 -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:78 -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:84 -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:92 -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:98 -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 src/android/aidl/client.md:23 +#: src/std-types/docs.md:41 #, fuzzy -msgid "\"Bob\"" -msgstr "\"Beto\"" +msgid "" +"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at ." +msgstr "" +"Mostre aos alunos os documentos gerados para o crate `rand` em [`docs.rs/" +"rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)." -#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:73 +#: src/std-types/option.md:1 #, fuzzy -msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" -msgstr "\"Eu sou {} e minha idade é {}\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:1 -msgid "Polygon Struct" -msgstr "_Struct_ para Polígono" +msgid "Option" +msgstr "Exceções" -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:3 +#: src/std-types/option.md:3 msgid "" -"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code " -"below to and fill in the missing methods to " -"make the tests pass:" +"We have already seen some use of `Option`. It stores either a value of " +"type `T` or nothing. For example, [`String::find`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/string/struct.String.html#method.find) returns an `Option`." msgstr "" -"Vamos criar um _struct_ `Polygon` que contém alguns `Points`. Copie o código " -"abaixo em e preencha os métodos que faltam " -"para fazer os testes passarem:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:12 -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:20 -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:28 -msgid "// add fields\n" -msgstr "// adicione atributos\n" +#: src/std-types/option.md:10 +msgid "\"Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:16 -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:24 -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:32 -msgid "// add methods\n" -msgstr "// adicione métodos\n" +#: src/std-types/option.md:11 +msgid "'é'" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:117 -msgid "" -"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key " -"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify " -"the tests." +#: src/std-types/option.md:12 src/std-types/option.md:15 +msgid "\"find returned {position:?}\"" msgstr "" -"Como as assinaturas dos métodos estão faltando nas declarações do problema, " -"a parte principal do exercício é especificá-las corretamente. Não é preciso " -"modificar os testes." -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:120 -msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" -msgstr "Outras partes interessante do exercício:" +#: src/std-types/option.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "'Z'" +msgstr "' '" -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:122 -msgid "" -"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " -"don't borrow their arguments." +#: src/std-types/option.md:16 +msgid "\"Character not found\"" msgstr "" -"Derive um _trait_ `Copy` para algumas _structs_, já que em testes os métodos " -"às vezes não emprestam seus argumentos." -#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:123 -msgid "" -"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable " -"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." +#: src/std-types/option.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Option` is widely used, not just in the standard library." msgstr "" -"Descubra que o trait `Add` deve ser implementado para que dois objetos sejam " -"adicionados via \"+\". Note que nós não discutimos _generics_ até o Dia 3." +"`Option` e `Result` são amplamente usados não apenas na biblioteca padrão." -#: src/control-flow.md:3 +#: src/std-types/option.md:23 msgid "" -"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally " -"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then " -"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions " -"work similarly in Rust." +"`unwrap` will return the value in an `Option`, or panic. `expect` is similar " +"but takes an error message." msgstr "" -"Como vimos, `if` é uma expressão em Rust. É usado para avaliar " -"condicionalmente um de dois blocos, mas os blocos podem ter um valor que " -"então se torna o valor da expressão `if`. Outras expressões de controle de " -"fluxo funcionam de forma semelhante em Rust." -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3 +#: src/std-types/option.md:25 msgid "" -"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value " -"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:" +"You can panic on None, but you can't \"accidentally\" forget to check for " +"None." msgstr "" -"Um bloco em Rust contêm uma sequência de expressões. Cada bloco tem um valor " -"e um tipo, os quais são os da última expressão do bloco:" -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:16 -msgid "\"w: {w}\"" -msgstr "\"w: {w}\"" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:19 -msgid "\"z: {z}\"" -msgstr "\"z: {z}\"" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26 +#: src/std-types/option.md:27 msgid "" -"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " -"`()`." +"It's common to `unwrap`/`expect` all over the place when hacking something " +"together, but production code typically handles `None` in a nicer fashion." msgstr "" -"Se a última expressão terminar com `;`, o valor resultante e o tipo será " -"`()`." -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28 +#: src/std-types/option.md:29 msgid "" -"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the " -"return value:" +"The niche optimization means that `Option` often has the same size in " +"memory as `T`." msgstr "" -"A mesma regra é usada para funções: o valor do corpo da função é o valor de " -"retorno:" -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:37 -msgid "\"doubled: {}\"" -msgstr "\"dobrado: {}\"" - -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44 -msgid "" -"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " -"Rust. " +#: src/std-types/result.md:1 +msgid "Result" msgstr "" -"O objetivo deste slide é mostrar que os blocos têm um tipo e um valor em " -"Rust." -#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45 +#: src/std-types/result.md:3 msgid "" -"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " -"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." +"`Result` is similar to `Option`, but indicates the success or failure of an " +"operation, each with a different type. This is similar to the `Res` defined " +"in the expression exercise, but generic: `Result` where `T` is used in " +"the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant." msgstr "" -"Você pode mostrar como o valor do bloco muda alterando a última linha do " -"bloco. Por exemplo, adicionar/remover um ponto e vírgula (`;`) ou usar um " -"`return`." - -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`if` expressions" -msgstr "Expressões `if`" -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" -msgstr "" -"Você usa [expressões `if` ](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exatamente como declarações `if` em outras " -"linguagens:" +#: src/std-types/result.md:13 +msgid "\"diary.txt\"" +msgstr "\"diario.txt\"" -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18 -msgid "" -"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " -"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" -msgstr "" -"Além disso, você pode usá-lo como uma expressão. A última expressão de cada " -"bloco se torna o valor da expressão `if`" +#: src/std-types/result.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" +msgstr "\"Querido diário: {contents}\"" -#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35 -msgid "" -"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " -"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you " -"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example." -msgstr "" -"Como `if` é uma expressão e deve ter um tipo específico, ambos os blocos de " -"ramificação devem ter o mesmo tipo. Considere mostrar o que acontece se você " -"adicionar um `;` depois de `x / 2` no segundo exemplo." +#: src/std-types/result.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Could not read file content\"" +msgstr "\"Não é possivel ler: {0}\"" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`if let` expressions" -msgstr "Expressões `if let`" +#: src/std-types/result.md:24 +msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" +msgstr "\"Não foi possível abrir o diário: {err}\"" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3 +#: src/std-types/result.md:32 msgid "" -"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" -"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " -"whether a value matches a pattern:" +"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " +"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " +"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " +"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." msgstr "" -"A [expressão `if let` ](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" -"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lhe permite que você execute um código " -"diferente, dependendo se um valor corresponde a um padrão:" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:11 -msgid "\"Program name: {value}\"" -msgstr "\"Nome do programa: {value}\"" - -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:13 -msgid "\"Missing name?\"" -msgstr "\"Falta o nome?\"" +"Como em `Option`, o valor bem-sucedido fica dentro de `Result`, forçando o " +"desenvolvedor a extraí-lo explicitamente. Isso encoraja a verificação de " +"erros. No caso em que um erro nunca deve acontecer, `unwrap()` ou `expect()` " +"podem ser chamados, e isso também sinaliza a intenção do desenvolvedor." -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21 -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23 +#: src/std-types/result.md:36 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns " -"in Rust." +"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " +"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " +"that help functional-style programming." msgstr "" -"Consulte [correspondência de padrões (_pattern matching_)](../pattern-" -"matching.md) para obter mais detalhes sobre padrões em Rust." +"A documentação de `Result` é uma leitura recomendada. Não durante o curso, " +"mas vale a pena mencioná-la. Ele contém muitos métodos e funções de " +"conveniência que ajudam na programação ao estilo funcional." -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23 +#: src/std-types/result.md:39 msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " -"it more concise than `match`." +"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " +"Day 3." msgstr "" -"Ao contrário de `match`, `if let` não precisa cobrir todas as ramificações. " -"Isso pode torná-lo mais conciso do que `match`." +"`Result` é o tipo padrão para implementar tratamento de erros, como veremos " +"no Dia 3." -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24 -msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." -msgstr "Um uso comum é lidar com valores `Some` ao trabalhar com `Option`." +#: src/std-types/string.md:1 +msgid "String" +msgstr "String" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25 +#: src/std-types/string.md:3 msgid "" -"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." +"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " +"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" msgstr "" -"Ao contrário de `match`, `if let` não suporta cláusulas de guarda para " -"correspondência de padrões." +"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) é o " +"buffer padrão de cadeia de caracteres UTF-8 expansível e alocado no heap:" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26 -msgid "" -"Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/" -"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring " -"assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort " -"normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" -msgstr "" -"Desde 1.65, uma construção [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-" -"example/flow_control/let_else) semelhante permite fazer uma atribuição de " -"desestruturação, ou se falhar, ter um bloco de ramificação sem retorno " -"(`panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" +#: src/std-types/string.md:8 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:23 src/memory-management/review.md:57 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:32 src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:9 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:26 +msgid "\"Hello\"" +msgstr "\"Olá\"" -#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:30 src/testing/test-modules.md:21 -msgid "\"foo bar\"" -msgstr "\"foo bar\"" +#: src/std-types/string.md:9 +msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "\"s1: tam = {}, capacidade = {}\"" -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`while` loops" -msgstr "_Loops_ (Laços) `while`" +#: src/std-types/string.md:13 +msgid "'!'" +msgstr "'!'" -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" -"expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:" -msgstr "" -"A [palavra-chave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) funciona de maneira muito similar a outras " -"linguagens:" +#: src/std-types/string.md:14 +msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "\"s2: tam = {}, capacidade = {}\"" -#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:16 -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:21 -msgid "\"Final x: {x}\"" -msgstr "\"X final: {x}\"" +#: src/std-types/string.md:16 +msgid "\"🇨🇭\"" +msgstr "\"🇧🇷\"" -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`while let` loops" -msgstr "_Loops_ (Laços) `while let`" +#: src/std-types/string.md:17 +msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\"" +msgstr "\"s3: tam = {}, número de caracteres = {}\"" -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3 +#: src/std-types/string.md:21 msgid "" -"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " -"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" +"`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " +"all `str` methods on a `String`." msgstr "" -"Similar a `if let`, há uma variante [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) que testa " -"repetidamente se um valor corresponde a um padrão:" +"`String` implementa [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), o que significa que você pode " +"chamar todos os métodos de `str` em uma `String`." -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17 +#: src/std-types/string.md:29 msgid "" -"Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option` on " -"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which " -"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all " -"items." +"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " +"you know how much data you want to push to the string." msgstr "" -"Aqui o iterador retornado por `v.into_iter()` retornará uma `Option` em " -"cada chamada para `next()`. Ele retorna `Some(x)` até que seja concluído e, " -"em seguida, retorna `None`. O `while let` nos permite continuar iterando " -"por todos os itens." +"`String::new` retorna uma nova string vazia, use `String::with_capacity` " +"quando você sabe a quantidade de dados que você deseja colocar na string." -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26 +#: src/std-types/string.md:31 msgid "" -"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " -"matches the pattern." +"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " +"different from its length in characters)." msgstr "" -"Ressalte que o loop `while let` continuará executando enquanto o valor " -"corresponder ao padrão." +"`String::len` retorna o tamanho da `String` em bytes (que pode ser diferente " +"de seu comprimento em caracteres)." -#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27 +#: src/std-types/string.md:33 msgid "" -"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " -"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. " -"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." +"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " +"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " +"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" +"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." msgstr "" -"Você pode reescrever o loop `while let` como um loop infinito com uma " -"instrução `if` que é interrompido quando não houver mais nenhum valor para " -"desempacotar (_unwrap_) para `iter.next()`. O `while let` fornece um atalho " -"para o cenário acima." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`for` loops" -msgstr "Loops (Laços) `for`" +"`String::chars` retorna um iterador com os caracteres de fato. Observe que " +"um `char` pode ser diferente do que um humano considerará um \"caracter\" " +"devido a [agrupamentos de grafemas (_grapheme clusters_)](https://docs.rs/" +"unicode-segmentation/latest/unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3 +#: src/std-types/string.md:36 msgid "" -"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely " -"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will " -"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:" +"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " +"`String`." msgstr "" -"O loop `for` está intimamente relacionado com o [loop `while let`](while-let-" -"expressions.md). Ele chamará automaticamente `into_iter()` na expressão e, " -"em seguida, iterará sobre ela:" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:16 -msgid "\"i: {i}\"" -msgstr "\"i: {i}\"" - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21 -msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." -msgstr "Aqui você pode usar `break` e `continue` como de costume." +"Quando as pessoas se referem a strings, elas podem estar falando sobre " +"`&str` ou `String`." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25 -msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." +#: src/std-types/string.md:38 +msgid "" +"When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " +"transparently call methods from `T`." msgstr "" -"A iteração de índice não é uma sintaxe especial no Rust apenas para esse " -"caso." - -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26 -msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " -msgstr "`(0..10)` é um _range_ (intervalo) que implementa um trait `Iterator`." +"Quando um tipo implementa `Deref`, o compilador permitirá que " +"você transparentemente chame métodos de `T`." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27 +#: src/std-types/string.md:40 msgid "" -"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other " -"element. " +"We haven't discussed the `Deref` trait yet, so at this point this mostly " +"explains the structure of the sidebar in the documentation." msgstr "" -"`step_by` é um método que retorna outro `Iterator` que pula outros elementos " -"alternadamente." -#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28 +#: src/std-types/string.md:42 msgid "" -"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " -"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." +"`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " +"access to `str`'s methods." msgstr "" -"Modifique os elementos no vetor e explique os erros de compilação. Altere o " -"vetor `v` para ser mutável e o loop `for` para `for x in v.iter_mut()`." +"`String` implementa `Deref` que, de forma transparente, dá " +"acesso aos métodos de `str`." -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`loop` expressions" -msgstr "Expressões `loop`" +#: src/std-types/string.md:44 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`." +msgstr "Escreva e compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` e `let s3 = &*s1;`." -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3 +#: src/std-types/string.md:45 msgid "" -"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" -"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." +"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " +"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " +"with some extra guarantees." msgstr "" -"Finalmente, há uma [palavra-chave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) que cria um loop " -"infinito." - -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6 -msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" -msgstr "Aqui você deve usar `break` ou `return` para parar o loop:" +"`String` é implementado como um wrapper em torno de um vetor de bytes, " +"muitas das operações que você vê suportados em vetores também são suportadas " +"em `String`, mas com algumas garantias extras." -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27 -msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." -msgstr "Interrompa o `loop` com um valor (por exemplo, `break 8`) e imprima-o." +#: src/std-types/string.md:48 +msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" +msgstr "Compare as diferentes formas de indexar uma `String`:" -#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28 +#: src/std-types/string.md:49 msgid "" -"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " -"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " -"`while` and `for` loops)." +"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " +"out-of-bounds." msgstr "" -"Observe que `loop` é a única construção de loop que retorna um valor não " -"trivial . Isso ocorre porque é garantido que ele será executado pelo menos " -"uma vez (diferente de loops `while` e `for`)." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1 -msgid "`match` expressions" -msgstr "Expressões `match` (Correspondência)" +"Para um caracter usando `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` onde `i` está dentro " +"dos limites, fora dos limites." -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3 +#: src/std-types/string.md:51 msgid "" -"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-" -"expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that " -"sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" +"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " +"boundaries or not." msgstr "" -"A [palavra-chave `match`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" -"match-expr.html) é usada para corresponder um valor a um ou mais padrões. " -"Nesse sentido, funciona como uma série de expressões `if let`:" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:10 -msgid "\"cat\"" -msgstr "\"gato\"" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:10 -msgid "\"Will do cat things\"" -msgstr "\"Vai fazer coisas de gato\"" - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:11 -msgid "\"ls\"" -msgstr "\"ls\"" +"Para uma substring usando `s3[0..4]`, onde essa _slice_ está nos limites dos " +"caracteres ou não." -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:11 -msgid "\"Will ls some files\"" -msgstr "\"Vou ls alguns arquivos\"" +#: src/std-types/vec.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " +"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" +msgstr "" +"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) é o buffer padrão " +"redimensionável alocado no heap:" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:12 -msgid "\"mv\"" -msgstr "\"mv\"" +#: src/std-types/vec.md:9 +msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "\"v1: tamanho = {}, capacidade = {}\"" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:12 -msgid "\"Let's move some files\"" -msgstr "\"Vamos mover alguns arquivos\"" +#: src/std-types/vec.md:14 +msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" +msgstr "\"v2: tamanho = {}, capacidade = {}\"" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:13 -msgid "\"rm\"" -msgstr "\"rm\"" +#: src/std-types/vec.md:16 +msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" +msgstr "// Macro canônica para inicializar um vetor com elementos.\n" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:13 -msgid "\"Uh, dangerous!\"" -msgstr "\"Uh, perigoso!\"" +#: src/std-types/vec.md:19 +msgid "// Retain only the even elements.\n" +msgstr "// Mantém apenas os elementos pares.\n" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:14 -msgid "\"Hmm, no program name?\"" -msgstr "\"Hmm, nenhum nome de programa?\"" +#: src/std-types/vec.md:21 src/std-types/vec.md:25 +msgid "\"{v3:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{v3:?}\"" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:15 -msgid "\"Unknown program name!\"" -msgstr "\"Nome de programa desconhecido!\"" +#: src/std-types/vec.md:23 +msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" +msgstr "// Remove duplicatas consecutivas.\n" -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:29 msgid "" -"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last " -"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`." -msgstr "" -"Assim como `if let`, cada braço de correspondência deve ter o mesmo tipo. O " -"tipo é a última expressão do bloco, se houver. No exemplo acima, o tipo é " -"`()`." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28 -msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." +"`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " +"methods on a `Vec`." msgstr "" -"Salve o resultado de uma expressão de correspondência `match` em uma " -"variável e imprima-a." - -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29 -msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." -msgstr "Remova `.as_deref()` e explique o erro gerado." +"`Vec` implementa [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), o que significa que você pode chamar " +"métodos de _slice_ em um `Vec`." -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:37 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot match " -"against `String`." +"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " +"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " +"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." msgstr "" -"`std::env::Args().next()` retorna um `Option<&String>`, porém `match` não " -"funciona com o tipo `String`." +"`Vec` é um tipo de coleção, como `String` e `HashMap`. Os dados que ele " +"contém são armazenados no heap. Isso significa que a quantidade de dados não " +"precisa ser conhecida em tempo de compilação. Ela pode crescer ou encolher " +"em tempo de execução." -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:40 msgid "" -"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, " -"this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." +"Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " +"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " +"during the first `push` call." msgstr "" -"`as_deref()` transforma um `Option` em `Option<&T::Target>`. Em nosso " -"caso, isso transforma um `Option` em `Option<&str>`." +"Observe como `Vec` também é um tipo genérico, mas você não precisa " +"especificar `T` explicitamente. Como sempre, com a inferência de tipos do " +"Rust, `T` foi estabelecido durante a primeira chamada de `push`." -#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:43 msgid "" -"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`." +"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " +"supports adding initial elements to the vector." msgstr "" -"Agora podemos usar a correspondência de padrões em um `&str` dentro de " -"`Option`." - -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1 -msgid "`break` and `continue`" -msgstr "`break` e `continue`" +"`vec![...]` é uma macro canônica para usar em vez de `Vec::new()` e suporta " +"a adição de elementos iniciais ao vetor." -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:45 msgid "" -"If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," +"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " +"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " +"remove the last element." msgstr "" -"Se você quiser sair de um loop cedo, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)," +"Para indexar o vetor, você usa `[` `]`, mas uma exceção do tipo _pânico_ " +"(`panic`) será gerada se o índice estiver fora dos limites. " +"Alternativamente, usando `get` você obterá um `Option`. A função `pop` " +"removerá o último elemento." -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4 +#: src/std-types/vec.md:48 msgid "" -"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." +"Slices are covered on day 3. For now, students only need to know that a " +"value of type `Vec` gives access to all of the documented slice methods, too." msgstr "" -"Se você quiser iniciar imediatamente a próxima iteração use [`continue`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-" -"expressions)." -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7 -msgid "" -"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " -"used to break out of nested loops:" +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:3 +msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" msgstr "" -"Ambos `continue` e `break` podem opcionalmente receber um _label_ (rótulo) " -"como argumento que é usado para sair de loops aninhados:" +"_Hash map_ (Mapa de _hash_) padrão com proteção contra ataques _HashDoS_:" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:18 -msgid "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" -msgstr "\"x: {x}, i: {i}\"" +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:10 +msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" +msgstr "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" -#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28 -msgid "" -"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop." -msgstr "Neste caso, paramos o loop externo após 3 iterações do loop interno." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:11 +msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" +msgstr "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" -#: src/std.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " -"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work " -"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." -msgstr "" -"Rust vem com uma biblioteca padrão (_standard library_) que ajuda a " -"estabelecer um conjunto de tipos comuns usados por bibliotecas e programas " -"Rust. Dessa forma, duas bibliotecas podem trabalhar juntas sem problemas " -"porque ambas usam o mesmo tipo `String`." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:12 src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:29 +msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" +msgstr "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" -#: src/std.md:7 -msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" -msgstr "Os tipos de vocabulário comuns incluem:" +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:14 +msgid "\"Les Misérables\"" +msgstr "\"Les Misérables\"" -#: src/std.md:9 -msgid "" -"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " -"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." -msgstr "" -"[`Option` e `Result`](std/option-result.md): tipos usados para valores " -"opcionais e [tratamento de erro](error-handling.md)." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:16 +msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\"" +msgstr "\"Nós sabemos sobre livros {}, mas não Les Misérables.\"" -#: src/std.md:12 -msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." -msgstr "" -"[`String`](std/string.md): o tipo de string padrão usado para dados _owned_." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 src/std-types/hashmap.md:29 +msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" +msgstr "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" -#: src/std.md:14 -msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." -msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): um vetor extensível padrão." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:23 +msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\"" +msgstr "\"{book}: {count} páginas\"" -#: src/std.md:16 -msgid "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " -"algorithm." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:24 +msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\"" +msgstr "\"{book} é desconhecido.\"" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:28 +msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" msgstr "" -"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): um tipo de mapa de hash com um algoritmo de " -"hash configurável." +"// Use o método .entry() para inserir um valor caso nada seja encontrado.\n" -#: src/std.md:19 -msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." -msgstr "[`Box`](std/box.md): um ponteiro _owned_ para dados alocados em heap." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:34 +msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" -#: src/std.md:21 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:40 msgid "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " -"data." +"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." msgstr "" -"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): um ponteiro de contagem de referência compartilhado para " -"dados alocados em heap." +"`HashMap` não está definido no prelúdio e precisa ser incluído no escopo." -#: src/std.md:25 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:41 msgid "" -"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " -"`alloc` and `std`. " +"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " +"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " +"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." msgstr "" -"Na verdade, o Rust contém várias camadas de Biblioteca Padrão: `core`, " -"`alloc` e `std`. " +"Tente as seguintes linhas de código. A primeira linha verá se um livro está " +"no hash map e, caso não esteja, retorna um valor alternativo. A segunda " +"linha irá inserir o valor alternativo no hash map se o livro não for " +"encontrado." -#: src/std.md:26 -msgid "" -"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " -"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. " +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:47 src/std-types/hashmap.md:59 +msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" +msgstr "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:50 src/std-types/hashmap.md:60 +msgid "\"The Hunger Games\"" +msgstr "\"The Hunger Games\"" + +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:53 +msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." msgstr "" -"`core` inclui os tipos e funções mais básicos que não dependem de `libc`, " -"alocador ou até mesmo a presença de um sistema operacional. " +"Ao contrário de `vec!`, infelizmente não existe uma macro `hashmap!` padrão." -#: src/std.md:28 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:54 msgid "" -"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " -"`Box` and `Arc`." +"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" +"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " +"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" msgstr "" -"`alloc` inclui tipos que requerem um alocador de heap global, como `Vec`, " -"`Box` e `Arc`." +"Entretanto, desde o Rust 1.56, o HashMap implementa [`From<[(K, V); N]>`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" +"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), o que nos " +"permite inicializar facilmente um hash map a partir de uma matriz literal:" -#: src/std.md:29 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:64 msgid "" -"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." +"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" +"value tuples." msgstr "" -"Os aplicativos Rust embarcados geralmente usam apenas `core` e, às vezes, " -"`alloc`." - -#: src/std/option-result.md:1 -msgid "`Option` and `Result`" -msgstr "`Option` e `Result`" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:3 -msgid "The types represent optional data:" -msgstr "Os tipos representam dados opcionais:" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:9 -msgid "\"first: {first:?}\"" -msgstr "\"primeiro: {first:?}\"" - -#: src/std/option-result.md:12 -msgid "\"idx: {idx:?}\"" -msgstr "\"ind: {idx:?}\"" +"Alternativamente, o HashMap pode ser construído a partir de qualquer " +"`Iterator` que produz tuplas de chave-valor." -#: src/std/option-result.md:18 -msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:66 +msgid "" +"We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " +"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " +"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." msgstr "" -"`Option` e `Result` são amplamente usados não apenas na biblioteca padrão." +"Estamos mostrando `HashMap`, e evite usar `&str` como chave " +"para facilitar os exemplos. É claro que o uso de referências em coleções " +"pode ser feito, mas isto pode levar a complicações com o verificador de " +"empréstimos." -#: src/std/option-result.md:19 -msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:69 +msgid "" +"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " +"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" msgstr "" -"`Option<&T>` não tem nenhum custo adicional de espaço em comparação com `&T`." +"Tente remover `to_string()` do exemplo acima e veja se ele ainda compila. " +"Onde você acha que podemos ter problemas?" -#: src/std/option-result.md:20 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:72 msgid "" -"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " -"Day 3." +"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" +"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " +"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " +"to the `keys` method." msgstr "" -"`Result` é o tipo padrão para implementar tratamento de erros, como veremos " -"no Dia 3." -#: src/std/option-result.md:21 -msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." -msgstr "`binary_search` retorna `Result`." +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise you will take a very simple data structure and make it " +"generic. It uses a [`std::collections::HashMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html) to keep track of which values " +"have been seen and how many times each one has appeared." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/option-result.md:22 -msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:9 +msgid "" +"The initial version of `Counter` is hard coded to only work for `u32` " +"values. Make the struct and its methods generic over the type of value being " +"tracked, that way `Counter` can track any type of value." msgstr "" -"Se encontrado, `Result::Ok` contém o índice onde o elemento foi encontrado." -#: src/std/option-result.md:23 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:13 msgid "" -"Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be " -"inserted." +"If you finish early, try using the [`entry`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html#method.entry) method to halve the " +"number of hash lookups required to implement the `count` method." msgstr "" -"Caso contrário, `Result::Err` contém o índice onde tal elemento deve ser " -"inserido." -#: src/std/string.md:3 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:20 src/std-types/solution.md:6 msgid "" -"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the " -"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:" +"/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen.\n" msgstr "" -"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) é o " -"buffer padrão de cadeia de caracteres UTF-8 expansível e alocado no heap:" -#: src/std/string.md:9 -msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" -msgstr "\"s1: tam = {}, capacidade = {}\"" +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:27 src/std-types/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// Create a new Counter.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/string.md:13 -msgid "'!'" -msgstr "'!'" +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:34 src/std-types/solution.md:18 +msgid "/// Count an occurrence of the given value.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/string.md:14 -msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" -msgstr "\"s2: tam = {}, capacidade = {}\"" +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:43 src/std-types/solution.md:23 +msgid "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/string.md:16 -msgid "\"🇨🇭\"" -msgstr "\"🇧🇷\"" +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:59 src/std-types/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"saw {} values equal to {}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/string.md:17 -msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\"" -msgstr "\"s3: tam = {}, número de caracteres = {}\"" +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:63 src/std-types/exercise.md:65 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:43 +#: src/std-types/solution.md:45 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"apple\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/string.md:22 -msgid "" -"`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " -"all `str` methods on a `String`." +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:64 src/std-types/solution.md:44 +msgid "\"orange\"" msgstr "" -"`String` implementa [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), o que significa que você pode " -"chamar todos os métodos de `str` em uma `String`." -#: src/std/string.md:30 -msgid "" -"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " -"you know how much data you want to push to the string." +#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +msgid "\"got {} apples\"" msgstr "" -"`String::new` retorna uma nova string vazia, use `String::with_capacity` " -"quando você sabe a quantidade de dados que você deseja colocar na string." -#: src/std/string.md:31 +#: src/std-traits.md:7 msgid "" -"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " -"different from its length in characters)." +"As with the standard-library types, spend time reviewing the documentation " +"for each trait." msgstr "" -"`String::len` retorna o tamanho da `String` em bytes (que pode ser diferente " -"de seu comprimento em caracteres)." -#: src/std/string.md:32 -msgid "" -"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " -"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " -"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/" -"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." +#: src/std-traits.md:10 +msgid "This section is long. Take a break midway through." msgstr "" -"`String::chars` retorna um iterador com os caracteres de fato. Observe que " -"um `char` pode ser diferente do que um humano considerará um \"caracter\" " -"devido a [agrupamentos de grafemas (_grapheme clusters_)](https://docs.rs/" -"unicode-segmentation/latest/unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." -#: src/std/string.md:33 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:3 msgid "" -"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " -"`String`." +"These traits support comparisons between values. All traits can be derived " +"for types containing fields that implement these traits." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:6 +msgid "`PartialEq` and `Eq`" msgstr "" -"Quando as pessoas se referem a strings, elas podem estar falando sobre " -"`&str` ou `String`." -#: src/std/string.md:34 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:8 msgid "" -"When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " -"transparently call methods from `T`." +"`PartialEq` is a partial equivalence relation, with required method `eq` and " +"provided method `ne`. The `==` and `!=` operators will call these methods." msgstr "" -"Quando um tipo implementa `Deref`, o compilador permitirá que " -"você transparentemente chame métodos de `T`." -#: src/std/string.md:35 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:23 msgid "" -"`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " -"access to `str`'s methods." +"`Eq` is a full equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive) " +"and implies `PartialEq`. Functions that require full equivalence will use " +"`Eq` as a trait bound." msgstr "" -"`String` implementa `Deref` que, de forma transparente, dá " -"acesso aos métodos de `str`." -#: src/std/string.md:36 -msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;." -msgstr "Escreva e compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` e `let s3 = &*s1;`." +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:27 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`PartialOrd` and `Ord`" +msgstr "`Read` e `Write`" -#: src/std/string.md:37 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:29 msgid "" -"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " -"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " -"with some extra guarantees." +"`PartialOrd` defines a partial ordering, with a `partial_cmp` method. It is " +"used to implement the `<`, `<=`, `>=`, and `>` operators." msgstr "" -"`String` é implementado como um wrapper em torno de um vetor de bytes, " -"muitas das operações que você vê suportados em vetores também são suportadas " -"em `String`, mas com algumas garantias extras." -#: src/std/string.md:38 -msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" -msgstr "Compare as diferentes formas de indexar uma `String`:" +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:49 +msgid "`Ord` is a total ordering, with `cmp` returning `Ordering`." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/string.md:39 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:53 msgid "" -"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " -"out-of-bounds." +"`PartialEq` can be implemented between different types, but `Eq` cannot, " +"because it is reflexive:" msgstr "" -"Para um caracter usando `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` onde `i` está dentro " -"dos limites, fora dos limites." -#: src/std/string.md:40 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:68 msgid "" -"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " -"boundaries or not." +"In practice, it's common to derive these traits, but uncommon to implement " +"them." msgstr "" -"Para uma substring usando `s3[0..4]`, onde essa _slice_ está nos limites dos " -"caracteres ou não." -#: src/std/vec.md:1 -msgid "`Vec`" -msgstr "`Vec`" - -#: src/std/vec.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:3 msgid "" -"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " -"resizable heap-allocated buffer:" +"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" msgstr "" -"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) é o buffer padrão " -"redimensionável alocado no heap:" - -#: src/std/vec.md:9 -msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" -msgstr "\"v1: tamanho = {}, capacidade = {}\"" - -#: src/std/vec.md:14 -msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" -msgstr "\"v2: tamanho = {}, capacidade = {}\"" - -#: src/std/vec.md:16 -msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" -msgstr "// Macro canônica para inicializar um vetor com elementos.\n" - -#: src/std/vec.md:19 -msgid "// Retain only the even elements.\n" -msgstr "// Mantém apenas os elementos pares.\n" +"A sobrecarga de operadores é implementada por meio do `trait` contido em " +"[`std::ops`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" -#: src/std/vec.md:21 src/std/vec.md:25 -msgid "\"{v3:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{v3:?}\"" +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:23 +msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/vec.md:23 -msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" -msgstr "// Remove duplicatas consecutivas.\n" +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:29 src/memory-management/drop.md:47 +msgid "Discussion points:" +msgstr "Pontos de discussão:" -#: src/std/vec.md:29 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:31 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " -"methods on a `Vec`." +"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful?" msgstr "" -"`Vec` implementa [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" -"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), o que significa que você pode chamar " -"métodos de _slice_ em um `Vec`." +"Você pode implementar `Add` para `&Point`. Em quais situações isso é útil?" -#: src/std/vec.md:37 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:32 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " -"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " -"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." +"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " +"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " +"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." msgstr "" -"`Vec` é um tipo de coleção, como `String` e `HashMap`. Os dados que ele " -"contém são armazenados no heap. Isso significa que a quantidade de dados não " -"precisa ser conhecida em tempo de compilação. Ela pode crescer ou encolher " -"em tempo de execução." +"Resposta: `Add:add` consome `self`. Se digitar `T` para o qual você está " +"sobrecarregando o operador não implementa `Copy`, você deve considerar " +"sobrecarregar o operador para `&T` também. Isso evita a clonagem " +"desnecessária no local da chamada." -#: src/std/vec.md:40 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:35 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " -"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " -"during the first `push` call." +"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " +"method?" msgstr "" -"Observe como `Vec` também é um tipo genérico, mas você não precisa " -"especificar `T` explicitamente. Como sempre, com a inferência de tipos do " -"Rust, `T` foi estabelecido durante a primeira chamada de `push`." +"Por que `Output` é um tipo associado? Poderia ser feito um parâmetro de tipo?" -#: src/std/vec.md:42 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:37 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " -"supports adding initial elements to the vector." +"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " +"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementer of a " +"trait." msgstr "" -"`vec![...]` é uma macro canônica para usar em vez de `Vec::new()` e suporta " -"a adição de elementos iniciais ao vetor." +"Resposta curta: os parâmetros de tipo são controlados pelo chamador, mas " +"tipos associados (como `Output`) são controlados pelo implementador do " +"`trait`." -#: src/std/vec.md:44 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md:40 msgid "" -"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " -"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " -"remove the last element." +"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " +"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." msgstr "" -"Para indexar o vetor, você usa `[` `]`, mas uma exceção do tipo _pânico_ " -"(`panic`) será gerada se o índice estiver fora dos limites. " -"Alternativamente, usando `get` você obterá um `Option`. A função `pop` " -"removerá o último elemento." -#: src/std/vec.md:46 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:3 msgid "" -"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e " -"+= 50; }`" +"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." +"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " +"facilitate type conversions:" msgstr "" -"Mostre uma iteração sobre um vetor e alterando o valor: `for e in &mut v " -"{ *e += 50; }`" +"Os tipos implementam `From` e `Into` para facilitar as conversões de tipo:" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46 -msgid "`HashMap`" -msgstr "`HashMap`" +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:11 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:23 +msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" +msgstr "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:3 -msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:15 +msgid "" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " +"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" msgstr "" -"_Hash map_ (Mapa de _hash_) padrão com proteção contra ataques _HashDoS_:" +"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) é " +"implementado automaticamente quando [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"convert/trait.From.html) é implementado:" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:10 -msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" -msgstr "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:29 +msgid "" +"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " +"`Into` implementation too." +msgstr "" +"É por isso que é comum implementar apenas `From`, já que seu tipo também " +"receberá a implementação de `Into`." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:11 -msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" -msgstr "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:31 +msgid "" +"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " +"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " +"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " +"implement `Into`." +msgstr "" +"Ao declarar um tipo de entrada de argumento de função como \"qualquer coisa " +"que possa ser convertida em `String`\", a regra é oposta, você deve usar " +"`Into`. Sua função aceitará tipos que implementam `From` e aqueles que " +"_apenas_ implementam `Into`." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:12 src/std/hashmap.md:19 src/std/hashmap.md:27 -msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" -msgstr "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has no _implicit_ type conversions, but does support explicit casts " +"with `as`. These generally follow C semantics where those are defined." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:14 -msgid "\"Les Misérables\"" -msgstr "\"Les Misérables\"" +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"as u16: {}\"" +msgstr "\"graph sum: {}\"" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:15 -msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\"" -msgstr "\"Nós sabemos sobre livros {}, mas não Les Misérables.\"" +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"as i16: {}\"" +msgstr "\"prêmio em dinheiro: {}\"" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:19 src/std/hashmap.md:27 -msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" -msgstr "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"as u8: {}\"" +msgstr "\"i8: {y}\"" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:21 -msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\"" -msgstr "\"{book}: {count} páginas\"" +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:15 +msgid "" +"The results of `as` are _always_ defined in Rust and consistent across " +"platforms. This might not match your intuition for changing sign or casting " +"to a smaller type -- check the docs, and comment for clarity." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:22 -msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\"" -msgstr "\"{book} é desconhecido.\"" +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:19 +msgid "" +"Casting with `as` is a relatively sharp tool that is easy to use " +"incorrectly, and can be a source of subtle bugs as future maintenance work " +"changes the types that are used or the ranges of values in types. Casts are " +"best used only when the intent is to indicate unconditional truncation (e.g. " +"selecting the bottom 32 bits of a `u64` with `as u32`, regardless of what " +"was in the high bits)." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:26 -msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:25 +msgid "" +"For infallible casts (e.g. `u32` to `u64`), prefer using `From` or `Into` " +"over `as` to confirm that the cast is in fact infallible. For fallible " +"casts, `TryFrom` and `TryInto` are available when you want to handle casts " +"that fit differently from those that don't." msgstr "" -"// Use o método .entry() para inserir um valor caso nada seja encontrado.\n" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:32 -msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" -msgstr "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:32 +msgid "Consider taking a break after this slide." +msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:38 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:34 msgid "" -"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." +"`as` is similar to a C++ static cast. Use of `as` in cases where data might " +"be lost is generally discouraged, or at least deserves an explanatory " +"comment." +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/casting.md:37 +msgid "This is common in casting integers to `usize` for use as an index." msgstr "" -"`HashMap` não está definido no prelúdio e precisa ser incluído no escopo." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:39 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:3 msgid "" -"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " -"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " -"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." +"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " +"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " +"abstract over `u8` sources:" msgstr "" -"Tente as seguintes linhas de código. A primeira linha verá se um livro está " -"no hash map e, caso não esteja, retorna um valor alternativo. A segunda " -"linha irá inserir o valor alternativo no hash map se o livro não for " -"encontrado." +"Usando `Read` e `BufRead`, você pode abstrair a leitura de conteúdos do tipo " +"`u8`:" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:43 -msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \"" -msgstr "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \"" +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:14 +msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:46 src/std/hashmap.md:55 -msgid "\"The Hunger Games\"" -msgstr "\"The Hunger Games\"" +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:15 +msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:49 -msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:18 +msgid "\"lines in file: {}\"" msgstr "" -"Ao contrário de `vec!`, infelizmente não existe uma macro `hashmap!` padrão." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:50 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:23 msgid "" -"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" -"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows " -"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" +"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " +"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" msgstr "" -"Entretanto, desde o Rust 1.56, o HashMap implementa [`From<[(K, V); N]>`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" -"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), o que nos " -"permite inicializar facilmente um hash map a partir de uma matriz literal:" +"Da mesma forma, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) " +"permite abstrair a escrita de dados do tipo `u8`:" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:54 -msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" -msgstr "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"\\n\"" +msgstr "" +"fn main() -> Result\\<()> { let mut buffer = Vec::new(); log(&mut buffer, " +"\"Olá\")?; log(&mut buffer, \"Mundo\")?; println!(\"Logado: {:?}\", buffer); " +"Ok(()) }" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:59 -msgid "" -"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" -"value tuples." +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:36 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:12 +msgid "\"World\"" +msgstr "\"Mundo\"" + +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:37 +msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -"Alternativamente, o HashMap pode ser construído a partir de qualquer " -"`Iterator` que produz tuplas de chave-valor." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:60 +#: src/std-traits/default.md:1 +msgid "The `Default` Trait" +msgstr "O Trait `Default`" + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:3 msgid "" -"We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " -"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " -"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." +"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " +"produces a default value for a type." msgstr "" -"Estamos mostrando `HashMap`, e evite usar `&str` como chave " -"para facilitar os exemplos. É claro que o uso de referências em coleções " -"pode ser feito, mas isto pode levar a complicações com o verificador de " -"empréstimos." +"O _trait_ [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default." +"html) fornece uma implementação padrão para um tipo." -#: src/std/hashmap.md:62 -msgid "" -"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " -"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" +#: src/std-traits/default.md:18 +msgid "\"John Smith\"" msgstr "" -"Tente remover `to_string()` do exemplo acima e veja se ele ainda compila. " -"Onde você acha que podemos ter problemas?" -#: src/std/hashmap.md:64 -msgid "" -"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" -"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " -"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back " -"to the `keys` method." +#: src/std-traits/default.md:24 +msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std/box.md:1 -msgid "`Box`" -msgstr "`Box`" +#: src/std-traits/default.md:27 +msgid "\"Y is set!\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/box.md:3 -msgid "" -"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " -"pointer to data on the heap:" +#: src/std-traits/default.md:28 +msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" msgstr "" -"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) é um ponteiro " -"_owned_ para dados no heap:" -#: src/std/box.md:8 -msgid "\"five: {}\"" -msgstr "\"cinco: {}\"" +#: src/std-traits/default.md:31 src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:211 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:214 +msgid "\"{:#?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/box.md:26 +#: src/std-traits/default.md:37 msgid "" -"`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " -"methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" -"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." +"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." msgstr "" -"`Box` implementa `Deref`, o que significa que você pode " -"[chamar métodos de `T` diretamente em um `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." +"Ele pode ser implementado diretamente ou derivado usando " +"`#[derive(Default)]`." -#: src/std/box.md:34 +#: src/std-traits/default.md:38 msgid "" -"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " -"not null. " +"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " +"their default values." msgstr "" -"`Box` é parecido com `std::unique_ptr` em C++, exceto que ele é " -"garantidamente não nulo." +"A implementação usando `derive` produz um valor onde todos os campos são " +"preenchidos com seus valores padrão." + +#: src/std-traits/default.md:40 +msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." +msgstr "" +"Consequentemente, todos os tipos usados na estrutuda devem implementar " +"`Default` também." -#: src/std/box.md:35 +#: src/std-traits/default.md:41 msgid "" -"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " -"statement thanks to `Deref`. " +"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " +"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." msgstr "" -"No exemplo acima, você pode até remover o `*` na instrução `println!` graças " -"ao `Deref`. " +"Frequentemente, os tipos padrão do Rust implementam `Default` com valores " +"razoáveis (ex: `0`, `\"\"`, etc)." -#: src/std/box.md:36 -msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" -msgstr "Uma `Box` é útil quando você:" +#: src/std-traits/default.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "The partial struct initialization works nicely with default." +msgstr "A cópia parcial de estrututas funciona bem em conjunto com _default_." -#: src/std/box.md:37 +#: src/std-traits/default.md:44 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " -"compiler wants to know an exact size." +"The Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " +"provides convenience methods that use it." msgstr "" -"Tem um tipo cujo tamanho não está disponível em tempo de compilação, mas o " -"compilador Rust precisa saber o tamanho exato." +"A bilioteca padrão do Rust sabe que tipos podem implementar o `trait` " +"`Default` e, convenientemente, provê métodos para isso." -#: src/std/box.md:38 +#: src/std-traits/default.md:46 msgid "" -"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " -"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " -"so only the pointer is moved." +"The `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" +"with-struct-update-syntax)." msgstr "" -"Precisa transferir o _ownership_ de um grande volume de dados. Ao invés de " -"copiar grandes volumes de dados na pilha, eles são armazenados usando uma " -"`Box` no _heap_ e apenas o ponteiro é movido." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1 -msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" -msgstr "`Box` com Estruturas de Dados Recursivas" - -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:3 msgid "" -"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" +"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " +"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." +"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " +"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" msgstr "" -"Tipos de dados recursivos ou tipos de dados com tamanhos dinâmicos precisam " -"usar uma `Box`:" +"Closures ou expressões _lambda_ têm tipos que não podem ser nomeados. No " +"entanto, eles implementam os _traits_ especiais [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" +"trait.FnMut.html) e [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." +"FnOnce.html):" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:14 src/std/box-niche.md:12 -msgid "\"{list:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{list:?}\"" +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\"" +msgstr "\"Chamando a função com {entrada}\"" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:16 src/std-traits/closures.md:17 +msgid "\"add_3: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:24 src/std-traits/closures.md:25 +msgid "\"accumulate: {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:28 +msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:34 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"list : : :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " -"| :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"```" +"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " +"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " +"concurrently." msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" Pilha Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"lista : : :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " -"| :\n" -": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"```" +"Um `Fn` não consome nem muda os valores capturados ou talvez não capture " +"nada, então, pode ser chamado várias vezes simultaneamente." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:37 msgid "" -"If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " -"`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " -"(`List` would be of infinite size)." +"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " +"multiple times, but not concurrently." msgstr "" -"Se a `Box` não for usada e tentarmos incorporar uma `List` diretamente na " -"`List`, o compilador não conseguiria calcular um tamanho fixo da _struct_ na " -"memória (`List` teria tamanho infinito) ." +"Um `FnMut` pode alterar os valores capturados, então você pode chamá-lo " +"várias vezes, mas não simultaneamente." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:40 msgid "" -"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " -"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." +"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " +"might consume captured values." msgstr "" -"`Box` resolve esse problema, pois tem o mesmo tamanho de um ponteiro normal " -"e apenas aponta para o próximo elemento da `List` no _heap_." +"Se você tiver um `FnOnce`, poderá chamá-lo apenas uma vez. Pode consumir os " +"valores capturados." -#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:43 msgid "" -"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " -"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " -"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." +"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " +"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " +"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." msgstr "" -"Remova o `Box` na definição de `List` e mostre o erro de compilação. " -"\"Recursive with indirection\" (recursivo com indireção) é uma dica para que " -"você talvez queira usar uma `Box` ou referência de alguma forma, ao invés de " -"armazenar um valor diretamente." +"`FnMut` é um subtipo de `FnOnce`. `Fn` é um subtipo de `FnMut` e `FnOnce`. " +"Ou seja você pode usar um `FnMut` sempre que um `FnOnce` é chamado e você " +"pode usar um `Fn` sempre que um `FnMut` ou um `FnOnce` é chamado." -#: src/std/box-niche.md:16 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:47 msgid "" -"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " -"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" +"When you define a function that takes a closure, you should take `FnOnce` if " +"you can (i.e. you call it once), or `FnMut` else, and last `Fn`. This allows " +"the most flexibility for the caller." msgstr "" -"Uma `Box` não pode estar vazia, portanto o ponteiro é sempre válido e não " -"nulo (`null`). Isto permite que o compilador otimize o layout da memória:" -#: src/std/box-niche.md:19 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:51 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"list : : :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " -"| :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-'\n" -"```" +"In contrast, when you have a closure, the most flexible you can have is `Fn` " +"(it can be passed everywhere), then `FnMut`, and lastly `FnOnce`." msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" Pilha Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"lista : : :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " -"| :\n" -": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" -"+ :\n" -": : : :\n" -": : : :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"-'\n" -"```" - -#: src/std/rc.md:1 -msgid "`Rc`" -msgstr "`Rc`" -#: src/std/rc.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:54 msgid "" -"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" -"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " -"from multiple places:" +"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " +"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." msgstr "" -"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) é um ponteiro " -"compartilhado com contagem de referência. Use-o quando precisar consultar os " -"mesmos dados a partir de vários locais:" -#: src/std/rc.md:18 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:57 msgid "" -"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " -"context." +"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " +"keyword makes them capture by value." msgstr "" -"Veja [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) e [`Mutex`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) se você estiver em um contexto " -"multi-thread." -#: src/std/rc.md:19 -msgid "" -"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:66 +msgid "\"Hi\"" msgstr "" -"Você pode demover (_downgrade_) um ponteiro compartilhado para um ponteiro " -"[`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) (fraco) para " -"criar ciclos que serão descartados." -#: src/std/rc.md:29 -msgid "" -"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " -"are references." +#: src/std-traits/closures.md:67 +msgid "\"there\"" msgstr "" -"O contador do `Rc` garante que os seus valores contidos sejam válidos " -"enquanto houver referências." - -#: src/std/rc.md:30 -msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." -msgstr "`Rc` em Rust é como `std::shared_ptr` em C++." -#: src/std/rc.md:31 +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " -"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " -"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." +"In this example, you will implement the classic [\"ROT13\" cipher](https://" +"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13). Copy this code to the playground, and " +"implement the missing bits. Only rotate ASCII alphabetic characters, to " +"ensure the result is still valid UTF-8." msgstr "" -"`Rc::clone` é barato: ele cria um ponteiro para a mesma alocação e aumenta a " -"contagem de referência. Ele não faz um \"clone profundo\" (_deep clone_) e " -"geralmente pode ser ignorado ao procurar problemas de desempenho no código." -#: src/std/rc.md:32 -msgid "" -"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " -"and returns a mutable reference." +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:15 +msgid "// Implement the `Read` trait for `RotDecoder`.\n" msgstr "" -"`make_mut` realmente clona o valor interno se necessário (\"_clone-on-" -"write_\") e retorna uma referência mutável." - -#: src/std/rc.md:33 -msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." -msgstr "Use `Rc::strong_count` para verificar a contagem de referência." -#: src/std/rc.md:34 -msgid "" -"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " -"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, " -"on the next slide)." +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:20 src/std-traits/exercise.md:33 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:26 src/std-traits/solution.md:39 +msgid "\"Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr!\"" msgstr "" -"`Rc::downgrade` lhe fornece um objeto _contador de referências_ " -"\"fraco\" (weak)\\_ para criar ciclos que podem ser apropriadamente " -"descartados (provavelmente combinados com `RefCell`, no próximo slide)." - -#: src/std/cell.md:1 -msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" -msgstr "`Cell` e `RefCell`" -#: src/std/cell.md:3 -msgid "" -"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust " -"calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context." +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:36 src/std-traits/solution.md:42 +msgid "\"To get to the other side!\"" msgstr "" -"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) e [`RefCell`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implementam o que " -"Rust chama de _mutabilidade interior:_ mutação de valores em um contexto " -"imutável." -#: src/std/cell.md:8 +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:55 msgid "" -"`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving " -"values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks " -"shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused." +"What happens if you chain two `RotDecoder` instances together, each rotating " +"by 13 characters?" msgstr "" -"`Cell` é normalmente usado para tipos simples, pois requer copiar ou mover " -"valores. Tipos interiores mais complexos normalmente usam `RefCell`, que " -"rastreia referências compartilhadas e exclusivas em tempo de execução e " -"retorna um pânico (_panic_) se forem mal utilizadas." -#: src/std/cell.md:40 -msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" -msgstr "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" +#: src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "'A'" +msgstr "' '" -#: src/std/cell.md:41 -msgid "\"graph sum: {}\"" -msgstr "\"graph sum: {}\"" +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Day 3" +msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Dia 3" -#: src/std/cell.md:47 -msgid "" -"If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have " -"to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. " -"This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, " -"but it's not ergonomic." +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 +msgid "Today, we will cover:" msgstr "" -"Se estivéssemos usando `Cell` em vez de `RefCell` neste exemplo, teríamos " -"que mover o `Node` para fora do `Rc` para enviar os filhos e, em seguida, " -"movê-lo de volta. Isso é seguro porque sempre há um, valor não referenciado " -"em `cell`, mas não é ergonômico." -#: src/std/cell.md:48 +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 msgid "" -"To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " -"`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." +"Memory management, lifetimes, and the borrow checker: how Rust ensures " +"memory safety." msgstr "" -"Para fazer qualquer coisa com um Node, você deve chamar um método `RefCell`, " -"geralmente `borrow` ou `borrow_mut`." -#: src/std/cell.md:49 -msgid "" -"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." -"children` (don't try to print it!)." +#: src/welcome-day-3.md:7 +msgid "Smart pointers: standard library pointer types." msgstr "" -"Demonstre que loops de referência podem ser criados adicionando `root` a " -"`subtree.children` (não tente imprimi-lo!)." -#: src/std/cell.md:50 -msgid "" -"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " -"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " -"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " -"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:3 +msgid "Programs allocate memory in two ways:" msgstr "" -"Para demonstrar um pânico em tempo de execução, adicione um `fn inc(&mut " -"self)` que incrementa `self.value` e chama o mesmo método em seus filhos. " -"Isso criará um pânico na presença do loop de referência, com `thread 'main' " -"em pânico no 'já emprestado: BorrowMutError'`." -#: src/modules.md:3 -msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." -msgstr "" -"Vimos como os blocos `impl` nos permitem usar _namespaces_ (espaços de " -"nomes) de funções para um tipo." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:5 +msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." +msgstr "Pilha: Área contínua de memória para variáveis locais." -#: src/modules.md:5 -msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" -msgstr "" -"Da mesma forma, `mod` nos permite usar _namespaces_ de tipos e funções:" +#: src/memory-management/review.md:6 +msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." +msgstr "Os valores têm tamanhos fixos conhecidos em tempo de compilação." -#: src/modules.md:10 -msgid "\"In the foo module\"" -msgstr "\"No módulo foo\"" +#: src/memory-management/review.md:7 +msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." +msgstr "Extremamente rápida: basta mover um ponteiro de pilha." -#: src/modules.md:16 -msgid "\"In the bar module\"" -msgstr "\"No módulo bar\"" +#: src/memory-management/review.md:8 +msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." +msgstr "Fácil de gerenciar: segue chamadas de função." -#: src/modules.md:28 -msgid "" -"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " -"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." -msgstr "" -"Pacotes (_packages_) fornecem funcionalidades e incluem um arquivo `Cargo." -"toml` que descreve como gerar um pacote com um ou mais _crates_." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:9 +msgid "Great memory locality." +msgstr "Ótima localidade de memória." -#: src/modules.md:29 -msgid "" -"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " -"a library crate compiles to a library." -msgstr "" -"_Crates_ são arvores de módulos, onde um _crate_ binário cria um executável " -"e um _crate_ de biblioteca é compilado em uma biblioteca." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:11 +msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." +msgstr "Heap: Armazenamento de valores fora das chamadas de função." -#: src/modules.md:30 -msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." -msgstr "Módulos definem organização, escopo e são o foco desta seção." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:12 +msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." +msgstr "Valores possuem tamanhos dinâmicos determinados em tempo de execução." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:3 -msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" -msgstr "Módulos são limitadores de privacidade:" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:5 -msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:13 +msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." msgstr "" -"Itens do módulo são privados por padrão (ocultam detalhes de implementação)." +"Ligeiramente mais devagar que a pilha: é necessário um pouco de " +"gerenciamento." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:6 -msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." -msgstr "Itens paternos e fraternos são sempre visíveis." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:14 +msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." +msgstr "Sem garantias de localidade de memória." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:7 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:18 msgid "" -"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " -"the descendants of `foo`." +"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " +"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" msgstr "" -"Em outras palavras, se um item é visível no módulo `foo`, ele é visível em " -"todos os descendentes de `foo`." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:13 -msgid "\"outer::private\"" -msgstr "\"externo::privado\"" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:17 -msgid "\"outer::public\"" -msgstr "\"externo::publico\"" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:22 -msgid "\"outer::inner::private\"" -msgstr "\"externo::interno::privado\"" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:26 -msgid "\"outer::inner::public\"" -msgstr "\"externo::interno::publico\"" - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:39 -msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." -msgstr "Use a palavra reservada `pub` para tornar módulos públicos." +"A criação de uma `String` coloca metadados de tamanho fixo na pilha e dados " +"dinamicamente dimensionados - a string propriamente dita - no _heap_:" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:41 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:43 msgid "" -"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " -"of public visibility." +"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " +"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." msgstr "" -"Adicionamente, existem especificadores `pub(...)` avançados para restringir " -"o escopo de visibilidade pública." +"Mencione que uma `String` é suportada por um `Vec`, portanto ela tem um " +"tamanho e capacidade e pode crescer se for mutável por meio de realocação no " +"heap." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:43 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:46 msgid "" -"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" -"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." +"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " +"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" +"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the " +"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" msgstr "" -"Veja a [Referência Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" -"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:44 -msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." -msgstr "A configuração de visibilidade `pub(crate)` é um padrão comum." - -#: src/modules/visibility.md:45 -msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." -msgstr "Menos comum, você pode dar visibilidade para um caminho específico." +"Se os alunos perguntarem sobre isso, você pode mencionar que a memória " +"subjacente é alocada no heap usando o _[System Allocator](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html)_ e os alocadores personalizados podem " +"ser implementados usando a _[API Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"alloc/index.html)_." -#: src/modules/visibility.md:46 +#: src/memory-management/review.md:52 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " -"its descendants)." +"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should " +"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" msgstr "" -"Em todo caso, a visibilidade deve ser concedida a um módulo ancestral (e a " -"todos os seus descendentes)." +"Podemos inspecionar o layout da memória com código inseguro (`unsafe`). No " +"entanto, você deve apontar que isso é legitimamente inseguro!" -#: src/modules/paths.md:3 -msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" -msgstr "Caminhos são resolvidos da seguinte forma:" +#: src/memory-management/review.md:58 src/testing/unit-tests.md:15 +msgid "' '" +msgstr "' '" -#: src/modules/paths.md:5 -msgid "As a relative path:" -msgstr "Como um caminho relativo:" +#: src/memory-management/review.md:59 +msgid "\"world\"" +msgstr "\"mundo\"" -#: src/modules/paths.md:6 -msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," -msgstr "`foo` ou `self::foo` referem-se à `foo` no módulo atual," +#: src/memory-management/review.md:60 +msgid "" +"// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" +" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " +"to\n" +" // undefined behavior.\n" +msgstr "" +"// NÃO FAÇA ISSO EM CASA! Somente com propósito educacional.\n" +" // String não fornece nenhuma garantia sobre o seu layout, então isso " +"pode causar\n" +" // um comportamento indefinido.\n" -#: src/modules/paths.md:7 -msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." -msgstr "`super::foo` refere-se à `foo` no módulo pai." +#: src/memory-management/review.md:65 +msgid "\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\"" +msgstr "\"Ponteiro = {ptr:#x}, tamanho = {len}, capacidade = {capacity}\"" -#: src/modules/paths.md:9 -msgid "As an absolute path:" -msgstr "Como um caminho absoluto:" +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:3 +msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" +msgstr "Tradicionalmente, as linguagens se dividem em duas grandes categorias:" -#: src/modules/paths.md:10 -msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," -msgstr "`crate::foo` refere-se à `foo` na raiz do _crate_ atual," +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:5 +msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." +msgstr "" +"Controle total através do gerenciamento manual de memória: C, C++, " +"Pascal, ..." -#: src/modules/paths.md:11 -msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." -msgstr "`bar::foo` refere-se a `foo` no _crate_ `bar`." +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:6 +msgid "Programmer decides when to allocate or free heap memory." +msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:13 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:7 msgid "" -"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " -"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" +"Programmer must determine whether a pointer still points to valid memory." msgstr "" -"Um módulo pode trazer símbolos de outro módulo para o escopo com `use`. " -"Normalmente, você verá algo assim na parte superior de cada módulo:" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 -msgid "" -"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:8 +msgid "Studies show, programmers make mistakes." msgstr "" -"Omitir o conteúdo do módulo dirá ao Rust para procurá-lo em outro arquivo:" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:9 msgid "" -"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." -"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" -"vegetables.rs`." +"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " +"Haskell, ..." msgstr "" -"Isso diz ao Rust que o conteúdo do módulo `jardim` pode ser encontrado em " -"`src/jardim.rs`. Similarmente, um módulo `jardim::vegetais` pode ser " -"encontrado em `src/jardim/vegetais.rs`." - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12 -msgid "The `crate` root is in:" -msgstr "A raiz `crate` está em:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14 -msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" -msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (para um _crate_ de biblioteca)" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 -msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" -msgstr "`src/main.rs` (para um _crate_ binário)" +"Segurança total através do gerenciamento automático de memória em tempo de " +"execução: Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..." -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:11 msgid "" -"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " -"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " -"module." +"A runtime system ensures that memory is not freed until it can no longer be " +"referenced." msgstr "" -"Módulos definidos em arquivos também podem ser documentados usando " -"\"comentários internos de documento\" (_inner doc comments_). Estes " -"documentam o item que os contém - neste caso, um módulo." -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:13 msgid "" -"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " -"germination\n" -"//! implementation.\n" +"Typically implemented with reference counting, garbage collection, or RAII." msgstr "" -"//! Este módulo implementa o jardim, incluindo uma implementação de " -"germinação\n" -"//! de alto desempenho.\n" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:23 -msgid "// Re-export types from this module.\n" -msgstr "// Re-exporta tipos deste módulo.\n" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:27 -msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" -msgstr "/// Semeia os pacotes de semente fornecidos.\n" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:30 -msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" -msgstr "/// Colhe os vegetais no jardim que está pronto.\n" +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:15 +msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" +msgstr "Rust oferece uma nova combinação:" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:17 msgid "" -"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " -"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." +"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " +"management." msgstr "" -"Antes do Rust 2018, os módulos precisavam estar localizados em `module/mod." -"rs` ao invés de `module.rs`, e esta ainda é uma alternativa funcional para " -"edições posteriores a 2018." +"Controle total **_e_** segurança por imposição do correto gerenciamento de " +"memória em tempo de compilação." -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39 -msgid "" -"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." -"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." -msgstr "" -"A principal razão para introduzir `nome_de_arquivo.rs` como alternativa a " -"`nome_de_arquivo/mod.rs` foi porque muitos arquivos denominados `mod.rs` " -"podem ser difíceis de distinguir em IDEs." +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:20 +msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." +msgstr "Ele faz isso com um conceito de _ownership_ (posse) explícito." -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 -msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:24 +msgid "" +"This slide is intended to help students coming from other languages to put " +"Rust in context." msgstr "" -"O aninhamento mais profundo pode usar pastas, mesmo que o módulo principal " -"seja um arquivo:" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:27 msgid "" -"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " -"directive:" +"C must manage heap manually with `malloc` and `free`. Common errors include " +"forgetting to call `free`, calling it multiple times for the same pointer, " +"or dereferencing a pointer after the memory it points to has been freed." msgstr "" -"O local no qual o Rust irá procurar por módulos pode ser alterado por meio " -"de uma diretiva de compilador:" - -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:55 -msgid "\"some/path.rs\"" -msgstr "\"algum/caminho.rs\"" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:31 msgid "" -"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " -"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." +"C++ has tools like smart pointers (`unique_ptr`, `shared_ptr`) that take " +"advantage of language guarantees about calling destructors to ensure memory " +"is freed when a function returns. It is still quite easy to mis-use these " +"tools and create similar bugs to C." msgstr "" -"Isto é útil, por exemplo, se você quiser colocar testes para um módulo em um " -"arquivo chamado `algum_modulo_teste.rs`, semelhante à convenção em Go." -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 2: Exercícios da Tarde" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3 -msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." -msgstr "Os exercícios desta tarde se concentrarão em strings e iteradores." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:36 msgid "" -"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " -"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " -"does the following to validate the credit card number:" +"Java, Go, and Python rely on the garbage collector to identify memory that " +"is no longer reachable and discard it. This guarantees that any pointer can " +"be dereferenced, eliminating use-after-free and other classes of bugs. But, " +"GC has a runtime cost and is difficult to tune properly." msgstr "" -"O [algoritmo de Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) é usado " -"para validar números de cartão de crédito. O algoritmo recebe uma string " -"como entrada e faz o seguinte para validar o número do cartão de crédito:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7 -msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." -msgstr "Ignore todos os espaços. Rejeite número com menos de dois dígitos." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:9 -#, fuzzy +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:41 msgid "" -"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " -"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." +"Rust's ownership and borrowing model can, in many cases, get the performance " +"of C, with alloc and free operations precisely where they are required -- " +"zero cost. It also provides tools similar to C++'s smart pointers. When " +"required, other options such as reference counting are available, and there " +"are even third-party crates available to support runtime garbage collection " +"(not covered in this class)." msgstr "" -"Movendo-se da direita para a esquerda, dobre cada segundo dígito: para o " -"número `1234`, dobramos `3` e `1`." -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:12 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:3 msgid "" -"After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which " -"becomes `5`." +"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " +"to use a variable outside its scope:" msgstr "" -"Depois de dobrar um dígito, some os dígitos. Portanto, dobrando `7` torna-se " -"`14`, que torna-se `5`." - -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:15 -msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." -msgstr "Some todos os dígitos, dobrados ou não." +"Todas as associações de variáveis têm um _escopo_ onde são válidas e é um " +"erro usar uma variável fora de seu escopo:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:17 -msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." -msgstr "O número do cartão de crédito é válido se a soma terminar em `0`." +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We say that the variable _owns_ the value. Every Rust value has precisely " +"one owner at all times." +msgstr "Dizemos que a variável _possui_ (_owns_) o valor." -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:23 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and implement the " -"function." +"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed. A " +"destructor can run here to free up resources." msgstr "" -"Copie o código abaixo para e implemente as " -"funções:" +"No final do escopo, a variável é eliminada (_\"dropada\"_) e os dados são " +"liberados." -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:21 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:28 msgid "" -"Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and " -"integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators." +"Students familiar with garbage-collection implementations will know that a " +"garbage collector starts with a set of \"roots\" to find all reachable " +"memory. Rust's \"single owner\" principle is a similar idea." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:41 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:66 -msgid "\" \"" -msgstr "\" \"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:3 +msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" +msgstr "Uma atribuição transferirá o _ownership_ entre variáveis:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:42 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:67 -msgid "\" \"" -msgstr "\" \"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:7 +msgid "\"Hello!\"" +msgstr "\"Olá!\"" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:43 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:68 -msgid "\" \"" -msgstr "\" \"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:9 src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:16 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:18 +msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" +msgstr "\"s2: {s2}\"" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:48 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:73 -msgid "\"0\"" -msgstr "\"0\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:53 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:78 -msgid "\" 0 0 \"" -msgstr "\" 0 0 \"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:58 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:83 -msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" -msgstr "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:10 +msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +msgstr "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:59 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:84 -msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" -msgstr "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:14 +msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." +msgstr "A atribuição de `s1` a `s2` transfere o _ownership_." -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:60 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:85 -msgid "\"7992 7398 713\"" -msgstr "\"7992 7398 713\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:15 +msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." +msgstr "Quando `s1` sai do escopo, nada acontece: ele não tem _ownership_." -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:65 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:90 -msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" -msgstr "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:16 +msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." +msgstr "Quando `s2` sai do escopo, os dados da string são liberados." -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:66 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:91 -msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" -msgstr "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:18 +msgid "Before move to `s2`:" +msgstr "Antes de mover para `s2`:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:67 src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:92 -msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" -msgstr "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:35 +msgid "After move to `s2`:" +msgstr "Depois de mover para `s2`:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:37 msgid "" -"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. " -"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched " -"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character " -"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": s2 : |\n" +": +-----------+-------+ : |\n" +": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n" +": | len | 4 | :\n" +": | capacity | 4 | :\n" +": +-----------+-------+ :\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Neste exercício, você irá implementar um componente de roteamento de um " -"servidor web. O servidor está configurado com um número de _prefixos de " -"caminhos_ que são comparados com os _caminhos requisitados_. Os prefixos de " -"caminho podem conter um caractere curinga que corresponde a um segmento " -"completo. Veja os testes unitários abaixo." +"```bob\n" +" Pilha Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": s1 \"(inacessível)\" : : :\n" +": +------------+------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | ponteiro | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n" +": | tamanho | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n" +": | capacidade | 4 | : | : :\n" +": +------------+------+ : | : :\n" +": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +": s2 : |\n" +": +------------+------+ : |\n" +": | ponteiro | o---+---+--'\n" +": | tamanho | 4 | :\n" +": | capacidade | 4 | :\n" +": +------------+------+ :\n" +": :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:58 msgid "" -"Copy the following code to and make the tests " -"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:" +"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " +"parameter. This transfers ownership:" msgstr "" -"Copie o seguinte código para e faça os testes " -"passarem. Tente evitar alocar um `Vec` para seus resultados intermediários:" +"Quando você passa um valor para uma função, o valor é atribuído ao parâmetro " +"da função. Isso transfere a _ownership_:" -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:22 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:23 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:24 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:26 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:27 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:28 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:46 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:143 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:144 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:145 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:147 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:148 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:149 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:167 -msgid "\"/v1/publishers\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editores\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:23 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:144 -msgid "\"/v1/publishers/abc-123\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editores/abc-123\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:24 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:145 -msgid "\"/v1/publishers/abc/books\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editores/abc/livros\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:26 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:147 -msgid "\"/v1\"" -msgstr "\"/v1\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:27 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:148 -msgid "\"/v1/publishersBooks\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editoresLivros\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:28 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:149 -msgid "\"/v1/parent/publishers\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/pai/editores\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:34 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:38 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:42 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:46 -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:48 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:155 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:159 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:163 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:167 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:169 -msgid "\"/v1/publishers/*/books\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editores/*/livros\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:35 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:156 -msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editores/foo/livros\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:39 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:160 -msgid "\"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editores/bar/livros\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:43 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:164 -msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editores/foo/livros/livro1\"" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:49 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:170 -msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"" -msgstr "\"/v1/editores/foo/livrosPorAutor\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:63 +msgid "\"Hello {name}\"" +msgstr "\"Olá {name}\"" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1 -msgid "Welcome to Day 3" -msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Dia 3" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:67 src/android/interoperability/java.md:57 +msgid "\"Alice\"" +msgstr "\"Alice\"" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3 -msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:" -msgstr "Hoje, abordaremos alguns tópicos mais avançados em Rust:" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:69 +msgid "// say_hello(name);\n" +msgstr "// say_hello(name);\n" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:75 msgid "" -"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library " -"traits." +"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " +"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." msgstr "" +"Mencione que isso é o oposto dos _defaults_ (padrões) em C++, que copia por " +"valor, a menos que você use `std::move` (e seu construtor esteja definido!)." -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:78 msgid "" -"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait " -"objects." +"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " +"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " +"are aggressively optimized away." msgstr "" +"Apenas o _ownership_ é movido. A geração de código de máquina para manipular " +"os dados é uma questão de otimização, e essas cópias são agressivamente " +"otimizadas." -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11 -msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." +#: src/memory-management/move.md:82 +msgid "" +"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." msgstr "" +"Valores simples (tais como inteiros) podem ser marcados como `Copy` (cópia) " +"(veja slides mais adiante)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:84 +msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." +msgstr "No Rust, clones são explícitos (utilizando-se `clone`)." -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13 -msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests." +#: src/memory-management/move.md:86 +msgid "In the `say_hello` example:" msgstr "" -#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:88 msgid "" -"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern " -"functions." +"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " +"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." msgstr "" +"Com a primeira chamada para `diga_ola`, `main` desiste da ownership de " +"`nome`. Depois disso, `nome` não pode mais ser usado dentro de `main`." -#: src/generics.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:90 msgid "" -"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures " -"(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." +"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " +"`say_hello` function." msgstr "" -"Rust oferece suporte a tipos genéricos, que permitem algoritmos ou " -"estruturas de dados (como ordenação ou árvore binária) abstrair os tipos de " -"dados usados ou armazenados." +"A memória do heap alocada para `name` será liberada no final da função " +"`say_hello`." -#: src/generics/data-types.md:3 -msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" -msgstr "Você pode usar tipos genéricos para abstrair o tipo concreto do campo:" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:92 +msgid "" +"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " +"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." +msgstr "" +"`main` pode manter a ownership se passar `nome` como uma referência " +"(`&name`) e se `say_hello` aceitar uma referência como um parâmetro." -#: src/generics/data-types.md:15 -msgid "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\"" -msgstr "\"{integer:?} e {float:?}\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:94 +msgid "" +"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." +"clone()`)." +msgstr "" +"Alternativamente, `main` pode passar um clone de `nome` na primeira chamada " +"(`name.clone()`)." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:96 +msgid "" +"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " +"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." +msgstr "" +"Rust torna mais difícil a criação de cópias inadvertidamente do que o C++, " +"tornando padrão a semântica de movimento e forçando os programadores a " +"tornar os clones explícitos." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:101 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" +msgstr "Liberações Duplas em C++ Moderno" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:103 +msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" +msgstr "O C++ moderno resolve isso de maneira diferente:" -#: src/generics/data-types.md:21 -msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." -msgstr "Tente declarar uma nova variável `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." +#: src/memory-management/move.md:106 +msgid "\"Cpp\"" +msgstr "\"Cpp\"" + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:107 +msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n" +msgstr "// Duplica os dados em s1.\n" -#: src/generics/data-types.md:23 -msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." +#: src/memory-management/move.md:110 +msgid "" +"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." msgstr "" -"Arrume o código para permitir pontos que tenham elementos de tipos " -"diferentes." +"Os dados de `s1` no heap são duplicados e `s2` obtém sua própria cópia " +"independente." + +#: src/memory-management/move.md:111 +msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." +msgstr "Quando `s1` e `s2` saem de escopo, cada um libera sua própria memória." -#: src/generics/methods.md:3 -msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" -msgstr "Você pode declarar um tipo genérico em seu bloco `impl`:" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:113 +msgid "Before copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Antes da atribuição por cópia:" -#: src/generics/methods.md:11 -msgid "// + 10\n" -msgstr "// + 10\n" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:129 +msgid "After copy-assignment:" +msgstr "Após atribuição por cópia:" -#: src/generics/methods.md:14 -msgid "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" -msgstr "// fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:154 +msgid "" +"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " +"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " +"either string goes out of scope." +msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:19 -msgid "\"p.x = {}\"" -msgstr "\"p.x = {}\"" +#: src/memory-management/move.md:158 +msgid "" +"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " +"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " +"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the " +"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the " +"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." +msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:25 +#: src/memory-management/move.md:163 msgid "" -"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " -"redundant?" +"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " +"which is being copied or moved." +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:1 +msgid "Clone" msgstr "" -"_Pergunta:_ Por que `T` é especificado duas vezes em `impl Point {}`? " -"Isso não é redundante?" -#: src/generics/methods.md:26 +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:3 msgid "" -"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " -"They are independently generic." +"Sometimes you _want_ to make a copy of a value. The `Clone` trait " +"accomplishes this." msgstr "" -"Isso ocorre porque é uma seção de implementação genérica para tipo genérico. " -"Eles são genéricos de forma independente." -#: src/generics/methods.md:27 -msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." -msgstr "Significa que esses métodos são definidos para qualquer `T`." +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:23 +msgid "" +"The idea of `Clone` is to make it easy to spot where heap allocations are " +"occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `Vec::new` or `Box::" +"new`." +msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:28 -msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`. " -msgstr "É possível escrever `Impl Point { .. }`." +#: src/memory-management/clone.md:26 +msgid "" +"It's common to \"clone your way out\" of problems with the borrow checker, " +"and return later to try to optimize those clones away." +msgstr "" -#: src/generics/methods.md:29 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:7 msgid "" -"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " -"block will only be available for `Point`." +"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" msgstr "" -"`Point` ainda é genérico e você pode usar `Point`, mas os métodos neste " -"bloco só estarão disponíveis para `Point`." +"Embora a semântica de movimento seja o padrão, certos tipos são copiados por " +"padrão:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:20 +msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." +msgstr "Esses tipos implementam o _trait_ `Copy`." -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3 -msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:22 +msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" msgstr "" -"O código _genérico_ é transformado em código _não genérico_ de acordo com os " -"tipos usados:" +"Você pode habilitar seus próprios tipos para usar a semântica de cópia:" + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:38 +msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." +msgstr "Após a atribuição, tanto `p1` quanto `p2` possuem seus próprios dados." + +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:39 +msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." +msgstr "Também podemos usar `p1.clone()` para copiar os dados explicitamente." -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12 -msgid "behaves as if you wrote" -msgstr "se comporta como se você tivesse escrito" +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:43 +msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" +msgstr "Copia e clonagem não são a mesma coisa:" -#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:45 msgid "" -"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you " -"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." +"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " +"arbitrary objects." msgstr "" -"Esta é uma abstração de custo zero: você obtém exatamente o mesmo resultado " -"como se tivesse codificado manualmente as estruturas de dados sem utilizar a " -"abstração." +"Cópia refere-se a cópias bit a bit de regiões de memória e não funciona em " +"objetos arbitrários." -#: src/traits.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:47 msgid "" -"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" +"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." msgstr "" -"Rust permite abstrair características dos tipos usando `trait`. Eles são " -"semelhantes a interfaces:" +"Cópia não permite lógica personalizada (ao contrário dos construtores de " +"cópia em C++)." -#: src/traits.md:24 src/traits/trait-objects.md:24 -msgid "\"The cat\"" -msgstr "\"Gato\"" +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:48 +msgid "" +"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " +"implementing the `Clone` trait." +msgstr "" +"Clonagem é uma operação mais geral e também permite um comportamento " +"personalizado através da implementação do trait `Clone`." -#: src/traits.md:24 src/traits/trait-objects.md:24 -msgid "// No name, cats won't respond to it anyway.\n" -msgstr "// Sem nomes, gatos não respondem mesmo.\n" +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:50 +msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." +msgstr "Cópia não funciona em tipos que implementam o trait `Drop`." -#: src/traits.md:29 -msgid "\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\"" -msgstr "\"Quem é? É o {}!\"" +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:52 +msgid "In the above example, try the following:" +msgstr "No exemplo acima, tente o seguinte:" -#: src/traits.md:33 src/traits/trait-objects.md:31 -msgid "\"Fido\"" -msgstr "\"Bidu\"" +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:54 +msgid "" +"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " +"is not a `Copy` type." +msgstr "" +"Adicione um campo `String` ao `struct Point`. Ele não irá compilar porque " +"`String` não é um tipo `Copy`." -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:56 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a " -"collection:" +"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " +"`println!` for `p1`." msgstr "" -"Objetos `trait` permitem valores de diferentes tipos, por exemplo, em uma " -"coleção:" +"Remova `Copy` do atributo `derive`. O erro do compilador agora está no " +"`println!` para `p1`." -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:34 -msgid "\"Hello {}!\"" -msgstr "\"Olá {}!\"" +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:58 +msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." +msgstr "Mostre que ele funciona se ao invés disso você clonar `p1`." -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40 -msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" -msgstr "Layout da memória após alocar `pets`:" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:1 +msgid "The `Drop` Trait" +msgstr "O Trait `Drop`" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:3 msgid "" -"```bob\n" -" Stack Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"pets : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" -"+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " -"| :\n" -": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" -"+ :\n" -": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" " -"| :\n" -": : : | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " -"| :\n" -" : | | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | | '---->| \"::name\" " -"| :\n" -" : | | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : | " -"| : \n" -" : | | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : | '-->|" -"\\| : \n" -" : | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : " -"| : \n" -" : | +----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : '---->| \"::name\" " -"| : \n" -" : +----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : :\n" -" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- -'\n" -"\n" -"```" +"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." +"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" msgstr "" -"```bob\n" -" Pilha Heap\n" -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- - -.\n" -": : : :\n" -": " -"pets : : :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----" -"+ :\n" -": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o " -"| :\n" -": | tamanho | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-" -"+ :\n" -": | capac. | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| nome: \"Bidu\" " -"| :\n" -": : : | | | +---------------" -"+ :\n" -"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | " -"| :\n" -" : | | | " -"+--------------------------+ :\n" -" : | | '---->| \"::" -"nome\"| :\n" -" : | | " -"+--------------------------+ :\n" -" : | " -"| : \n" -" : | | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : | '-->|" -"\\| : \n" -" : | +-" -"+ : \n" -" : " -"| : \n" -" : | +-----------------------" -"+ : \n" -" : '---->| \"::nome\" " -"| : \n" -" : +-----------------------" -"+ :\n" -" : :\n" -" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " -"- - -'\n" -"\n" -"```" +"Valores que implementam [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." +"Drop.html) podem especificar o código a ser executado quando saem do escopo:" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72 -msgid "" -"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " -"impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:13 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Dropping {}\"" msgstr "" -"Tipos que implementam um dado `trait` podem ter tamanhos diferentes. Isto " -"torna impossível haver coisas como `Vec` no exemplo anterior." +"fn main() { let a = Excluivel { nome: \"a\" }; { let b = Excluivel { nome: " +"\"b\" }; { let c = Excluivel { nome: \"c\" }; let d = Excluivel { nome: " +"\"d\" }; println!(\"Saindo do bloco B\"); } println!(\"Saindo do bloco " +"A\"); } drop(a); println!(\"Saindo do main\"); }" -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73 -msgid "" -"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " -"implements `Pet`." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:18 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:93 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:125 +msgid "\"a\"" msgstr "" -"`dyn Pet` é uma maneira de dizer ao compilador sobre um tipo de tamanho " -"dinâmico que implementa `Pet`." -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74 -msgid "" -"In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. " -"The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object " -"and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of " -"that particular object." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:20 src/testing/googletest.md:12 +msgid "\"b\"" msgstr "" -"No exemplo, `pets` possui _fat pointers_ para objetos que implementam `Pet`. " -"O _fat pointer_ consiste em dois componentes, um ponteiro para o objeto " -"propriamente dito e um ponteiro para a tabela de métodos virtuais para a " -"implementação de `Pet` do objeto em particular." - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75 -msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" -msgstr "Compare estas saídas no exemplo anterior::" - -#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:77 src/traits/trait-objects.md:78 -#: src/traits/closures.md:54 -msgid "\"{} {}\"" -msgstr "\"{} {}\"" -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the " -"specified traits for a data structure." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:22 +msgid "\"c\"" msgstr "" -"As macros `derive` do Rust funcionam gerando automaticamente o código que " -"implementa os _traits_ especificados para uma estrutura de dados." -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5 -msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" -msgstr "Você pode deixar o compilador derivar uma série de _traits_ tais como:" - -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:18 -msgid "\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\"" -msgstr "\"{:?} é\\nigual a {:?}?\\nA resposta é {}!\"" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:23 +msgid "\"d\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:19 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:53 -msgid "\"yes\"" -msgstr "\"sim\"" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:24 +msgid "\"Exiting block B\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:19 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:53 -msgid "\"no\"" -msgstr "\"não\"" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:26 +msgid "\"Exiting block A\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3 -msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:29 +msgid "\"Exiting main\"" msgstr "" -"Traits podem implementar o comportamento em termos de outros métodos de " -"`trait`:" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:25 -msgid "\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\"" -msgstr "\"{a:?} igual a {b:?}: {}\"" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:35 +msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`." +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:26 -msgid "\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\"" -msgstr "\"{a:?} diferente de {b:?}: {}\"" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:36 +msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope." +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:37 msgid "" -"Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users " -"are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations " -"can rely on required methods." +"When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::" +"drop` implementation will be called." msgstr "" -"_Traits_ podem especificar métodos pré-implementados (padrão) e métodos que " -"os usuários são obrigados a implementar. Os métodos com implementações " -"padrão podem contar com os métodos requeridos." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:35 -msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." -msgstr "Mova o método `not_equals` para um novo _trait_ `NotEquals`." -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:37 -msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." -msgstr "Faça `Equals` um _super trait_ para `NotEquals`." - -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46 -msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." -msgstr "Forneça uma implementação geral de `NotEquals` para `Equals`." +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:39 +msgid "" +"All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`." +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:40 msgid "" -"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " -"trait for `NotEqual`." +"`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The " +"significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its " +"scope it gets dropped. This makes it a convenient way to explicitly drop " +"values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope." msgstr "" -"Com a implementação geral, você não precisa mais de `Equals` como um _super " -"trait_ para `NotEqual`." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:44 msgid "" -"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " -"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." +"This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, " +"closing files, etc." msgstr "" -"Ao trabalhar com genéricos, muitas vezes você exigir que os tipos " -"implementem algum `trait` para poder utilizar os métodos do `trait`." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6 -msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" -msgstr "Você consegue fazer isso com `T:Trait` ou `impl Trait`:" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:49 +msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" +msgstr "Por que `Drop::drop` não recebe `self`?" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:12 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:50 msgid "" -"// Syntactic sugar for:\n" -"// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" +"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " +"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" +"Resposta curta: Se recebesse, `std::mem::drop` seria chamado no final do " +"bloco, resultando em outra chamada para `Drop::drop` ocasionando um estouro " +"de pilha." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:18 -msgid "// struct NotClonable;\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/memory-management/drop.md:52 +msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." +msgstr "Tente substituir `drop(a)` por `a.drop()`." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:24 -msgid "\"{pair:?}\"" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this example, we will implement a complex data type that owns all of its " +"data. We will use the \"builder pattern\" to support building a new value " +"piece-by-piece, using convenience functions." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:27 -msgid "\"{many}\"" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:7 +msgid "Fill in the missing pieces." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:29 -msgid "\"{many_more}\"" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:22 src/memory-management/solution.md:16 +msgid "/// A representation of a software package.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35 -msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:34 src/memory-management/solution.md:28 +msgid "" +"/// Return a representation of this package as a dependency, for use in\n" +" /// building other packages.\n" msgstr "" -"Mostre uma cláusula `where`, os estudantes irão encontrá-la quando lerem " -"código." -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46 -msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." -msgstr "Organiza a assinatura da função se você tiver muitos parâmetros." - -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47 -msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." -msgstr "Possui recursos adicionais tornando-o mais poderoso." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"1\"" +msgstr "\"\"" -#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:40 src/memory-management/solution.md:37 msgid "" -"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " -"be arbitrary, like `Option`." +"/// A builder for a Package. Use `build()` to create the `Package` itself.\n" msgstr "" -"Se alguém perguntar, o recurso extra é que o tipo à esquerda de \":\" pode " -"ser arbitrário, como `Option`." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1 -msgid "`impl Trait`" -msgstr "Trait `impl`" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:46 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"2\"" +msgstr "\"\"" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3 -msgid "" -"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " -"arguments and return values:" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:49 src/memory-management/solution.md:52 +msgid "/// Set the package version.\n" msgstr "" -"Semelhante aos limites do _trait_, a sintaxe do _trait_ `impl` pode ser " -"usada em argumentos de funções e em valores de retorno:" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19 -msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." -msgstr "" -"`impl Trait` permite que você trabalhe com tipos que você não pode nomear." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:55 src/memory-management/solution.md:58 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// Set the package authors.\n" +msgstr "/// Semeia os pacotes de semente fornecidos.\n" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23 -msgid "" -"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:57 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"3\"" +msgstr "\"\"" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:60 src/memory-management/solution.md:64 +msgid "/// Add an additional dependency.\n" msgstr "" -"O significado do _trait_ `impl` é um pouco difere de acordo com sua posição." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:62 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " -"trait bound." +msgid "\"4\"" +msgstr "\"\"" + +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:65 src/memory-management/solution.md:70 +msgid "/// Set the language. If not set, language defaults to None.\n" msgstr "" -"Como parâmetro, o _trait_ `impl` é como um parâmetro genérico anônimo com um " -"limitador de características (trait)." -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:67 #, fuzzy -msgid "" -"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " -"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " -"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." -msgstr "" -"Como tipo de retorno, significa que o tipo de retorno é algum tipo concreto " -"que implementa o _trait_, sem namear o tipo. Isso pode ser útil quando você " -"não deseja expor o tipo concreto em uma API pública." +msgid "\"5\"" +msgstr "\"\"" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31 -msgid "" -"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " -"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " -"function returning a generic type like `collect() -> B` can return any " -"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with " -"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::" -">()`." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"base64\"" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37 -msgid "" -"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " -"explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " -"type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " -"that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for " -"this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what " -"`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd " -"need two independent generic parameters." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +msgid "\"0.13\"" msgstr "" -"Este exemplo é ótimo, porque usa `impl Display` duas vezes. Isso ajuda a " -"explicar que nada impõe que, nos dois usos, `impl Display` seja _do mesmo_ " -"tipo. Se usássemos um único `T: Display`, imporia a restrição de que o tipo " -"`T` de entrada e o tipo `T` de retorno são do mesmo tipo. Isso não " -"funcionaria para esta função específica, pois o tipo que esperamos como " -"entrada provavelmente não é o que `format!` retorna. Se quiséssemos fazer o " -"mesmo através da sintaxe `: Display`, precisaríamos de dois parâmetros " -"genéricos independentes." -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3 -msgid "" -"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " -"library:" -msgstr "Veremos agora os _Traits_ mais comuns da biblioteca padrão do Rust:" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:77 src/memory-management/solution.md:83 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"base64: {base64:?}\"" +msgstr "\"a: {a:?}\"" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5 -msgid "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"used in `for` loops," +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:79 src/memory-management/solution.md:85 +msgid "\"log\"" msgstr "" -"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) e " -"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) " -"usados em laços `for`," -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6 -msgid "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert " -"values," +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:79 src/memory-management/solution.md:85 +msgid "\"0.4\"" msgstr "" -"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) e [`Into`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) usados na converção " -"de valores," -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7 -msgid "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," -msgstr "" -"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) e [`Write`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) usados em operações de " -"IO," +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:80 src/memory-management/solution.md:86 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"log: {log:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{dog:?}\"" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8 -msgid "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " -"overloading, and" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:81 src/memory-management/solution.md:87 +msgid "\"serde\"" msgstr "" -"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... usado na sobrecarga de " -"operadores," -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9 -msgid "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for " -"defining destructors." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:82 src/memory-management/solution.md:88 +msgid "\"djmitche\"" msgstr "" -"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) usado para " -"definir destrutores e" -#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10 -msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used " -"to construct a default instance of a type." +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:83 src/memory-management/solution.md:89 +msgid "\"4.0\"" msgstr "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) usado " -"para construir uma instância padrão para um tipo." - -#: src/traits/iterator.md:1 -msgid "Iterators" -msgstr "Iteradores" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:3 -msgid "" -"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." -"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:" -msgstr "Você pode implementar o _trait_ `Iterator` em seus próprios tipos:" +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:87 src/memory-management/solution.md:93 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"serde: {serde:?}\"" +msgstr "\"s: {s:?}\"" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:25 -msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\"" +#: src/memory-management/solution.md:45 +msgid "\"0.1\"" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:32 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:3 msgid "" -"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " -"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " -"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " -"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " -"implementations." +"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " +"pointer to data on the heap:" msgstr "" +"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) é um ponteiro " +"_owned_ para dados no heap:" -#: src/traits/iterator.md:37 -msgid "" -"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " -"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " -"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " -"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." -msgstr "" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:9 +msgid "\"five: {}\"" +msgstr "\"cinco: {}\"" -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:26 msgid "" -"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " -"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." +"`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " +"methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" +"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." msgstr "" -"`FromIterator` permite construir uma coleção a partir de um `Iterator`." +"`Box` implementa `Deref`, o que significa que você pode " +"[chamar métodos de `T` diretamente em um `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:30 msgid "" -"`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" msgstr "" -"`Iterator` implementa `fn collect(self) -> B where B: FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +"Tipos de dados recursivos ou tipos de dados com tamanhos dinâmicos precisam " +"usar uma `Box`:" -#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23 -msgid "" -"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an " -"`Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:35 +msgid "/// A non-empty list: first element and the rest of the list.\n" msgstr "" -"Também existem implementações que permitem fazer coisas legais como " -"converter um `Iterator>` em um `Result, E>`." - -#: src/traits/from-into.md:1 -msgid "`From` and `Into`" -msgstr "`From` e `Into`" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:3 -msgid "" -"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." -"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " -"facilitate type conversions:" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:37 +msgid "/// An empty list.\n" msgstr "" -"Os tipos implementam `From` e `Into` para facilitar as conversões de tipo:" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:11 src/traits/from-into.md:23 -msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" -msgstr "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:44 src/smart-pointers/box.md:97 +msgid "\"{list:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{list:?}\"" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:15 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:48 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " -"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"list : : :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // " +"| // | :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ +------+----" +"+----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- - - - -'\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) é " -"implementado automaticamente quando [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"convert/trait.From.html) é implementado:" +"```bob\n" +" Pilha Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"lista : : :\n" +": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " +"| :\n" +": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:29 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:63 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " -"`Into` implementation too." +"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " +"not null." msgstr "" -"É por isso que é comum implementar apenas `From`, já que seu tipo também " -"receberá a implementação de `Into`." +"`Box` é parecido com `std::unique_ptr` em C++, exceto que ele é " +"garantidamente não nulo." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:65 +msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" +msgstr "Uma `Box` é útil quando você:" -#: src/traits/from-into.md:30 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:66 msgid "" -"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " -"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " -"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ " -"implement `Into`." +"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " +"compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "" -"Ao declarar um tipo de entrada de argumento de função como \"qualquer coisa " -"que possa ser convertida em `String`\", a regra é oposta, você deve usar " -"`Into`. Sua função aceitará tipos que implementam `From` e aqueles que " -"_apenas_ implementam `Into`." - -#: src/traits/read-write.md:1 -msgid "`Read` and `Write`" -msgstr "`Read` e `Write`" +"Tem um tipo cujo tamanho não está disponível em tempo de compilação, mas o " +"compilador Rust precisa saber o tamanho exato." -#: src/traits/read-write.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:68 msgid "" -"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " -"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " -"abstract over `u8` sources:" +"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " +"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " +"so only the pointer is moved." msgstr "" -"Usando `Read` e `BufRead`, você pode abstrair a leitura de conteúdos do tipo " -"`u8`:" +"Precisa transferir o _ownership_ de um grande volume de dados. Ao invés de " +"copiar grandes volumes de dados na pilha, eles são armazenados usando uma " +"`Box` no _heap_ e apenas o ponteiro é movido." -#: src/traits/read-write.md:14 -msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:72 +msgid "" +"If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " +"`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory " +"(`List` would be of infinite size)." msgstr "" +"Se a `Box` não for usada e tentarmos incorporar uma `List` diretamente na " +"`List`, o compilador não conseguiria calcular um tamanho fixo da _struct_ na " +"memória (`List` teria tamanho infinito) ." -#: src/traits/read-write.md:15 -msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:76 +msgid "" +"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " +"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." msgstr "" +"`Box` resolve esse problema, pois tem o mesmo tamanho de um ponteiro normal " +"e apenas aponta para o próximo elemento da `List` no _heap_." -#: src/traits/read-write.md:18 -msgid "\"lines in file: {}\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:79 +msgid "" +"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. " +"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or " +"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly." msgstr "" +"Remova o `Box` na definição de `List` e mostre o erro de compilação. " +"\"Recursive with indirection\" (recursivo com indireção) é uma dica para que " +"você talvez queira usar uma `Box` ou referência de alguma forma, ao invés de " +"armazenar um valor diretamente." + +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:85 +msgid "Niche Optimization" +msgstr "Otimização de Nicho" -#: src/traits/read-write.md:23 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:101 msgid "" -"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " -"you abstract over `u8` sinks:" +"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This " +"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:" msgstr "" -"Da mesma forma, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) " -"permite abstrair a escrita de dados do tipo `u8`:" +"Uma `Box` não pode estar vazia, portanto o ponteiro é sempre válido e não " +"nulo (`null`). Isto permite que o compilador otimize o layout da memória:" -#: src/traits/read-write.md:30 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:104 #, fuzzy -msgid "\"\\n\"" +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" Stack Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": list : : :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" +": | Element | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Element | 2 | // | :\n" +": +---------+----+----+ : : +---------+----+----+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"fn main() -> Result\\<()> { let mut buffer = Vec::new(); log(&mut buffer, " -"\"Olá\")?; log(&mut buffer, \"Mundo\")?; println!(\"Logado: {:?}\", buffer); " -"Ok(()) }" +"```bob\n" +" Pilha Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"lista : : :\n" +": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // " +"| :\n" +": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"- -'\n" +"```" -#: src/traits/read-write.md:37 -msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" +"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " +"from multiple places:" msgstr "" +"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) é um ponteiro " +"compartilhado com contagem de referência. Use-o quando precisar consultar os " +"mesmos dados a partir de vários locais:" -#: src/traits/drop.md:1 -msgid "The `Drop` Trait" -msgstr "O Trait `Drop`" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:13 +msgid "\"a: {a}\"" +msgstr "\"a: {a}\"" -#: src/traits/drop.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:14 +msgid "\"b: {b}\"" +msgstr "\"b: {b}\"" + +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:18 msgid "" -"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." -"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" +"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " +"context." msgstr "" -"Valores que implementam [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." -"Drop.html) podem especificar o código a ser executado quando saem do escopo:" +"Veja [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) e [`Mutex`](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) se você estiver em um contexto " +"multi-thread." -#: src/traits/drop.md:12 -#, fuzzy -msgid "\"Dropping {}\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:19 +msgid "" +"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." msgstr "" -"fn main() { let a = Excluivel { nome: \"a\" }; { let b = Excluivel { nome: " -"\"b\" }; { let c = Excluivel { nome: \"c\" }; let d = Excluivel { nome: " -"\"d\" }; println!(\"Saindo do bloco B\"); } println!(\"Saindo do bloco " -"A\"); } drop(a); println!(\"Saindo do main\"); }" +"Você pode demover (_downgrade_) um ponteiro compartilhado para um ponteiro " +"[`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) (fraco) para " +"criar ciclos que serão descartados." -#: src/traits/drop.md:17 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:92 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:107 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:162 -msgid "\"a\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:29 +msgid "" +"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " +"are references." msgstr "" +"O contador do `Rc` garante que os seus valores contidos sejam válidos " +"enquanto houver referências." -#: src/traits/drop.md:19 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:107 -msgid "\"b\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:31 +msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." +msgstr "`Rc` em Rust é como `std::shared_ptr` em C++." -#: src/traits/drop.md:21 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:107 -msgid "\"c\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:32 +msgid "" +"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " +"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " +"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." msgstr "" +"`Rc::clone` é barato: ele cria um ponteiro para a mesma alocação e aumenta a " +"contagem de referência. Ele não faz um \"clone profundo\" (_deep clone_) e " +"geralmente pode ser ignorado ao procurar problemas de desempenho no código." -#: src/traits/drop.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:107 -msgid "\"d\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:35 +msgid "" +"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " +"and returns a mutable reference." msgstr "" +"`make_mut` realmente clona o valor interno se necessário (\"_clone-on-" +"write_\") e retorna uma referência mutável." -#: src/traits/drop.md:23 -msgid "\"Exiting block B\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:37 +msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." +msgstr "Use `Rc::strong_count` para verificar a contagem de referência." -#: src/traits/drop.md:25 -msgid "\"Exiting block A\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:38 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " +"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)." msgstr "" +"`Rc::downgrade` lhe fornece um objeto _contador de referências_ " +"\"fraco\" (weak)\\_ para criar ciclos que podem ser apropriadamente " +"descartados (provavelmente combinados com `RefCell`, no próximo slide)." -#: src/traits/drop.md:28 -msgid "\"Exiting main\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"A binary tree is a tree-type data structure where every node has two " +"children (left and right). We will create a tree where each node stores a " +"value. For a given node N, all nodes in a N's left subtree contain smaller " +"values, and all nodes in N's right subtree will contain larger values." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26 -msgid "Discussion points:" -msgstr "Pontos de discussão:" - -#: src/traits/drop.md:36 -msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" -msgstr "Por que `Drop::drop` não recebe `self`?" +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:8 +msgid "Implement the following types, so that the given tests pass." +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/drop.md:37 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:10 msgid "" -"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " -"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" +"Extra Credit: implement an iterator over a binary tree that returns the " +"values in order." msgstr "" -"Resposta curta: Se recebesse, `std::mem::drop` seria chamado no final do " -"bloco, resultando em outra chamada para `Drop::drop` ocasionando um estouro " -"de pilha." -#: src/traits/drop.md:40 -msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." -msgstr "Tente substituir `drop(a)` por `a.drop()`." +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:14 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:5 +msgid "/// A node in the binary tree.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default.md:1 -msgid "The `Default` Trait" -msgstr "O Trait `Default`" +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:21 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:13 +msgid "/// A possibly-empty subtree.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:25 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:17 msgid "" -"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " -"produces a default value for a type." +"/// A container storing a set of values, using a binary tree.\n" +"///\n" +"/// If the same value is added multiple times, it is only stored once.\n" msgstr "" -"O _trait_ [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default." -"html) fornece uma implementação padrão para um tipo." -#: src/traits/default.md:18 -msgid "\"John Smith\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:33 +msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default.md:24 -msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\"" +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:48 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:105 +msgid "// not a unique item\n" msgstr "" -#: src/traits/default.md:27 -msgid "\"Y is set!\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:89 src/testing/googletest.md:11 +msgid "\"bar\"" +msgstr "\"bar\"" -#: src/traits/default.md:30 -msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As we saw before, instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, " +"you can let a function _borrow_ the value:" msgstr "" +"Em vez de transferir a ownership ao chamar uma função, você pode permitir " +"que uma função _empreste_ o valor:" -#: src/traits/default.md:33 -msgid "\"{:#?}\"" +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:24 +msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." msgstr "" +"A função `add` _pega emprestado_ (_borrows_) dois pontos e retorna um novo " +"ponto." -#: src/traits/default.md:40 -msgid "" -"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." -msgstr "" -"Ele pode ser implementado diretamente ou derivado usando " -"`#[derive(Default)]`." +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:25 +msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." +msgstr "O chamador mantém a _ownership_ das entradas." -#: src/traits/default.md:41 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:29 msgid "" -"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " -"their default values." +"This slide is a review of the material on references from day 1, expanding " +"slightly to include function arguments and return values." msgstr "" -"A implementação usando `derive` produz um valor onde todos os campos são " -"preenchidos com seus valores padrão." -#: src/traits/default.md:42 -msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." -msgstr "" -"Consequentemente, todos os tipos usados na estrutuda devem implementar " -"`Default` também." +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:34 +msgid "Notes on stack returns:" +msgstr "Notas sobre os retornos da pilha:" -#: src/traits/default.md:43 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:36 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " -"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." +"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " +"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses " +"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=release&edition=2021&gist=0cb13be1c05d7e3446686ad9947c4671) " +"or look at the assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the " +"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay " +"the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" msgstr "" -"Frequentemente, os tipos padrão do Rust implementam `Default` com valores " -"razoáveis (ex: `0`, `\"\"`, etc)." +"Demonstre que o retorno de `somar` é barato porque o compilador pode " +"eliminar a operação de cópia. Modifique o código acima para imprimir " +"endereços da pilha e execute-o no [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) " +"ou veja o código _assembly_ em [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). No " +"nível de otimização \"DEBUG\", os endereços devem mudar, enquanto eles " +"permanecem os mesmos quando a configuração é alterada para \"RELEASE\":" -#: src/traits/default.md:44 -msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default." -msgstr "A cópia parcial de estrututas funciona bem em conjunto com _default_." +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:62 +msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)." +msgstr "" +"O compilador Rust pode fazer otimização de valor de retorno (_Return Value " +"Operation_ - RVO)." -#: src/traits/default.md:45 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md:63 msgid "" -"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " -"provides convenience methods that use it." +"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because " +"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If " +"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` " +"copy." msgstr "" -"A bilioteca padrão do Rust sabe que tipos podem implementar o `trait` " -"`Default` e, convenientemente, provê métodos para isso." +"Em C++, a elisão (omissão) de cópia deve ser definida na especificação da " +"linguagem porque os construtores podem ter efeitos colaterais. Em Rust, isso " +"não é um problema. Se o RVO não aconteceu, o Rust sempre executará uma cópia " +"`memcpy` simples e eficiente." -#: src/traits/default.md:46 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" -"with-struct-update-syntax)" -msgstr "" +"Rust's _borrow checker_ puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values. " +"For a given value, at any time:" +msgstr "O Rust coloca restrições nas formas como você pode emprestar valores:" + +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have one or more shared references to the value, _or_" +msgstr "Você pode ter um ou mais valores `&T` a qualquer momento, _ou_" -#: src/traits/operators.md:1 -msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." -msgstr "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "You can have exactly one exclusive reference to the value." +msgstr "Você pode ter exatamente um valor `&mut T`." -#: src/traits/operators.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:28 msgid "" -"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" +"Note that the requirement is that conflicting references not _exist_ at the " +"same point. It does not matter where the reference is dereferenced." msgstr "" -"A sobrecarga de operadores é implementada por meio do `trait` contido em " -"[`std::ops`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" -#: src/traits/operators.md:20 -msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\"" +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:30 +msgid "" +"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " +"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." msgstr "" +"O código acima não compila porque `a` é emprestado como mutável (através de " +"`c`) e como imutável (através de `b`) ao mesmo tempo." -#: src/traits/operators.md:28 -#, fuzzy +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:32 msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? " +"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " +"to make the code compile." msgstr "" -"Você pode implementar `Add` para `&Point`. Em quais situações isso é útil?" +"Mova a instrução `println!` para `b` antes do escopo que introduz `c` para " +"fazer o código compilar." -#: src/traits/operators.md:29 -#, fuzzy +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:34 msgid "" -"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " -"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " -"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." +"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " +"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " +"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." msgstr "" -"Resposta: `Add:add` consome `self`. Se digitar `T` para o qual você está " -"sobrecarregando o operador não implementa `Copy`, você deve considerar " -"sobrecarregar o operador para `&T` também. Isso evita a clonagem " -"desnecessária no local da chamada." +"Após essa alteração, o compilador percebe que `b` só é usado antes do novo " +"empréstimo mutável de `a` através de `c`. Este é um recurso do verificador " +"de empréstimo (_borrow checker_) chamado \"tempos de vida não lexicais\"." -#: src/traits/operators.md:33 -#, fuzzy +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:37 msgid "" -"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " -"method?" +"The exclusive reference constraint is quite strong. Rust uses it to ensure " +"that data races do not occur. Rust also _relies_ on this constraint to " +"optimize code. For example, a value behind a shared reference can be safely " +"cached in a register for the lifetime of that reference." msgstr "" -"Por que `Output` é um tipo associado? Poderia ser feito um parâmetro de tipo?" -#: src/traits/operators.md:34 -#, fuzzy +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:41 msgid "" -"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " -"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a " -"trait." +"The borrow checker is designed to accommodate many common patterns, such as " +"taking exclusive references to different fields in a struct at the same " +"time. But, there are some situations where it doesn't quite \"get it\" and " +"this often results in \"fighting with the borrow checker.\"" msgstr "" -"Resposta curta: os parâmetros de tipo são controlados pelo chamador, mas " -"tipos associados (como `Output`) são controlados pelo implementador do " -"`trait`." -#: src/traits/operators.md:37 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:7 msgid "" -"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " -"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." +"Rust provides a few safe means of modifying a value given only a shared " +"reference to that value. All of these replace compile-time checks with " +"runtime checks." msgstr "" -#: src/traits/closures.md:1 -msgid "Closures" -msgstr "Closures" +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:11 +msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`" +msgstr "`Cell` e `RefCell`" -#: src/traits/closures.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:13 msgid "" -"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " -"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." -"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and " -"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" +"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust " +"calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context." msgstr "" -"Closures ou expressões _lambda_ têm tipos que não podem ser nomeados. No " -"entanto, eles implementam os _traits_ especiais [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" -"trait.FnMut.html) e [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait." -"FnOnce.html):" - -#: src/traits/closures.md:10 -#, fuzzy -msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\"" -msgstr "\"Chamando a função com {entrada}\"" +"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) e [`RefCell`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implementam o que " +"Rust chama de _mutabilidade interior:_ mutação de valores em um contexto " +"imutável." -#: src/traits/closures.md:16 src/traits/closures.md:17 -msgid "\"add_3: {}\"" +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:18 +msgid "" +"`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving " +"values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks " +"shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused." msgstr "" +"`Cell` é normalmente usado para tipos simples, pois requer copiar ou mover " +"valores. Tipos interiores mais complexos normalmente usam `RefCell`, que " +"rastreia referências compartilhadas e exclusivas em tempo de execução e " +"retorna um pânico (_panic_) se forem mal utilizadas." -#: src/traits/closures.md:24 src/traits/closures.md:25 -msgid "\"accumulate: {}\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:50 +msgid "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"graph: {root:#?}\"" -#: src/traits/closures.md:28 -msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:51 +msgid "\"graph sum: {}\"" +msgstr "\"graph sum: {}\"" -#: src/traits/closures.md:34 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:57 msgid "" -"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " -"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " -"concurrently." +"If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have " +"to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. " +"This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, " +"but it's not ergonomic." msgstr "" -"Um `Fn` não consome nem muda os valores capturados ou talvez não capture " -"nada, então, pode ser chamado várias vezes simultaneamente." +"Se estivéssemos usando `Cell` em vez de `RefCell` neste exemplo, teríamos " +"que mover o `Node` para fora do `Rc` para enviar os filhos e, em seguida, " +"movê-lo de volta. Isso é seguro porque sempre há um, valor não referenciado " +"em `cell`, mas não é ergonômico." -#: src/traits/closures.md:37 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:61 msgid "" -"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " -"multiple times, but not concurrently." +"To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually " +"`borrow` or `borrow_mut`." msgstr "" -"Um `FnMut` pode alterar os valores capturados, então você pode chamá-lo " -"várias vezes, mas não simultaneamente." +"Para fazer qualquer coisa com um Node, você deve chamar um método `RefCell`, " +"geralmente `borrow` ou `borrow_mut`." -#: src/traits/closures.md:40 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:63 msgid "" -"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " -"might consume captured values." +"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree." +"children` (don't try to print it!)." msgstr "" -"Se você tiver um `FnOnce`, poderá chamá-lo apenas uma vez. Pode consumir os " -"valores capturados." +"Demonstre que loops de referência podem ser criados adicionando `root` a " +"`subtree.children` (não tente imprimi-lo!)." -#: src/traits/closures.md:43 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:65 msgid "" -"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " -"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " -"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." +"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments " +"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in " +"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already " +"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`." msgstr "" -"`FnMut` é um subtipo de `FnOnce`. `Fn` é um subtipo de `FnMut` e `FnOnce`. " -"Ou seja você pode usar um `FnMut` sempre que um `FnOnce` é chamado e você " -"pode usar um `Fn` sempre que um `FnMut` ou um `FnOnce` é chamado." +"Para demonstrar um pânico em tempo de execução, adicione um `fn inc(&mut " +"self)` que incrementa `self.value` e chama o mesmo método em seus filhos. " +"Isso criará um pânico na presença do loop de referência, com `thread 'main' " +"em pânico no 'já emprestado: BorrowMutError'`." -#: src/traits/closures.md:47 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " -"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." +"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " +"you need to keep track of users' health statistics." msgstr "" +"Você está trabalhando na implementação de um sistema de monitoramento de " +"saúde. Como parte disso, você precisa acompanhar as estatísticas de saúde " +"dos usuários." -#: src/traits/closures.md:50 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " -"keyword makes them capture by value." +"You'll start with a stubbed function in an `impl` block as well as a `User` " +"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out method on the " +"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" +"Você começará com algumas funções fragmentadas em um bloco `impl` e também " +"com a definição da estrutura `Usuario`. Seu objetivo é implementar os " +"métodos esboçados para a `struct` `Usuario` definidos no bloco `impl`." -#: src/traits/closures.md:58 -msgid "\"Hi\"" +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " +"method:" msgstr "" +"Copie o código abaixo em e implemente os " +"métodos que estão faltando:" -#: src/traits/closures.md:59 -msgid "\"there\"" +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:51 +msgid "" +"\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the " +"doctor\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 3: Exercícios matinais" +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:56 src/borrowing/exercise.md:62 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:68 src/borrowing/solution.md:58 +#: src/borrowing/solution.md:64 src/borrowing/solution.md:70 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 src/android/aidl/client.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Bob\"" +msgstr "\"Beto\"" -#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3 -msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects." -msgstr "" -"Vamos projetar uma biblioteca clássica de _traits_ de GUI e objetos de " -"`trait`." +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:57 src/borrowing/solution.md:59 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" +msgstr "\"Eu sou {} e minha idade é {}\"" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3 -msgid "" -"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and " -"trait objects." -msgstr "" -"Vamos projetar uma biblioteca GUI clássica usando nosso novo conhecimento de " -"_traits_ e objetos de `trait`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:1 +msgid "Slices" +msgstr "Slices" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6 -msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:" -msgstr "Teremos vários _widgets_ em nossa biblioteca:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:3 +msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" +msgstr "Uma _slice_ (fatia) oferece uma visão de uma coleção maior:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8 -msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets." -msgstr "`Window`: tem um `título` e contém outros _widgets_." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:18 +msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." +msgstr "Slices pegam dados emprestados do tipo original." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9 -msgid "" -"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " -"button is pressed." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:19 +msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" msgstr "" -"`Button`: tem um `rótulo` e uma função de _callback_ que é invocada quando o " -"botão é pressionado." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11 -msgid "`Label`: has a `label`." -msgstr "`Label`: tem um `rótulo`." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13 -msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below." -msgstr "Os _widgets_ irão implementar o `trait` `Widget`, veja abaixo." +"Pergunta: O que acontece se você modificar `a[3]` imediatamente antes de " +"imprimir `s`?" -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:23 msgid "" -"Copy the code below to , fill in the missing " -"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:" +"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " +"indexes in brackets." msgstr "" -"Copie o código abaixo para , codifique os " -"métodos `draw_into` para que você implemente o `trait` `Widget`:" +"Nós criamos uma _slice_ emprestando `a` e especificando os índices de início " +"e fim entre colchetes." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:23 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:24 -msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:26 +msgid "" +"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " +"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " +"identical." msgstr "" +"Se a _slice_ começa no índice 0, a sintaxe de _range_ (faixa) nos permite " +"omitir o índice inicial, o que significa que `&a[0..a.len()]` e `&a[..a." +"len()]` são idênticos." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:26 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:27 -msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:29 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:30 -msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:33 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:34 -msgid "\"{buffer}\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:120 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:164 -msgid "\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:121 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:165 -msgid "\"This is a small text GUI demo.\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:30 +msgid "" +"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " +"identical." msgstr "" +"O mesmo vale para o último índice, logo `&a[2..a.len()]` e `&a[2..]` são " +"idênticos." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:123 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:167 -msgid "\"Click me!\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:33 +msgid "" +"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." msgstr "" +"Para criar facilmente uma _slice_ de uma matriz completa, podemos " +"utilizar`&a[..]`." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:124 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:168 -msgid "\"You clicked the button!\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:35 +msgid "" +"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " +"computation on slices of different sizes." msgstr "" +"`s` é uma referência a uma _slice_ de `i32`. Observe que o tipo de `s` " +"(`&[i32]`) não menciona mais o tamanho da matriz. Isso nos permite realizar " +"cálculos em _slices_ de tamanhos diferentes." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130 -msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:" -msgstr "A saída do programa acima pode ser algo simples como:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:39 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In " -"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) " -"and how you can control alignment:" +"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " +"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice." msgstr "" -"Se você quiser desenhar texto alinhado, você pode usar os operadores de " -"formatação [fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index." -"html#fillalignment). Em particular, observe como você pode preencher com " -"diferentes caracteres (aqui um `'/'`) e como você pode controlar o " -"alinhamento:" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:150 -msgid "\"left aligned: |{:/width$}|\"" -msgstr "\"alinhado à direita: |{:/>width$}|\"" +"As _slices_ sempre pegam emprestado de outro objeto. Neste exemplo, `a` deve " +"permanecer 'vivo' (em escopo) por pelo menos tanto tempo quanto nossa " +"_slice_." -#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/slices.md:42 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:" +"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " +"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " +"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` " +"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the " +"`println`, when the slice is no longer used." msgstr "" -"Usando esses truques de alinhamento, você pode, por exemplo, produzir uma " -"saída como esta:" +"A questão sobre a modificação de `a[3]` pode gerar uma discussão " +"interessante, mas a resposta é que por motivos de segurança de memória você " +"não pode fazer isso por meio de `a` neste ponto durante a execução, mas você " +"pode ler os dados de `a` e `s` com segurança. Isto funciona antes da criação " +"do _slice_, e novamente depois de `println`, quando o _slice_ não é mais " +"necessário. Mais detalhes serão explicados na seção do verificador de " +"empréstimos." -#: src/error-handling.md:3 -msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:7 +msgid "" +"We can now understand the two string types in Rust: `&str` is almost like " +"`&[char]`, but with its data stored in a variable-length encoding (UTF-8)." msgstr "" -"O tratamento de erros em Rust é feito usando fluxo de controle explícito:" -#: src/error-handling.md:5 -msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," -msgstr "Funções que podem ter erros mostram isso em seu tipo de retorno." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:13 +msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" +msgstr "\"s1: {s1}\"" -#: src/error-handling.md:6 -msgid "There are no exceptions." -msgstr "Não há exceções (_exceptions_)." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:15 +msgid "\"Hello \"" +msgstr "\"Olá \"" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 -msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" -msgstr "" -"O Rust irá disparar um _panic_ (pânico) se um erro fatal ocorrer em tempo de " -"execução:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:21 +msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" +msgstr "\"s3: {s3}\"" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:8 -msgid "\"v[100]: {}\"" -msgstr "\"v[100]: {}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:25 +msgid "Rust terminology:" +msgstr "Terminologia do Rust:" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12 -msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." -msgstr "_Pânicos_ são para erros irrecuperáveis e inesperados." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:27 +msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice." +msgstr "`&str` é uma referência imutável para uma _slice_ de string." -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13 -msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." -msgstr "Pânicos são sintomas de bugs no programa." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:28 +msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer." +msgstr "`String` é um _buffer_ de string mutável." -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:32 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." +"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " +"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " +"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary." msgstr "" -"Use APIs que não disparam erros do tipo _pânico_ (como `Vec::get`) se não " -"for aceitável o travamento do programa." - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1 -msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" -msgstr "Capturando a _Resolução_ da Pilha (_Stack Unwinding_)" +"`&str` introduz uma _slice_ de string, a qual é uma referência imutável para " +"os dados da string em formato UTF-8 armazenados em um bloco de memória. " +"Literais de string (`\"Hello\"`) são armazenadas no código binário do " +"programa." -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:36 msgid "" -"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " -"caught:" +"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " +"`Vec`, it is owned." msgstr "" -"Por padrão, um pânico causará a _resolução_ da pilha. A resolução pode ser " -"capturada:" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:10 -msgid "\"hello!\"" -msgstr "\"olá!\"" - -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:15 -msgid "\"oh no!\"" -msgstr "\"ah não!\"" +"O tipo `String` do Rust é um invólucro ao redor de uma matriz de bytes. " +"Assim como um `Vec`, ele é _owned_." -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:39 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " -"request crashes." +"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " +"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " +"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." msgstr "" -"Isso pode ser útil em servidores que devem continuar rodando mesmo se uma " -"requisição tenha falhado." +"Da mesma forma que outros tipos, `String::from()` cria uma string a partir " +"de um literal; `String::new()` cria uma nova string vazia, na qual dados de " +"string podem ser adicionados com os métodos `push()` e `push_str()`." -#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23 -msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " +"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." msgstr "" -"Isso não funciona se `panic = 'abort'` estiver definido em seu `Cargo.toml`." - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:1 -msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`" -msgstr "Tratamento Estruturado de Erros com `Result`" +"A macro `format!()` é uma maneira conveniente de gerar uma string _owned_ a " +"partir de valores dinâmicos. Ela aceita os mesmos formatadores que `println!" +"()`." -#: src/error-handling/result.md:3 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:46 msgid "" -"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors " -"are expected as part of normal operation:" +"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " +"selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character " +"boundaries, the expression will panic. The `chars` iterator iterates over " +"characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right." msgstr "" -"Já vimos o _enum_ `Result`. Ele é usado amplamente quando os erros são " -"esperados como parte da operação normal:" - -#: src/error-handling/result.md:11 -msgid "\"diary.txt\"" -msgstr "\"diario.txt\"" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:16 -msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents}\"" -msgstr "\"Querido diário: {contents}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:51 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the " +"one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " +"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain " +"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." +msgstr "" +"Para programadores C++: pense em `&str` como `const char*` de C++, mas que " +"sempre aponta para uma string válida na memória. Em Rust, `String` é um " +"equivalente aproximado de `std::string` de C++ (principal diferença: ele só " +"pode conter bytes codificados em UTF-8 e nunca usará uma otimização de " +"string pequena)." -#: src/error-handling/result.md:19 -msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" -msgstr "\"Não foi possível abrir o diário: {err}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/str.md:56 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" +msgstr "Strings de byte permitem que você crie um valor `&[u8]` diretamente:" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:27 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:3 msgid "" -"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " -"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " -"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be " -"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." +"A reference has a _lifetime_, which must not \"outlive\" the value it refers " +"to. This is verified by the borrow checker." msgstr "" -"Como em `Option`, o valor bem-sucedido fica dentro de `Result`, forçando o " -"desenvolvedor a extraí-lo explicitamente. Isso encoraja a verificação de " -"erros. No caso em que um erro nunca deve acontecer, `unwrap()` ou `expect()` " -"podem ser chamados, e isso também sinaliza a intenção do desenvolvedor." -#: src/error-handling/result.md:30 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:6 msgid "" -"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " -"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " -"that help functional-style programming. " +"The lifetime can be implicit - this is what we have seen so far. Lifetimes " +"can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`. Lifetimes start with " +"`'` and `'a` is a typical default name. Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed " +"`Point` which is valid for at least the lifetime `a`\"." msgstr "" -"A documentação de `Result` é uma leitura recomendada. Não durante o curso, " -"mas vale a pena mencioná-la. Ele contém muitos métodos e funções de " -"conveniência que ajudam na programação ao estilo funcional." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1 -msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" -msgstr "Propagando Erros com `?`" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:11 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " -"turn the common" +"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " +"yourself. Explicit lifetime annotations create constraints where there is " +"ambiguity; the compiler verifies that there is a valid solution." msgstr "" -"O operador _try_ `?` é usado para retornar erros ao chamador da função. Se " -"ocorrer um erro, este é retornado imediatamente ao chamador como retorno da " -"função." - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13 -msgid "into the much simpler" -msgstr "O código acima pode ser simplificado para:" +"Anotações de tempo de vida criam restrições; o compilador verifica se há uma " +"solução válida." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19 -msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:15 +msgid "" +"Lifetimes become more complicated when considering passing values to and " +"returning values from functions." msgstr "" -"Podemos usar isso para simplificar nosso código de tratamento de erros:" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:40 -msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" -msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:41 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:43 -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:30 -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:27 -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:26 -msgid "\"config.dat\"" -msgstr "\"config.dat\"" - -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:42 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:44 -msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\"" -msgstr "\"nome_usuario ou erro: {username:?}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:36 +msgid "// What is the lifetime of p3?\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52 -msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." -msgstr "A variável `nome_usuario` pode ser `Ok(string)` ou `Err(error)`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" +msgstr "\"p1: {p1:?}\"" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51 -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:43 msgid "" -"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " -"file, file with username." +"In this example, the the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for " +"`p3`. Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume " +"that `p3`'s lifetime is the shorter of `p1` and `p2`. But just like types, " +"Rust requires explicit annotations of lifetimes on function arguments and " +"return values." msgstr "" -"Use a chamada `fs::write` para testar os diferentes cenários: nenhum " -"arquivo, arquivo vazio e arquivo com nome de usuário." -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52 -msgid "" -"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested " -"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result` " -"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an " -"`Option` or `Result` unless `OtherErr` implements " -"`From`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option` can only " -"apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:49 +msgid "Add `'a` appropriately to `left_most`:" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:55 msgid "" -"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different " -"`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, " -"`Result::err`." +"This says, \"given p1 and p2 which both outlive `'a`, the return value lives " +"for at least `'a`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:58 msgid "" -"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " -"indicated:" +"In common cases, lifetimes can be elided, as described on the next slide." msgstr "" -"A expansão efetiva do operador `?` é um pouco mais complicada do que " -"indicado anteriormente:" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9 -msgid "works the same as" -msgstr "funciona da mesma forma que" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" +msgstr "Tempos de vida (Lifetimes) em Chamadas de Função" -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " -"type returned by the function:" +"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " +"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " +"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html). This is not " +"inference -- it is just a syntactic shorthand." msgstr "" -"A chamada `From::from` aqui significa que tentamos converter o tipo de erro " -"para o tipo retornado pela função:" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:20 -msgid "\"IO error: {e}\"" -msgstr "\"Erro E/S: {e}\"" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:21 -msgid "\"Found no username in {filename}\"" -msgstr "\"Nome de usuário não encontrado em {filename}\"" - -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:42 -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:29 -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:26 -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:25 -msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" -msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +"Tempos de vida para argumentos de função e valores de retorno precisam ser " +"completamente especificados, mas o Rust permite que eles sejam omitidos na " +"maioria das vezes com [algumas regras simples](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55 -msgid "" -"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " -"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " -"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/" -"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:8 +msgid "Each argument which does not have a lifetime annotation is given one." msgstr "" -"É uma boa prática para todos os tipos de erro que não precisam ser `no_std` " -"implementar `std::error::Error`, que requer `Debug` e `Display`. O _crate_ " -"`Error` para `core` só está disponível em [nightly](https://github.com/rust-" -"lang/rust/issues/103765), então ainda não é totalmente compatível com " -"`no_std`." -#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:9 msgid "" -"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " -"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " -"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them." +"If there is only one argument lifetime, it is given to all un-annotated " +"return values." msgstr "" -"Geralmente é útil para eles implementar `Clone` e `Eq` também quando " -"possível, para tornar mais fácil a vida para testes e consumidores da sua " -"biblioteca. Neste caso, não podemos fazê-lo facilmente, porque `io::Error` " -"não os implementa." -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:11 msgid "" -"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create " -"an error enum like we did on the previous page:" +"If there are multiple argument lifetimes, but the first one is for `self`, " +"that lifetime is given to all un-annotated return values." msgstr "" -"O _crate_ [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) é uma maneira popular de " -"criar um tipo enumerado (_enum_) de erro, como fizemos na página anterior:" - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:13 -msgid "\"Could not read: {0}\"" -msgstr "\"Não é possivel ler: {0}\"" - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:15 -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:13 -msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\"" -msgstr "\"Nome de usuário não encontrado em {0}\"" - -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:31 -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:28 -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:27 -msgid "\"Username: {username}\"" -msgstr "\"Nome do usuário: {nome_usuario}\"" -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:32 -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:29 -msgid "\"Error: {err}\"" -msgstr "\"Erro: {err}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:52 +msgid "In this example, `cab_distance` is trivially elided." +msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:54 msgid "" -"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and " -"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and " -"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs." +"The `nearest` function provides another example of a function with multiple " +"references in its arguments that requires explicit annotation." msgstr "" -"A _derive macro_ `thiserror` implementa automaticamente `std::error::Error`, " -"e opcionalmente, `Display` (se os atributos `#[error(...)]` forem " -"fornecidos) e `From` (se o atributo `#[from]` for adicionado). Também " -"funciona para _structs_." -#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43 -msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." -msgstr "Não afeta sua API pública, o que a torna boa para bibliotecas." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:57 +msgid "Try adjusting the signature to \"lie\" about the lifetimes returned:" +msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:63 msgid "" -"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " -"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` " -"makes this easy." +"This won't compile, demonstrating that the annotations are checked for " +"validity by the compiler. Note that this is not the case for raw pointers " +"(unsafe), and this is a common source of errors with unsafe Rust." msgstr "" -"Às vezes, queremos permitir que qualquer tipo de erro seja retornado sem " -"escrever nosso próprio `Enum` abrangendo todas as diferentes possibilidades. " -"`std::error::Error` torna isso fácil." -#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:67 msgid "" -"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different " -"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good " -"idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it can be a " -"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message " -"somewhere." +"Students may ask when to use lifetimes. Rust borrows _always_ have " +"lifetimes. Most of the time, elision and type inference mean these don't " +"need to be written out. In more complicated cases, lifetime annotations can " +"help resolve ambiguity. Often, especially when prototyping, it's easier to " +"just work with owned data by cloning values where necessary." msgstr "" -"Isso economiza código, mas abre mão da capacidade de lidar com diferentes " -"casos de erro de maneira diferenciada no programa. Como tal, geralmente não " -"é uma boa ideia usar `Box` na API pública de uma biblioteca, mas " -"pode ser uma boa opção em um programa onde você deseja apenas exibir a " -"mensagem de erro em algum lugar." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:1 +msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" +msgstr "Tempos de Vida em Estruturas de Dados" + +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:3 msgid "" -"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " -"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " -"error types:" +"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" msgstr "" -"O `crate` [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) é amplamente usado e pode lhe " -"ajudar a adicionar informações contextuais aos seus erros, permitindo que " -"você tenha menos tipos de erros personalizados:" +"Se um tipo de dados armazena dados emprestados, ele deve ser anotado com um " +"tempo de vida:" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:15 -msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\"" -msgstr "\"Falha ao abrir {caminho}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:10 +msgid "\"Bye {text}!\"" +msgstr "\"Até logo {text}!\"" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:17 -msgid "\"Failed to read\"" -msgstr "\"Falha ao ler\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:14 +msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" +msgstr "\"A raposa marrom ágil pula sobre o cachorro preguiçoso.\"" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:19 -msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\"" -msgstr "\"Nome de usuário não encontrado em {path}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:17 +msgid "// erase(text);\n" +msgstr "// erase(text);\n" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:28 -msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\"" -msgstr "\"Erro: {err:?}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:18 +msgid "\"{fox:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{fox:?}\"" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35 -msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." -msgstr "" -"`anyhow::Result` é um apelido de tipo para `Result`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:19 +msgid "\"{dog:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{dog:?}\"" -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:25 msgid "" -"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " -"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " -"is widely used in applications." +"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " +"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " +"`Highlight` that uses that data." msgstr "" -"`anyhow::Error` é essencialmente um wrapper em torno de `Box`. " -"Como tal, geralmente não é uma boa escolha para a API pública de uma " -"biblioteca, mas é amplamente utilizado em aplicações." +"No exemplo acima, a anotação em `Highlight` impõe que os dados subjacentes " +"ao `&str` contido vivam pelo menos tanto quanto qualquer instância de " +"`Highlight` que use esses dados." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:28 msgid "" -"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." +"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " +"the borrow checker throws an error." msgstr "" -"O tipo de erro real dentro dele pode ser extraído para exame, se necessário." +"Se `text` for consumido antes do final do tempo de vida de `fox` (ou `dog`), " +"o verificador de empréstimo lançará um erro." -#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:30 msgid "" -"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " -"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " -"error)` from Go." +"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " +"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " +"somewhat harder to use." msgstr "" -"A funcionalidade fornecida por `anyhow::Result` pode ser familiar para " -"desenvolvedores Go, pois fornece padrões de uso e ergonomia semelhantes a " -"`(T, error)` de Go." - -#: src/testing.md:3 -msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" -msgstr "Rust e Cargo vêm com uma estrutura de testes unitários simples:" - -#: src/testing.md:5 -msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." -msgstr "Testes unitários são suportados em todo o seu código." - -#: src/testing.md:7 -msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." -msgstr "Testes de integração são suportados através do diretório `tests/`." - -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 -msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" -msgstr "Marque os testes unitários com `#[test]`:" +"Tipos com dados emprestados forçam os usuários a manter os dados originais. " +"Isso pode ser útil para criar exibições leves, mas geralmente as tornam um " +"pouco mais difíceis de usar." -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:25 -msgid "\"Hello World\"" -msgstr "\"Hello World\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:33 +msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." +msgstr "" +"Quando possível, faça com que as estruturas de dados possuam (_own_) seus " +"dados diretamente." -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29 -msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." -msgstr "Use `cargo test` para encontrar e executar os testes unitários." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:34 +msgid "" +"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " +"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " +"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime " +"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." +msgstr "" +"Algumas _structs_ com múltiplas referências internas podem ter mais de uma " +"anotação de tempo de vida. Isso pode ser necessário se houver a necessidade " +"de descrever-se relacionamentos de tempo de vida entre as próprias " +"referências, além do tempo de vida da própria _struct_. Esses são casos de " +"uso bastante avançados." -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" -"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" +"In this exercise, you will build a parser for the [protobuf binary encoding]" +"(https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/). Don't worry, it's " +"simpler than it seems! This illustrates a common parsing pattern, passing " +"slices of data. The underlying data itself is never copied." msgstr "" -"Testes unitários geralmente são colocados em um módulo aninhado (execute " -"testes no [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26 -msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." -msgstr "Isso permite que você tenha testes unitários auxiliares privados." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"Fully parsing a protobuf message requires knowing the types of the fields, " +"indexed by their field numbers. That is typically provided in a `proto` " +"file. In this exercise, we'll encode that information into `match` " +"statements in functions that get called for each field." +msgstr "" -#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27 -msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:13 +msgid "We'll use the following proto:" msgstr "" -"O atributo `#[cfg(test)]` somente fica ativo quando você executa `cargo " -"test`." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3 -msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" -msgstr "Rust tem suporte embutido para testes de documentação:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:28 +msgid "" +"A proto message is encoded as a series of fields, one after the next. Each " +"is implemented as a \"tag\" followed by the value. The tag contains a field " +"number (e.g., `2` for the `id` field of a `Person` message) and a wire type " +"defining how the payload should be determined from the byte stream." +msgstr "" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:6 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:33 msgid "" -"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" -"///\n" -"/// ```\n" -"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n" -"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" -"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" -"/// ```\n" +"Integers, including the tag, are represented with a variable-length encoding " +"called VARINT. Luckily, `parse_varint` is defined for you below. The given " +"code also defines callbacks to handle `Person` and `PhoneNumber` fields, and " +"to parse a message into a series of calls to those callbacks." msgstr "" -"/// Encurta uma string para o comprimento especificado.\n" -"///\n" -"/// ```\n" -"/// use playground::encurtar_string;\n" -"/// assert_eq!(encurtar_string(\"Olá Mundo\", 4), \"Olá\");\n" -"/// assert_eq!(encurtar_string(\"Olá Mundo\", 20), \"Olá Mundo\");\n" -"/// ```\n" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18 -msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:38 +msgid "" +"What remains for you is to implement the `parse_field` function and the " +"`ProtoMessage` trait for `Person` and `PhoneNumber`." msgstr "" -"Blocos de código em comentários `///` são vistos automaticamente como código " -"Rust." -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19 -msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." -msgstr "O código será compilado e executado como parte do `cargo test`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:49 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:11 +msgid "\"Invalid varint\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20 -msgid "" -"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" -"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:51 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:13 +msgid "\"Invalid wire-type\"" msgstr "" -"Teste o código acima no [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" -"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3 -msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:53 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:15 +msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\"" msgstr "" -"Se quiser testar sua biblioteca como um cliente, use um teste de integração." -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5 -msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" -msgstr "Crie um arquivo `.rs` em `tests/`:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:55 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:17 +msgid "\"Invalid length\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16 -msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." -msgstr "Esses testes têm acesso somente à API pública do seu `crate`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:57 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:19 +msgid "\"Unexpected wire-type)\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1 -msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" -msgstr "_Crates_ Úteis para Escrever Testes" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:59 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:21 +msgid "\"Invalid string (not UTF-8)\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 -msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." -msgstr "Rust possui apenas suporte básico para escrever testes." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:62 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:24 +msgid "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5 -msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:65 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:27 +msgid "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n" msgstr "" -"Estes são alguns _crates_ adicionais que recomendamos para a escrita de " -"testes:" -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:67 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:29 msgid "" -"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion " -"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." +"//I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" +" /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as " +"a\n" +" /// VARINT followed by exactly that number of bytes.\n" msgstr "" -"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Biblioteca abrangente para testes " -"de assertividade na tradição de GoogleTest para C++." -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8 -msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:71 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:33 +msgid "" +"/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in\n" +" /// little-endian order containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n" msgstr "" -"[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Testes baseados em propriedades para " -"Rust." -#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 -msgid "" -"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " -"tests." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:76 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:38 +msgid "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n" msgstr "" -"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Suporte para testes parametrizados e " -"acessórios." -#: src/unsafe.md:3 -msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" -msgstr "A linguagem Rust tem duas partes:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:80 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:42 +msgid "//I64(i64), -- not needed for this exercise\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe.md:5 -msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:85 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:47 +msgid "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n" msgstr "" -"**Rust Seguro (_Safe_):** memória segura, nenhum comportamento indefinido é " -"possível." -#: src/unsafe.md:6 -msgid "" -"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " -"violated." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:102 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:64 +msgid "//1 => WireType::I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" msgstr "" -"**Rust Inseguro (_Unsafe_):** pode desencadear comportamento indefinido se " -"pré-condições forem violadas." -#: src/unsafe.md:8 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:132 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:94 msgid "" -"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to " -"know what Unsafe Rust is." +"/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n" msgstr "" -"Veremos principalmente Rust seguro neste curso, mas é importante saber o que " -"é Rust inseguro (_unsafe_)." -#: src/unsafe.md:11 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:140 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:102 msgid "" -"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " -"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." +"// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n" +" // a u64 and return it.\n" msgstr "" -"Código inseguro é geralmente pequeno e isolado, e seu funcionamento correto " -"deve ser cuidadosamente documentado. Geralmente é envolto em uma camada de " -"abstração segura." - -#: src/unsafe.md:14 -msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" -msgstr "O código inseguro do Rust oferece acesso a cinco novos recursos:" -#: src/unsafe.md:16 -msgid "Dereference raw pointers." -msgstr "Desreferenciar ponteiros brutos." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:150 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:112 +msgid "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe.md:17 -msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." -msgstr "Acessar ou modificar variáveis estáticas mutáveis." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:153 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:115 +msgid "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe.md:18 -msgid "Access `union` fields." -msgstr "Acessar os campos de uma `union`." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:161 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:122 +msgid "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe.md:19 -msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:167 +msgid "" +"\"Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as " +"necessary.\"" msgstr "" -"Chamar funções inseguras (`unsafe`), incluindo funções `extern` (externas)." -#: src/unsafe.md:20 -msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." -msgstr "Implementar _traits_ inseguros (`unsafe` traits)." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:169 +msgid "\"Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe.md:22 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:171 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:153 msgid "" -"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " -"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" -"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." +"/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `T::add_field` for each field " +"in\n" +"/// the message.\n" +"///\n" +"/// The entire input is consumed.\n" msgstr "" -"A seguir, abordaremos brevemente os recursos inseguros. Para detalhes " -"completos, consulte o [Capítulo 19.1 no Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) e o [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"nomicon/)." -#: src/unsafe.md:28 -msgid "" -"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " -"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code " -"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " -"rules." +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/exercise.md:198 +msgid "// TODO: Implement ProtoMessage for Person and PhoneNumber.\n" msgstr "" -"Rust inseguro não significa que o código esteja incorreto. Significa que os " -"desenvolvedores desligaram os recursos de segurança do compilador e precisam " -"escrever o código corretamente por eles mesmos. Significa também que o " -"compilador não impõe mais as regras de segurança de memória do Rust." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3 -msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" -msgstr "Criar ponteiros é seguro, mas desreferenciá-los requer `unsafe`:" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:146 +msgid "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:12 -msgid "" -"// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" -" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " -"underlying\n" -" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" -" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" -" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:187 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:198 +msgid "// skip everything else\n" msgstr "" -"// Seguro porque r1 e r2 foram obtidos através de referências e logo é\n" -" // garantido que eles não sejam nulos e sejam propriamente alinhados, os " -"objetos\n" -" // cujas referências foram obtidas são válidos por\n" -" // todo o bloco inseguro, e eles não sejam acessados tanto através das\n" -" // referências ou concorrentemente através de outros ponteiros.\n" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:18 -msgid "\"r1 is: {}\"" -msgstr "\"r1 é: {}\"" +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:225 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:232 +#: src/slices-and-lifetimes/solution.md:239 +#, fuzzy +msgid "b\"hello\"" +msgstr "\"olá\"" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:20 -msgid "\"r2 is: {}\"" -msgstr "\"r2 é: {}\"" +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Day 4" +msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Dia 1" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27 +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " -"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " -"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." +"Today we will cover topics relating to building large-scale software in Rust:" +msgstr "Hoje, abordaremos alguns tópicos mais avançados em Rust:" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:5 +msgid "Iterators: a deep dive on the `Iterator` trait." msgstr "" -"É uma boa prática (e exigida pelo guia de estilo do Android Rust) escrever " -"um comentário para cada bloco `unsafe` explicando como o código dentro dele " -"satisfaz os requisitos de segurança para a operação insegura que está " -"fazendo." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31 -msgid "" -"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " -"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:6 +msgid "Modules and visibility." msgstr "" -"No caso de desreferência de ponteiros, isso significa que os ponteiros devem " -"ser [_válidos_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), ou " -"seja:" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34 -msgid "The pointer must be non-null." -msgstr "O ponteiro deve ser não nulo." +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing." +msgstr "Testando" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35 -msgid "" -"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " -"allocated object)." +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:8 +msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`." msgstr "" -"O ponteiro deve ser _desreferenciável_ (dentro dos limites de um único " -"objeto alocado)." - -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36 -msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." -msgstr "O objeto não deve ter sido desalocado." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37 -msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." -msgstr "Não deve haver acessos simultâneos à mesma localização." +#: src/welcome-day-4.md:9 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust: the escape hatch when you can't express yourself in safe Rust." +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38 +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:7 msgid "" -"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " -"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." +"The [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " +"trait supports iterating over values in a collection. It requires a `next` " +"method and provides lots of methods. Many standard library types implement " +"`Iterator`, and you can implement it yourself, too:" msgstr "" -"Se o ponteiro foi obtido lançando uma referência, o objeto subjacente deve " -"estar válido e nenhuma referência pode ser usada para acessar a memória." -#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41 -msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:31 +msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\"" msgstr "" -"Na maioria dos casos, o ponteiro também deve estar alinhado corretamente." -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3 -msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" -msgstr "É seguro ler uma variável estática imutável:" - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:6 -msgid "\"Hello, world!\"" -msgstr "\"Olá, mundo!\"" - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:9 -msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" -msgstr "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13 -msgid "" -"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " -"static variables:" -msgstr "" -"No entanto, como podem ocorrer corridas de dados, não é seguro ler e gravar " -"dados em variáveis estáticas mutáveis:" - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:20 -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:26 -msgid "// Potential data race!\n" -msgstr "// Corrida de dados potencial!\n" - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:26 -msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" -msgstr "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" - -#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32 -msgid "" -"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " -"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " -"heap allocator or working with some C APIs." -msgstr "" -"Usar uma variável estática mutável geralmente é uma má ideia, mas há alguns " -"casos em que isso pode fazer sentido, tais como em código `no_std` de baixo " -"nível, como implementar um alocador de heap ou trabalhar com algumas APIs C." - -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3 -msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" -msgstr "" -"_Unions_ são como _enums_, mas você mesmo precisa rastrear o campo ativo:" - -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:14 -msgid "\"int: {}\"" -msgstr "\"int: {}\"" - -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:15 -msgid "\"bool: {}\"" -msgstr "\"bool: {}\"" - -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:15 -msgid "// Undefined behavior!\n" -msgstr "// Comportamento indefinido!\n" - -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21 +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:38 msgid "" -"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " -"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." +"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " +"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " +"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these " +"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative " +"implementations." msgstr "" -"_Unions_ raramente são necessárias no Rust, pois geralmente você pode usar " -"um _enum_. Elas são ocasionalmente necessárias para interagir com as APIs da " -"biblioteca C." -#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24 +#: src/iterators/iterator.md:43 msgid "" -"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " -"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." -"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" -"crates/zerocopy) crate." +"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " +"collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " +"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a " +"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." msgstr "" -"Se você deseja apenas reinterpretar os bytes como um tipo diferente, você " -"provavelmente deveria usar [`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" -"stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) ou um wrapper seguro como o _crate_ " -"[`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " -"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" +"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " +"iterator. The related trait [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) defines how to create an iterator for a type. " +"It is used automatically by the `for` loop." msgstr "" -"Uma função ou método pode ser marcado como `unsafe` se houver pré-condições " -"extras que você deve respeitar para evitar comportamento indefinido:" +"O _trait_ `Iterator` informa como _iterar_ depois de criar um iterador. O " +"_trait_ relacionado `IntoIterator` lhe informa como criar o iterador:" -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:8 -msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\"" -msgstr "\"🗻∈🌏\"" +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:49 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"point = {x}, {y}\"" +msgstr "\"clicou em x={x}, y={y}\"" -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:10 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:56 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n" -" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" +"Click through to the docs for `IntoIterator`. Every implementation of " +"`IntoIterator` must declare two types:" msgstr "" -"// Seguro porque os índices estão na ordem correta, dentro dos limites da\n" -" // slice da string, e contido dentro da sequência UTF-8.\n" +"A sintaxe aqui significa que toda implementação de `IntoIterator` deve " +"declarar dois tipos:" -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:13 -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:14 -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:15 -msgid "\"emoji: {}\"" -msgstr "\"emoji: {}\"" +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:59 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Item`: the type to iterate over, such as `i8`," +msgstr "`Item`: o tipo sobre o qual iteramos, como `i8`," -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:18 -msgid "\"char count: {}\"" -msgstr "\"contador de caracteres: {}\"" +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:60 +msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." +msgstr "`IntoIter`: o tipo `Iterator` retornado pelo método `into_iter`." -#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:20 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:62 msgid "" -"// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" -" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" -" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis." -"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" +"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " +"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" msgstr "" -"// Não manter o requerimento de codificação UTF-8 viola segurança de " -"memória!\n" -" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" -" // println!(\"contador caracter: {}\", contador_caracteres(unsafe " -"{ emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" +"Observe que `IntoIter` e `Item` estão vinculados: o iterador deve ter o " +"mesmo tipo `Item`, o que significa que ele retorna `Option`" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3 -msgid "" -"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " -"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:65 +msgid "The example iterates over all combinations of x and y coordinates." msgstr "" -"Você pode marcar suas próprias funções como _inseguras_ (`unsafe`) se elas " -"exigirem condições específicas para evitar comportamentos indefinidos." -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:7 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:67 msgid "" -"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" -"///\n" -"/// # Safety\n" -"///\n" -"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" +"Try iterating over the grid twice in `main`. Why does this fail? Note that " +"`IntoIterator::into_iter` takes ownership of `self`." msgstr "" -"/// Troca os valores apontadoes pelos ponteiros fornecidos.\n" -"///\n" -"/// # Segurança\n" -"///\n" -"/// Os ponteiros precisam ser válidos e corretamente alinhados.\n" - -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:22 -msgid "// Safe because ...\n" -msgstr "// Seguro porque ...\n" - -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:27 -msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" -msgstr "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:70 msgid "" -"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely " -"with references." +"Fix this issue by implementing `IntoIterator` for `&Grid` and storing a " +"reference to the `Grid` in `GridIter`." msgstr "" -"Na verdade, não usaríamos ponteiros para essa operação porque isso pode ser " -"feito com segurança usando referências." -#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:73 msgid "" -"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " -"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " -"Try adding it and see what happens." +"The same problem can occur for standard library types: `for e in " +"some_vector` will take ownership of `some_vector` and iterate over owned " +"elements from that vector. Use `for e in &some_vector` instead, to iterate " +"over references to elements of `some_vector`." msgstr "" -"Observe que o código _inseguro_ é permitido dentro de uma função _insegura_ " -"sem o uso de um bloco `unsafe`. Podemos proibir isso com " -"`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Tente adicioná-lo e veja o que acontece." -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1 -msgid "Calling External Code" -msgstr "Chamando Código Externo" +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:1 +msgid "FromIterator" +msgstr "FromIterator" -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:3 msgid "" -"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling " -"them is thus unsafe:" +"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " +"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." msgstr "" -"Funções de outras linguagens podem violar as garantias do Rust. Logo, chamá-" -"las é inseguro:" - -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:7 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:89 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:9 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:15 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:18 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:24 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:23 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:14 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:26 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:32 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:38 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:44 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:50 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:56 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:46 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:106 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:113 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:119 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:125 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:131 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:137 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:143 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:60 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:62 -msgid "\"C\"" -msgstr "\"C\"" +"`FromIterator` permite construir uma coleção a partir de um `Iterator`." -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:13 -msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" -msgstr "// Comportamento indefinido se abs se comportar mal.\n" +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:9 +msgid "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:14 -msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" -msgstr "\"Valor absoluto de -3 de acordo com C: {}\"" +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Iterator` implements" +msgstr "`Iterator` (Iterador)" -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21 -msgid "" -"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with " -"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C " -"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:24 +msgid "There are two ways to specify `B` for this method:" msgstr "" -"Normalmente isso é apenas um problema para funções externas que fazem coisas " -"com ponteiros que podem violar o modelo de memória do Rust, mas em geral " -"qualquer função C pode ter comportamento indefinido sob quaisquer " -"circunstâncias arbitrárias." -#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:26 msgid "" -"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." +"With the \"turbofish\": `some_iterator.collect::()`, as " +"shown. The `_` shorthand used here lets Rust infer the type of the `Vec` " +"elements." msgstr "" -"O `\"C\"` neste exemplo é o ABI; [outros ABIs também estão disponíveis]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:28 msgid "" -"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " -"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." +"With type inference: `let prime_squares: Vec<_> = some_iterator.collect()`. " +"Rewrite the example to use this form." msgstr "" -"Assim como nas funções, você pode marcar um `trait` como `unsafe` se a " -"implementação precisa garantir condições particulares para evitar " -"comportamento indefinido." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:31 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " -"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" +"There are basic implementations of `FromIterator` for `Vec`, `HashMap`, etc. " +"There are also more specialized implementations which let you do cool things " +"like convert an `Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." msgstr "" -"Por exemplo, o _crate_ `zerocopy` tem um _trait_ inseguro que parece [algo " -"assim](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" +"Também existem implementações que permitem fazer coisas legais como " +"converter um `Iterator>` em um `Result, E>`." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:12 +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"/// ...\n" -"/// # Safety\n" -"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" -msgstr "" -"/// ...\n" -"/// # Segurança\n" -"/// O tipo precisa ter uma representação definida e nenhum preenchimento.\n" +"In this exercise, you will need to find and use some of the provided methods " +"in the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " +"trait to implement a complex calculation." +msgstr "Você pode implementar o _trait_ `Iterator` em seus próprios tipos:" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:23 -msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copy the following code to and make the tests " +"pass. Use an iterator expression and `collect` the result to construct the " +"return value." msgstr "" -"// Seguro porque u32 possui uma representação definida e sem preenchimento.\n" +"Copie o seguinte código para e faça os testes " +"passarem. Tente evitar alocar um `Vec` para seus resultados intermediários:" -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30 +#: src/iterators/exercise.md:11 src/iterators/solution.md:4 msgid "" -"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " -"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." +"/// Calculate the differences between elements of `values` offset by " +"`offset`,\n" +"/// wrapping around from the end of `values` to the beginning.\n" +"///\n" +"/// Element `n` of the result is `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n" msgstr "" -"Deve haver uma seção `# Safety` no Rustdoc para o `trait` explicando os " -"requisitos para ser implementado com segurança." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33 -msgid "" -"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " -"complicated." +#: src/modules/modules.md:3 +msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." msgstr "" -"Na verdade, a seção de segurança para `AsBytes` é bem mais longa e " -"complicada." +"Vimos como os blocos `impl` nos permitem usar _namespaces_ (espaços de " +"nomes) de funções para um tipo." -#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35 -msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." -msgstr "Os _traits_ integrados `Send` e `Sync` são inseguros." +#: src/modules/modules.md:5 +msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" +msgstr "" +"Da mesma forma, `mod` nos permite usar _namespaces_ de tipos e funções:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 3: Exercícios da Tarde" +#: src/modules/modules.md:10 +msgid "\"In the foo module\"" +msgstr "\"No módulo foo\"" -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" -msgstr "Vamos construir um wrapper seguro para ler o conteúdo do diretório!" +#: src/modules/modules.md:16 +msgid "\"In the bar module\"" +msgstr "\"No módulo bar\"" -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5 +#: src/modules/modules.md:28 msgid "" -"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the " -"Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine." +"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " +"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." msgstr "" -"Para este exercício, nós sugerimos a utilizaçao de um ambiente de " -"desenvolvimento local ao invés do _Playground_. Isto lhe permitirá executar " -"o binário na sua própria máquina." +"Pacotes (_packages_) fornecem funcionalidades e incluem um arquivo `Cargo." +"toml` que descreve como gerar um pacote com um ou mais _crates_." -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8 +#: src/modules/modules.md:30 msgid "" -"To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " -"instructions." +"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " +"a library crate compiles to a library." msgstr "" -"Para começar, siga as instruçoes para [rodar localmente](../../cargo/running-" -"locally.md)." +"_Crates_ são arvores de módulos, onde um _crate_ binário cria um executável " +"e um _crate_ de biblioteca é compilado em uma biblioteca." + +#: src/modules/modules.md:32 +msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." +msgstr "Módulos definem organização, escopo e são o foco desta seção." -#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 msgid "" -"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" -"afternoon.md) provided." +"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" msgstr "" -"Depois de ver o exercício, você pode ver a [solução](solutions-afternoon.md) " -"fornecida." +"Omitir o conteúdo do módulo dirá ao Rust para procurá-lo em outro arquivo:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 msgid "" -"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " -"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " -"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory." +"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." +"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" +"vegetables.rs`." msgstr "" -"Rust tem ótimo suporte para chamar funções por meio de uma interface para " -"funções externas (_Function Foreign Interface_ - FFI). Usaremos isso para " -"construir um _wrapper_ (invólucro) seguro para as funções da `libc` de C que " -"você usaria para ler os nomes dos arquivos de um diretório." - -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7 -msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" -msgstr "Você vai querer consultar as páginas do manual:" +"Isso diz ao Rust que o conteúdo do módulo `jardim` pode ser encontrado em " +"`src/jardim.rs`. Similarmente, um módulo `jardim::vegetais` pode ser " +"encontrado em `src/jardim/vegetais.rs`." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9 -msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" -msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:13 +msgid "The `crate` root is in:" +msgstr "A raiz `crate` está em:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10 -msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" -msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 +msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" +msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (para um _crate_ de biblioteca)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11 -msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" -msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16 +msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" +msgstr "`src/main.rs` (para um _crate_ binário)" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:18 msgid "" -"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" -"ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " -"exercise:" +"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " +"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " +"module." msgstr "" -"Você também vai querer navegar pelo módulo [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/ffi/). Lá você encontrará um número de tipos de string que você " -"precisará para o exercício:" +"Módulos definidos em arquivos também podem ser documentados usando " +"\"comentários internos de documento\" (_inner doc comments_). Estes " +"documentam o item que os contém - neste caso, um módulo." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 -msgid "Encoding" -msgstr "Codificação" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:22 +msgid "" +"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " +"germination\n" +"//! implementation.\n" +msgstr "" +"//! Este módulo implementa o jardim, incluindo uma implementação de " +"germinação\n" +"//! de alto desempenho.\n" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16 -msgid "Use" -msgstr "Uso" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:24 +msgid "// Re-export types from this module.\n" +msgstr "// Re-exporta tipos deste módulo.\n" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:28 +msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" +msgstr "/// Semeia os pacotes de semente fornecidos.\n" + +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:33 +msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" +msgstr "/// Colhe os vegetais no jardim que está pronto.\n" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 msgid "" -"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" +"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " +"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." msgstr "" -"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) e [`String`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" +"Antes do Rust 2018, os módulos precisavam estar localizados em `module/mod." +"rs` ao invés de `module.rs`, e esta ainda é uma alternativa funcional para " +"edições posteriores a 2018." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 -msgid "UTF-8" -msgstr "UTF-8" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:45 +msgid "" +"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." +"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." +msgstr "" +"A principal razão para introduzir `nome_de_arquivo.rs` como alternativa a " +"`nome_de_arquivo/mod.rs` foi porque muitos arquivos denominados `mod.rs` " +"podem ser difíceis de distinguir em IDEs." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18 -msgid "Text processing in Rust" -msgstr "Processamento de texto em Rust" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:48 +msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" +msgstr "" +"O aninhamento mais profundo pode usar pastas, mesmo que o módulo principal " +"seja um arquivo:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:58 msgid "" -"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" +"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " +"directive:" msgstr "" -"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) e [`CString`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" - -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 -msgid "NUL-terminated" -msgstr "terminado em NUL" +"O local no qual o Rust irá procurar por módulos pode ser alterado por meio " +"de uma diretiva de compilador:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19 -msgid "Communicating with C functions" -msgstr "Comunicação com funções em C" +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:61 +msgid "\"some/path.rs\"" +msgstr "\"algum/caminho.rs\"" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md:65 msgid "" -"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " -"[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" +"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " +"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." msgstr "" -"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) e [`OsString`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" +"Isto é útil, por exemplo, se você quiser colocar testes para um módulo em um " +"arquivo chamado `algum_modulo_teste.rs`, semelhante à convenção em Go." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 -msgid "OS-specific" -msgstr "específico ao SO" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:3 +msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" +msgstr "Módulos são limitadores de privacidade:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20 -msgid "Communicating with the OS" -msgstr "Comunicação com o SO" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:5 +msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." +msgstr "" +"Itens do módulo são privados por padrão (ocultam detalhes de implementação)." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22 -msgid "You will convert between all these types:" -msgstr "Você irá converter entre todos estes tipos:" +#: src/modules/visibility.md:6 +msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." +msgstr "Itens paternos e fraternos são sempre visíveis." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:7 msgid "" -"`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " -"character," +"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " +"the descendants of `foo`." msgstr "" -"`&str` para `CString`: você precisa alocar espaço para o caracter terminador " -"`\\0`," +"Em outras palavras, se um item é visível no módulo `foo`, ele é visível em " +"todos os descendentes de `foo`." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25 -msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," -msgstr "" -"`CString` para `*const i8`: você precisa de um ponteiro para chamar funções " -"em C," +#: src/modules/visibility.md:13 +msgid "\"outer::private\"" +msgstr "\"externo::privado\"" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:17 +msgid "\"outer::public\"" +msgstr "\"externo::publico\"" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:22 +msgid "\"outer::inner::private\"" +msgstr "\"externo::interno::privado\"" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:26 +msgid "\"outer::inner::public\"" +msgstr "\"externo::interno::publico\"" + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:39 +msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." +msgstr "Use a palavra reservada `pub` para tornar módulos públicos." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:41 msgid "" -"`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " -"character," +"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " +"of public visibility." msgstr "" -"`*const i8` para `&CStr`: você você precisa de algo que pode encontrar o " -"caracter terminador `\\0`," +"Adicionamente, existem especificadores `pub(...)` avançados para restringir " +"o escopo de visibilidade pública." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:44 msgid "" -"`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " -"unknow data\"," +"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" +"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." msgstr "" -"`&CStr` para `&[u8]`: um _slice_ de bytes é a interface universal para " -"\"algum dado desconhecido\"," +"Veja a [Referência Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" +"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:46 +msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." +msgstr "A configuração de visibilidade `pub(crate)` é um padrão comum." + +#: src/modules/visibility.md:47 +msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." +msgstr "Menos comum, você pode dar visibilidade para um caminho específico." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28 +#: src/modules/visibility.md:48 msgid "" -"`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," +"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " +"its descendants)." +msgstr "" +"Em todo caso, a visibilidade deve ser concedida a um módulo ancestral (e a " +"todos os seus descendentes)." + +#: src/modules/paths.md:1 +msgid "use, super, self" msgstr "" -"`&[u8]` para `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` é um passo em direção a `OsString`, use " -"[`OsStrExt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) " -"para criá-lo," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31 +#: src/modules/paths.md:3 msgid "" -"`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " -"return it and call `readdir` again." +"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " +"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" msgstr "" -"`&OsStr` para `OsString`: você precisa clonar os dados em `&OsStr` para " -"poder retorná-lo e chamar `readdir` novamente." +"Um módulo pode trazer símbolos de outro módulo para o escopo com `use`. " +"Normalmente, você verá algo assim na parte superior de cada módulo:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:11 +msgid "Paths" +msgstr "Caminhos" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:13 +msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" +msgstr "Caminhos são resolvidos da seguinte forma:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:15 +msgid "As a relative path:" +msgstr "Como um caminho relativo:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:16 +msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," +msgstr "`foo` ou `self::foo` referem-se à `foo` no módulo atual," + +#: src/modules/paths.md:17 +msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." +msgstr "`super::foo` refere-se à `foo` no módulo pai." + +#: src/modules/paths.md:19 +msgid "As an absolute path:" +msgstr "Como um caminho absoluto:" + +#: src/modules/paths.md:20 +msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," +msgstr "`crate::foo` refere-se à `foo` na raiz do _crate_ atual," -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34 +#: src/modules/paths.md:21 +msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." +msgstr "`bar::foo` refere-se a `foo` no _crate_ `bar`." + +#: src/modules/paths.md:25 msgid "" -"The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " -"useful chapter about FFI." +"It is common to \"re-export\" symbols at a shorter path. For example, the " +"top-level `lib.rs` in a crate might have" msgstr "" -"O [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) também tem um " -"capítulo bastante útil sobre FFI." -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45 +#: src/modules/paths.md:35 msgid "" -"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " -"functions and methods:" +"making `DiskStorage` and `NetworkStorage` available to other crates with a " +"convenient, short path." msgstr "" -"Copie o código abaixo para e implemente as " -"funções e métodos que faltam:" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:54 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:67 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:78 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:92 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:100 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:25 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:38 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:49 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:63 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:71 -msgid "\"macos\"" -msgstr "\"macos\"" +#: src/modules/paths.md:38 +msgid "" +"For the most part, only items that appear in a module need to be `use`'d. " +"However, a trait must be in scope to call any methods on that trait, even if " +"a type implementing that trait is already in scope. For example, to use the " +"`read_to_string` method on a type implementing the `Read` trait, you need to " +"`use std::io::Read`." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:57 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:28 -msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" -msgstr "// Tipo opaco. Veja https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" +#: src/modules/paths.md:44 +msgid "" +"The `use` statement can have a wildcard: `use std::io::*`. This is " +"discouraged because it is not clear which items are imported, and those " +"might change over time." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:64 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:35 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:3 msgid "" -"// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n" -" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" -" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" +"In this exercise, you will reorganize the GUI Library exercise from the " +"\"Methods and Traits\" segment of the course into a collection of modules. " +"It is typical to put each type or set of closely-related types into its own " +"module, so each widget type should get its own module." msgstr "" -"// Layout de acordo com a página man do Linux para readdir(3), onde ino_t e\n" -" // off_t são resolvidos de acordo com as definições em\n" -" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:77 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:48 -msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" -msgstr "// Layout de acordo com a página man do macOS man page para dir(5).\n" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:8 +msgid "" +"If you no longer have your version, that's fine - refer back to the " +"[provided solution](../methods-and-traits/solution.html)." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:92 -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:100 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:63 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:71 -msgid "\"x86_64\"" -msgstr "\"x86_64\"" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cargo Setup" +msgstr "Configurar" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:95 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:66 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:13 msgid "" -"// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n" -" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" -" //\n" -" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " -"refers\n" -" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " -"PowerPC.\n" +"The Rust playground only supports one file, so you will need to make a Cargo " +"project on your local filesystem:" msgstr "" -"// Veja https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 e a seção sobre\n" -" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE na página man do macOS para " -"stat(2).\n" -" //\n" -" // \"Plataformas que existiram antes destas atualizações estarem " -"disponíveis\" refere-se\n" -" // ao macOS (ao contrário do iOS / wearOS / etc.) em Intel e " -"PowerPC.\n" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:101 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:72 -msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\"" -msgstr "\"readdir$INODE64\"" +#: src/modules/exercise.md:22 +msgid "" +"Edit `src/main.rs` to add `mod` statements, and add additional files in the " +"`src` directory." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:119 +#: src/modules/exercise.md:27 msgid "" -"// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" -" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" +"Encourage students to divide the code in a way that feels natural for them, " +"and get accustomed to the required `mod`, `use`, and `pub` declarations. " +"Afterward, discuss what organizations are most idiomatic." msgstr "" -"// Chama opendir e retorna um valor Ok se funcionar,\n" -" // ou retorna Err com uma mensagem.\n" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:128 -msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +#: src/modules/solution.md:30 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"// Continua chamando readdir até nós obtermos um ponteiro NULL de volta.\n" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:135 -msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n" -msgstr "// Chama closedir se necessário.\n" +#: src/modules/solution.md:56 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/label.rs ----\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:141 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:44 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:142 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:167 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:182 -msgid "\".\"" -msgstr "\".\"" +#: src/modules/solution.md:71 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:142 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:143 -msgid "\"files: {:#?}\"" -msgstr "\"files: {:#?}\"" +#: src/modules/solution.md:75 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android.md:1 -msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android" -msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Rust para Android" +#: src/modules/solution.md:77 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android.md:3 -msgid "" -"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means " -"that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as " -"extending existing services." +#: src/modules/solution.md:84 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/button.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"Rust tem suporte para desenvolvimento de plataforma nativa no Android. Isso " -"significa que você pode escrever novos serviços de sistema operacional em " -"Rust, bem como estender serviços existentes." -#: src/android.md:7 -msgid "" -"We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to " -"find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code " -"to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something " -"that parses some raw bytes would be ideal." +#: src/modules/solution.md:99 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n" msgstr "" -"Hoje tentaremos chamar Rust a partir de um de seus próprios projetos. Então " -"tente encontrar um cantinho da sua base de código onde podemos mover algumas " -"linhas de código para o Rust. Quanto menos dependências e tipos " -"\"exóticos\", melhor. Algo que analise alguns bytes brutos seria o ideal." -#: src/android/setup.md:3 -msgid "" -"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you " -"have access to one or create a new one with:" +#: src/modules/solution.md:103 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"Iremos usar o um dispositivo virtual Android para testar nosso código. " -"Assegure-se de ter acesso a um ou crie um novo com:" -#: src/android/setup.md:12 -msgid "" -"Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/" -"setup/start) for details." +#: src/modules/solution.md:105 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n" msgstr "" -"Consulte o [Codelab para Desenvolvedor Android](https://source.android.com/" -"docs/setup/start) para maiores detalhes." -#: src/android/build-rules.md:3 -msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" +#: src/modules/solution.md:120 +msgid "// ---- src/widgets/window.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -"O sistema de compilação do Android (Soong) oferece suporte ao Rust por meio " -"de vários módulos:" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:5 -msgid "Module Type" -msgstr "Tipo de módulo" +#: src/modules/solution.md:147 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" +" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:5 -msgid "Description" -msgstr "Descrição" +#: src/modules/solution.md:152 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:7 -msgid "`rust_binary`" -msgstr "`rust_binary`" +#: src/modules/solution.md:154 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:7 -msgid "Produces a Rust binary." -msgstr "Produz um binário Rust." +#: src/modules/solution.md:177 +msgid "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:8 -msgid "`rust_library`" -msgstr "`rust_library`" +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 +msgid "Unit Tests" +msgstr "Testes Unitários" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:8 -msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants." -msgstr "Produz uma biblioteca Rust e fornece as variantes `rlib` e `dylib`." +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 +msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" +msgstr "Rust e Cargo vêm com uma estrutura de testes unitários simples:" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:9 -msgid "`rust_ffi`" -msgstr "`rust_ffi`" +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 +msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." +msgstr "Testes unitários são suportados em todo o seu código." -#: src/android/build-rules.md:9 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:7 +msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." +msgstr "Testes de integração são suportados através do diretório `tests/`." + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:9 msgid "" -"Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static " -"and shared variants." +"Tests are marked with `#[test]`. Unit tests are often put in a nested " +"`tests` module, using `#[cfg(test)]` to conditionally compile them only when " +"building tests." msgstr "" -"Produz uma biblioteca Rust C utilizável por módulos `cc` e fornece variantes " -"estáticas e compartilhadas." -#: src/android/build-rules.md:10 -msgid "`rust_proc_macro`" -msgstr "`rust_proc_macro`" +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 +msgid "\"Hello World\"" +msgstr "\"Hello World\"" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:10 -msgid "" -"Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler " -"plugins." +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:42 +msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." +msgstr "Isso permite que você tenha testes unitários auxiliares privados." + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:43 +msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "" -"Produz uma biblioteca Rust `proc-macro`. Estes são análogos aos plugins do " -"compilador." +"O atributo `#[cfg(test)]` somente fica ativo quando você executa `cargo " +"test`." -#: src/android/build-rules.md:11 -msgid "`rust_test`" -msgstr "`rust_test`" +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:47 +msgid "Run the tests in the playground in order to show their results." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:11 -msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness." +#: src/testing/other.md:3 +msgid "Integration Tests" +msgstr "Testes de Integração" + +#: src/testing/other.md:5 +msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." msgstr "" -"Produz um binário de teste Rust que usa a funcionalidade padrão de teste do " -"Rust." +"Se quiser testar sua biblioteca como um cliente, use um teste de integração." -#: src/android/build-rules.md:12 -msgid "`rust_fuzz`" -msgstr "`rust_fuzz`" +#: src/testing/other.md:7 +msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" +msgstr "Crie um arquivo `.rs` em `tests/`:" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:12 -msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`." -msgstr "Produz um binário Rust fuzz aproveitando `libfuzzer`." +#: src/testing/other.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// tests/my_library.rs\n" +msgstr "//! Greeting library.\n" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:13 -msgid "`rust_protobuf`" -msgstr "`rust_protobuf`" +#: src/testing/other.md:19 +msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." +msgstr "Esses testes têm acesso somente à API pública do seu `crate`." -#: src/android/build-rules.md:13 +#: src/testing/other.md:21 +msgid "Documentation Tests" +msgstr "Testes de Documentação" + +#: src/testing/other.md:23 +msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" +msgstr "Rust tem suporte embutido para testes de documentação:" + +#: src/testing/other.md:26 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for " -"a particular protobuf." +"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" +"///\n" +"/// ```\n" +"/// # use playground::shorten_string;\n" +"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n" +"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n" +"/// ```\n" msgstr "" -"Gera o código-fonte e produz uma biblioteca Rust que fornece uma interface " -"para um _protobuf_ específico." +"/// Encurta uma string para o comprimento especificado.\n" +"///\n" +"/// ```\n" +"/// use playground::encurtar_string;\n" +"/// assert_eq!(encurtar_string(\"Olá Mundo\", 4), \"Olá\");\n" +"/// assert_eq!(encurtar_string(\"Olá Mundo\", 20), \"Olá Mundo\");\n" +"/// ```\n" -#: src/android/build-rules.md:14 -msgid "`rust_bindgen`" -msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" +#: src/testing/other.md:38 +msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." +msgstr "" +"Blocos de código em comentários `///` são vistos automaticamente como código " +"Rust." -#: src/android/build-rules.md:14 +#: src/testing/other.md:39 +msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." +msgstr "O código será compilado e executado como parte do `cargo test`." + +#: src/testing/other.md:40 msgid "" -"Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C " -"libraries." +"Adding `#` in the code will hide it from the docs, but will still compile/" +"run it." msgstr "" -"Gera fonte e produz uma biblioteca Rust contendo vínculos em Rust para " -"bibliotecas C." -#: src/android/build-rules.md:16 -msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." -msgstr "Veremos `rust_binary` e `rust_library` a seguir." +#: src/testing/other.md:42 +msgid "" +"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." +msgstr "" +"Teste o código acima no [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" +"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 -msgid "Rust Binaries" -msgstr "Binários do Rust" +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3 +msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests." +msgstr "Rust possui apenas suporte básico para escrever testes." -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3 +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5 +msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:" +msgstr "" +"Estes são alguns _crates_ adicionais que recomendamos para a escrita de " +"testes:" + +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7 msgid "" -"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, " -"create the following files:" +"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion " +"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++." msgstr "" -"Vamos começar com um aplicativo simples. Na raiz de um checkout AOSP, crie " -"os seguintes arquivos:" +"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Biblioteca abrangente para testes " +"de assertividade na tradição de GoogleTest para C++." -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13 -msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9 +msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust." +msgstr "" +"[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Testes baseados em propriedades para " +"Rust." -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:10 src/android/build-rules/binary.md:11 -msgid "\"hello_rust\"" -msgstr "\"hello_rust\"" +#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:10 +msgid "" +"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised " +"tests." +msgstr "" +"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Suporte para testes parametrizados e " +"acessórios." -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:12 src/android/build-rules/library.md:19 -#: src/android/logging.md:12 -msgid "\"src/main.rs\"" -msgstr "\"src/main.rs\"" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test " +"assertions using _matchers_:" +msgstr "" +"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Biblioteca abrangente para testes " +"de assertividade na tradição de GoogleTest para C++." -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 -msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" -msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:11 +msgid "\"baz\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:19 src/android/build-rules/library.md:37 -msgid "//! Rust demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Rust demo.\n" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:12 +msgid "\"xyz\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:20 src/android/build-rules/library.md:41 -msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" -msgstr "/// Imprime uma saudação na saída padrão.\n" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:16 +msgid "" +"If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured " +"error message pin-pointing the error:" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:23 -msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\"" -msgstr "\"Olá do Rust!\"" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:36 +msgid "" +"GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this " +"example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it " +"to an existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 -msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" -msgstr "Agora você pode compilar, enviar e executar o binário:" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:40 +msgid "" +"The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used " +"macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index." +"html)." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:43 +msgid "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/googletest.md:45 msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m hello_rust\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" -"```" +"A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings strings " +"are shown as a diff:" msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m hello_rust\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" -"```" - -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 -msgid "Rust Libraries" -msgstr "Bibliotecas de Rust" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3 -msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android." +#: src/testing/googletest.md:51 +msgid "" +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" msgstr "" -"Você usa `rust_library` para criar uma nova biblioteca Rust para Android." - -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5 -msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:" -msgstr "Aqui declaramos uma dependência em duas bibliotecas:" - -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7 -msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below," -msgstr "`libgreeting`, que definimos abaixo," -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8 +#: src/testing/googletest.md:56 msgid "" -"`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]" -"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" -"crates/)." +"\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" +" Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n" +" Secure code you'll write.\"" msgstr "" -"`libtextwrap`, que é um `crate` já oferecido em [`external/rust/crates/`]" -"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" -"crates/)." -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:17 src/android/build-rules/library.md:18 -msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" -msgstr "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:63 +msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:21 src/android/build-rules/library.md:28 -msgid "\"libgreetings\"" -msgstr "\"libgreetings\"" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:80 +msgid "" +"The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/" +"googletest/)." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:22 -msgid "\"libtextwrap\"" -msgstr "\"libtextwrap\"" +#: src/testing/googletest.md:85 +msgid "GoogleTest is available for use in AOSP." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:29 -msgid "\"greetings\"" -msgstr "\"greetings\"" +#: src/testing/mocking.md:3 +msgid "" +"For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. " +"You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly " +"mock:" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:30 src/android/aidl/implementation.md:31 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:38 -msgid "\"src/lib.rs\"" -msgstr "\"src/lib.rs\"" +#: src/testing/mocking.md:26 +msgid "" +"The advice here is for Android (AOSP) where Mockall is the recommended " +"mocking library. There are other [mocking libraries available on crates.io]" +"(https://crates.io/keywords/mock), in particular in the area of mocking HTTP " +"services. The other mocking libraries work in a similar fashion as Mockall, " +"meaning that they make it easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 -msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" -msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" +#: src/testing/mocking.md:33 +msgid "" +"Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely " +"isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and " +"more stable test execution. On the other hand, the mocks can be configured " +"wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:51 -msgid "//! Greeting library.\n" -msgstr "//! Greeting library.\n" +#: src/testing/mocking.md:38 +msgid "" +"If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As " +"an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This " +"means that you get the correct behavior in your tests, plus they are fast " +"and will automatically clean up after themselves." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:52 -msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n" -msgstr "/// Saudação `nome`.\n" +#: src/testing/mocking.md:43 +msgid "" +"Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which " +"binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away " +"the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:55 -msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\"" -msgstr "\"Olá {nome}, prazer em conhecê-lo!\"" +#: src/testing/mocking.md:47 +msgid "" +"Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example " +"in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an " +"existing Cargo project." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 -msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" -msgstr "Você constrói, envia e executa o binário como antes:" +#: src/testing/mocking.md:51 +msgid "" +"Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up " +"expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock " +"a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 +#: src/testing/mocking.md:69 msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" -"```" +"You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be " +"called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this " +"isn't satisfied." msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" -"```" -#: src/android/aidl.md:3 +#: src/testing/lints.md:3 msgid "" -"The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android." -"com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:" +"The Rust compiler produces fantastic error messages, as well as helpful " +"built-in lints. [Clippy](https://doc.rust-lang.org/clippy/) provides even " +"more lints, organized into groups that can be enabled per-project." msgstr "" -"A [Linguagem de Definição de Interface Android (AIDL)](https://developer." -"android.com/guide/components/aidl) é compatível com Rust:" -#: src/android/aidl.md:6 -msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers," -msgstr "O código Rust pode chamar servidores AIDL existentes," +#: src/testing/lints.md:14 +msgid "\"X probably fits in a u16, right? {}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl.md:7 -msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." -msgstr "Você pode criar novos servidores AIDL em Rust." +#: src/testing/lints.md:20 +msgid "" +"Run the code sample and examine the error message. There are also lints " +"visible here, but those will not be shown once the code compiles. Switch to " +"the Playground site to show those lints." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1 -msgid "AIDL Interfaces" -msgstr "Interfaces AIDL" +#: src/testing/lints.md:24 +msgid "" +"After resolving the lints, run `clippy` on the playground site to show " +"clippy warnings. Clippy has extensive documentation of its lints, and adds " +"new lints (including default-deny lints) all the time." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3 -msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" -msgstr "Você declara a API do seu serviço usando uma interface AIDL:" +#: src/testing/lints.md:28 +msgid "" +"Note that errors or warnings with `help: ...` can be fixed with `cargo fix` " +"or via your editor." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5 +#: src/testing/exercise.md:3 +msgid "Luhn Algorithm" +msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn" + +#: src/testing/exercise.md:5 msgid "" -"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" +"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " +"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " +"does the following to validate the credit card number:" msgstr "" -"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" +"O [algoritmo de Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) é usado " +"para validar números de cartão de crédito. O algoritmo recebe uma string " +"como entrada e faz o seguinte para validar o número do cartão de crédito:" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:9 src/android/aidl/changing.md:8 -msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */" -msgstr "/** Interface de serviço de aniversário. */" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:9 +msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits." +msgstr "Ignore todos os espaços. Rejeite número com menos de dois dígitos." -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:12 src/android/aidl/changing.md:11 -msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" -msgstr "/** Gera uma mensagem de feliz aniversário. */" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " +"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." +msgstr "" +"Movendo-se da direita para a esquerda, dobre cada segundo dígito: para o " +"número `1234`, dobramos `3` e `1`." -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 -msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " +"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." +msgstr "" +"Depois de dobrar um dígito, some os dígitos. Portanto, dobrando `7` torna-se " +"`14`, que torna-se `5`." -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:21 -msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" -msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:17 +msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." +msgstr "Some todos os dígitos, dobrados ou não." -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:22 -msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" -msgstr "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:19 +msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." +msgstr "O número do cartão de crédito é válido se a soma terminar em `0`." -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:25 -msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" -msgstr "// Rust não está ativado por padrão\n" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:21 +msgid "" +"The provided code provides a buggy implementation of the luhn algorithm, " +"along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most the algorithm is " +"implemented correctly." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 +#: src/testing/exercise.md:25 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the " -"vendor partition." +"Copy the code below to and write additional " +"tests to uncover bugs in the provided implementation, fixing any bugs you " +"find." msgstr "" -"Adicione `vendor_available: true` caso seu arquivo AIDL seja usado por um " -"binário na partição _vendor_." +"Copie o código abaixo para e implemente as " +"funções e métodos que faltam:" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1 -msgid "Service Implementation" -msgstr "Implementação do Serviço" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:57 src/testing/solution.md:69 +msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" +msgstr "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3 -msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" -msgstr "Agora podemos implementar o serviço AIDL:" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:58 src/testing/solution.md:70 +msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" +msgstr "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5 -msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" -msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:59 src/testing/solution.md:71 +msgid "\"7992 7398 713\"" +msgstr "\"7992 7398 713\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:8 -msgid "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" -msgstr "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:64 src/testing/solution.md:76 +msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" +msgstr "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:11 -msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" -msgstr "/// A implementação de `IBirthdayService`.\n" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:65 src/testing/solution.md:77 +msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" +msgstr "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:20 -msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" -msgstr "\"Feliz aniversário {name}, parabéns pelos seus {years} anos!\"" +#: src/testing/exercise.md:66 src/testing/solution.md:78 +msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" +msgstr "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37 -msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" +#: src/testing/solution.md:4 +msgid "// This is the buggy version that appears in the problem.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:30 src/android/aidl/server.md:38 -msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthdayservice\"" +#: src/testing/solution.md:27 +msgid "// This is the solution and passes all of the tests below.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:13 -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:12 -msgid "\"birthdayservice\"" -msgstr "\"birthdayservice\"" +#: src/testing/solution.md:56 +msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:34 src/android/aidl/server.md:36 -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:45 -msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" -msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" +#: src/testing/solution.md:58 +msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:35 src/android/aidl/server.md:37 -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:46 -msgid "\"libbinder_rs\"" -msgstr "\"libbinder_rs\"" +#: src/testing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"yes\"" +msgstr "\"sim\"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 -msgid "AIDL Server" -msgstr "Servidor AIDL" +#: src/testing/solution.md:59 +msgid "\"no\"" +msgstr "\"não\"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3 -msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" -msgstr "Finalmente, podemos criar um servidor que expõe o serviço:" +#: src/testing/solution.md:84 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"foo 0 0\"" +msgstr "\" 0 0 \"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5 -msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" -msgstr "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" +#: src/testing/solution.md:90 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "\" \"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:8 src/android/aidl/client.md:8 -msgid "//! Birthday service.\n" -msgstr "//! Birthday service.\n" +#: src/testing/solution.md:91 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "\" \"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:14 -msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" -msgstr "/// Ponto de entrada para serviço de aniversário.\n" +#: src/testing/solution.md:92 +msgid "\" \"" +msgstr "\" \"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:23 -msgid "\"Failed to register service\"" -msgstr "\"Falha ao registrar o serviço\"" +#: src/testing/solution.md:97 +msgid "\"0\"" +msgstr "\"0\"" -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:33 -msgid "\"birthday_server\"" -msgstr "\"birthday_server\"" - -#: src/android/aidl/server.md:34 -msgid "\"src/server.rs\"" -msgstr "\"src/server.rs\"" - -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 -msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" -msgstr "Agora podemos compilar, enviar e iniciar o serviço:" +#: src/testing/solution.md:102 +msgid "\" 0 0 \"" +msgstr "\" 0 0 \"" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5 -msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m birthday_server\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" -"```" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 +msgid "Rust handles fatal errors with a \"panic\"." msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m birthday_server\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" -"```" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11 -msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" -msgstr "Em outro terminal, verifique se o serviço está sendo executado:" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 +msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" +msgstr "" +"O Rust irá disparar um _panic_ (pânico) se um erro fatal ocorrer em tempo de " +"execução:" -#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21 -msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" -msgstr "Você também pode chamar o serviço com `service call`:" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:10 +msgid "\"v[100]: {}\"" +msgstr "\"v[100]: {}\"" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1 -msgid "AIDL Client" -msgstr "Cliente AIDL" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 +msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." +msgstr "_Pânicos_ são para erros irrecuperáveis e inesperados." -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3 -msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." -msgstr "Por fim, podemos criar um cliente Rust para nosso novo serviço." +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:15 +msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." +msgstr "Pânicos são sintomas de bugs no programa." -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5 -msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" -msgstr "_birthday_server/src/client.rs_:" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:16 +msgid "Runtime failures like failed bounds checks can panic" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:13 -msgid "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" -msgstr "/// Connecta-se ao serviço de aniversário BirthdayService.\n" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:17 +msgid "Assertions (such as `assert!`) panic on failure" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:18 -msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n" -msgstr "/// Chama o serviço de aniversário.\n" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:18 +msgid "Purpose-specific panics can use the `panic!` macro." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:30 -msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" -msgstr "\"Falha ao conectar-se a BirthdayService\"" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:19 +msgid "" +"A panic will \"unwind\" the stack, dropping values just as if the functions " +"had returned." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:32 -msgid "\"{msg}\"" -msgstr "\"{msg}\"" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:21 +msgid "" +"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." +msgstr "" +"Use APIs que não disparam erros do tipo _pânico_ (como `Vec::get`) se não " +"for aceitável o travamento do programa." -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:41 src/android/aidl/client.md:42 -msgid "\"birthday_client\"" -msgstr "\"birthday_client\"" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:25 +msgid "" +"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " +"caught:" +msgstr "" +"Por padrão, um pânico causará a _resolução_ da pilha. A resolução pode ser " +"capturada:" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:43 -msgid "\"src/client.rs\"" -msgstr "\"src/client.rs\"" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:31 +msgid "\"No problem here!\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52 -msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." -msgstr "Observe que o cliente não depende de `libbirthdayservice`." +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:32 src/error-handling/panics.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"{result:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{list:?}\"" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54 -msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" -msgstr "Compile, envie e execute o cliente em seu dispositivo:" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:35 +msgid "\"oh no!\"" +msgstr "\"ah não!\"" -#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:41 msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m birthday_client\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" -"```" +"Catching is unusual; do not attempt to implement exceptions with " +"`catch_unwind`!" msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m birthday_client\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Carlos 60\n" -"```" -#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:43 msgid "" -"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " -"specify a list of lines for the birthday card:" +"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " +"request crashes." msgstr "" -"Vamos estender a API com mais funcionalidades: queremos permitir que os " -"clientes especifiquem uma lista de frases para o cartão de aniversário:" +"Isso pode ser útil em servidores que devem continuar rodando mesmo se uma " +"requisição tenha falhado." -#: src/android/logging.md:3 -msgid "" -"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " -"or `stdout` (on-host):" +#: src/error-handling/panics.md:45 +msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." msgstr "" -"Você deve usar o `crate` `log` para logar automaticamente no `logcat` (no " -"dispositivo) ou `stdout` (no _host_):" - -#: src/android/logging.md:6 -msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" - -#: src/android/logging.md:10 src/android/logging.md:11 -msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\"" -msgstr "\"hello_rust_logs\"" +"Isso não funciona se `panic = 'abort'` estiver definido em seu `Cargo.toml`." -#: src/android/logging.md:14 -msgid "\"liblog_rust\"" -msgstr "\"liblog_rust\"" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:3 +msgid "" +"Runtime errors like connection-refused or file-not-found are handled with " +"the `Result` type, but matching this type on every call can be cumbersome. " +"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +"turn the common" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:15 -msgid "\"liblogger\"" -msgstr "\"liblogger\"" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:15 +msgid "into the much simpler" +msgstr "O código acima pode ser simplificado para:" -#: src/android/logging.md:22 -msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" -msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:21 +msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" +msgstr "" +"Podemos usar isso para simplificar nosso código de tratamento de erros:" -#: src/android/logging.md:25 -msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Rust logging demo.\n" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:42 +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" -#: src/android/logging.md:28 -msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n" -msgstr "/// Registra uma saudação.\n" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:43 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:65 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:33 +msgid "\"config.dat\"" +msgstr "\"config.dat\"" -#: src/android/logging.md:33 -msgid "\"rust\"" -msgstr "\"rust\"" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:44 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:66 +msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\"" +msgstr "\"nome_usuario ou erro: {username:?}\"" -#: src/android/logging.md:36 -msgid "\"Starting program.\"" -msgstr "\"Iniciando programa.\"" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:50 +msgid "Simplify the `read_username` function to use `?`." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:37 -msgid "\"Things are going fine.\"" -msgstr "\"As coisas estão indo bem.\"" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:54 +msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." +msgstr "A variável `nome_usuario` pode ser `Ok(string)` ou `Err(error)`." -#: src/android/logging.md:38 -msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" -msgstr "\"Algo deu errado!\"" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:55 +msgid "" +"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " +"file, file with username." +msgstr "" +"Use a chamada `fs::write` para testar os diferentes cenários: nenhum " +"arquivo, arquivo vazio e arquivo com nome de usuário." -#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73 -msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" -msgstr "Compile, envie e execute o binário em seu dispositivo:" +#: src/error-handling/try.md:57 +msgid "" +"Note that `main` can return a `Result<(), E>` as long as it implements `std::" +"process:Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. " +"The executable will print the `Err` variant and return a nonzero exit status " +"on error." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md:44 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:3 msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m hello_rust_logs\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" -"```" +"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " +"indicated:" msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m hello_rust_logs\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" -"```" +"A expansão efetiva do operador `?` é um pouco mais complicada do que " +"indicado anteriormente:" -#: src/android/logging.md:50 -msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" -msgstr "Os logs aparecem em `adb logcat`:" +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:10 +msgid "works the same as" +msgstr "funciona da mesma forma que" -#: src/android/interoperability.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:19 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " -"means that you can:" +"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " +"type returned by the function. This makes it easy to encapsulate errors into " +"higher-level errors." msgstr "" -"O Rust tem excelente suporte para interoperabilidade com outras linguagens. " -"Isso significa que você pode:" +"A chamada `From::from` aqui significa que tentamos converter o tipo de erro " +"para o tipo retornado pela função:" -#: src/android/interoperability.md:6 -msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages." -msgstr "Chamar funções _Rust_ em outras linguagens." +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:42 +msgid "\"IO error: {e}\"" +msgstr "\"Erro E/S: {e}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability.md:7 -msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust." -msgstr "Chamar funções escritas em outras linguagens no _Rust_." +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:43 +msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\"" +msgstr "\"Nome de usuário não encontrado em {path}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability.md:9 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:32 +msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" +msgstr "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" + +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:72 msgid "" -"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a " -"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." +"The `?` operator must return a value compatible with the return type of the " +"function. For `Result`, it means that the error types have to be compatible. " +"A function that returns `Result` can only use `?` on a value " +"of type `Result` if `ErrorOuter` and `ErrorInner` are the " +"same type or if `ErrorOuter` implements `From`." msgstr "" -"Quando você chama funções em outra linguagem, dizemos que você está usando " -"uma _interface de função externa_, também conhecida como FFI." - -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1 -msgid "Interoperability with C" -msgstr "Interoperabilidade com C" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:78 msgid "" -"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " -"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." +"A common alternative to a `From` implementation is `Result::map_err`, " +"especially when the conversion only happens in one place." msgstr "" -"_Rust_ tem suporte completo para vincular arquivos de objeto com uma " -"convenção de chamada C. Da mesma forma, você pode exportar funções Rust e " -"chamá-las em C." - -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6 -msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" -msgstr "Você pode fazer isso manualmente se quiser:" - -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:16 -msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" -msgstr "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:81 msgid "" -"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" -"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." +"There is no compatibility requirement for `Option`. A function returning " +"`Option` can use the `?` operator on `Option` for arbitrary `T` and " +"`U` types." msgstr "" -"Já vimos isso no exercício [Safe FFI Wrapper ](../../exercises/day-3/safe-" -"ffi-wrapper.md)." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:85 msgid "" -"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " -"production." +"A function that returns `Result` cannot use `?` on `Option` and vice versa. " +"However, `Option::ok_or` converts `Option` to `Result` whereas `Result::ok` " +"turns `Result` into `Option`." msgstr "" -"Isso pressupõe conhecimento total da plataforma de destino. Não recomendado " -"para produção." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26 -msgid "We will look at better options next." -msgstr "Veremos opções melhores a seguir." +#: src/error-handling/error.md:1 +msgid "Dynamic Error Types" +msgstr "Tipos de Erros Dinâmicos" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1 -msgid "Using Bindgen" -msgstr "Usando Bindgen" - -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/error.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " -"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." +"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " +"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. The `std::error::" +"Error` trait makes it easy to create a trait object that can contain any " +"error." msgstr "" -"A ferramenta [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction." -"html) pode gerar vínculos (_bindings_) automaticamente a partir de um " -"arquivo de cabeçalho C." +"Às vezes, queremos permitir que qualquer tipo de erro seja retornado sem " +"escrever nosso próprio `Enum` abrangendo todas as diferentes possibilidades. " +"`std::error::Error` torna isso fácil." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6 -msgid "First create a small C library:" -msgstr "Primeiro crie uma pequena biblioteca C:" +#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 src/error-handling/error.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"count.dat\"" +msgstr "\"config.dat\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8 -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" +#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 +msgid "\"1i3\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" +#: src/error-handling/error.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Count: {count}\"" +msgstr "\"int: {}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:22 -msgid "" -msgstr "" +#: src/error-handling/error.md:23 +msgid "\"Error: {err}\"" +msgstr "\"Erro: {err}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:23 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:50 -msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday.h\"" +#: src/error-handling/error.md:30 +msgid "" +"The `read_count` function can return `std::io::Error` (from file operations) " +"or `std::num::ParseIntError` (from `String::parse`)." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:26 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:29 -msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" -msgstr "\"+--------------\\n\"" +#: src/error-handling/error.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Boxing errors saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle " +"different error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not " +"a good idea to use `Box` in the public API of a library, but it " +"can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error " +"message somewhere." +msgstr "" +"Isso economiza código, mas abre mão da capacidade de lidar com diferentes " +"casos de erro de maneira diferenciada no programa. Como tal, geralmente não " +"é uma boa ideia usar `Box` na API pública de uma biblioteca, mas " +"pode ser uma boa opção em um programa onde você deseja apenas exibir a " +"mensagem de erro em algum lugar." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:27 -msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" -msgstr "\"|Feliz Aniversário %s!\\n\"" +#: src/error-handling/error.md:39 +msgid "" +"Make sure to implement the `std::error::Error` trait when defining a custom " +"error type so it can be boxed. But if you need to support the `no_std` " +"attribute, keep in mind that the `std::error::Error` trait is currently " +"compatible with `no_std` in [nightly](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/" +"issues/103765) only." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:28 -msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" -msgstr "\"|Parabéns pelos %i anos!\\n\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) and [`anyhow`](https://docs.rs/" +"anyhow/) crates are widely used to simplify error handling. `thiserror` " +"helps create custom error types that implement `From`. `anyhow` helps " +"with error handling in functions, including adding contextual information to " +"your errors." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 -msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" -msgstr "Adicione isto ao seu arquivo `Android.bp`:" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:16 +msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\"" +msgstr "\"Nome de usuário não encontrado em {0}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108 -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:22 +msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\"" +msgstr "\"Falha ao abrir {caminho}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:39 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:63 -msgid "\"libbirthday\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:24 +msgid "\"Failed to read\"" +msgstr "\"Falha ao ler\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:40 -msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday.c\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:34 +msgid "\"Username: {username}\"" +msgstr "\"Nome do usuário: {nome_usuario}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 -msgid "" -"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " -"example):" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:35 +msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\"" +msgstr "\"Erro: {err:?}\"" + +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:42 +msgid "`thiserror`" msgstr "" -"Crie um arquivo de cabeçalho _wrapper_ para a biblioteca (não estritamente " -"necessário neste exemplo):" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47 -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:44 +msgid "" +"The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful " +"attributes to help define error types in a compact way." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 -msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" -msgstr "Agora você pode gerar automaticamente as vinculações (_binding_):" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:46 +msgid "The `std::error::Error` trait is derived automatically." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:59 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:75 -msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:47 +msgid "The message from `#[error]` is used to derive the `Display` trait." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:60 -msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" -msgstr "\"birthday_bindgen\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:49 +msgid "`anyhow`" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:61 -msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:51 +msgid "" +"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " +"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " +"is widely used in applications." +msgstr "" +"`anyhow::Error` é essencialmente um wrapper em torno de `Box`. " +"Como tal, geralmente não é uma boa escolha para a API pública de uma " +"biblioteca, mas é amplamente utilizado em aplicações." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:62 -msgid "\"bindings\"" -msgstr "\"bindings\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:54 +msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." +msgstr "" +"`anyhow::Result` é um apelido de tipo para `Result`." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 -msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:55 +msgid "" +"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." msgstr "" -"Finalmente, podemos usar as vinculações (_bindings_) em nosso programa Rust:" +"O tipo de erro real dentro dele pode ser extraído para exame, se necessário." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:73 -msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" -msgstr "\"print_birthday_card\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:56 +msgid "" +"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " +"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " +"error)` from Go." +msgstr "" +"A funcionalidade fornecida por `anyhow::Result` pode ser familiar para " +"desenvolvedores Go, pois fornece padrões de uso e ergonomia semelhantes a " +"`(T, error)` de Go." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:74 -msgid "\"main.rs\"" -msgstr "\"main.rs\"" +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:59 +msgid "" +"`anyhow::Context` is a trait implemented for the standard `Result` and " +"`Option` types. `use anyhow::Context` is necessary to enable `.context()` " +"and `.with_context()` on those types." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 -msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:82 -msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Bindgen demo.\n" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:3 +msgid "" +"The following implements a very simple parser for an expression language. " +"However, it handles errors by panicking. Rewrite it to instead use idiomatic " +"error handling and propagate errors to a return from `main`. Feel free to " +"use `thiserror` and `anyhow`." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:8 msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m print_birthday_card\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" -"```" +"HINT: start by fixing error handling in the `parse` function. Once that is " +"working correctly, update `Tokenizer` to implement " +"`Iterator>` and handle that in the parser." msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m print_birthday_card\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" -"```" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 -msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:15 src/error-handling/solution.md:9 +msgid "/// An arithmetic operator.\n" msgstr "" -"Por fim, podemos executar testes gerados automaticamente para garantir que " -"as vinculações funcionem:" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:112 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:114 -msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" -msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:22 src/error-handling/solution.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// A token in the expression language.\n" +msgstr "// Matemática como em outras linguagens\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:113 -msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" -msgstr "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:30 src/error-handling/solution.md:24 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// An expression in the expression language.\n" +msgstr "// A última expressão do bloco é o valor de retorno\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 -msgid "\"general-tests\"" -msgstr "\"general-tests\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:34 src/error-handling/solution.md:28 +msgid "/// A reference to a variable.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:117 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:118 -msgid "\"none\"" -msgstr "\"none\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:36 src/error-handling/solution.md:30 +#, fuzzy +msgid "/// A literal number.\n" +msgstr "/// Analisar os números.\n" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:117 -msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" -msgstr "// Arquivo gerado, pule o linting\n" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:38 src/error-handling/solution.md:32 +msgid "/// A binary operation.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 -msgid "Calling Rust" -msgstr "Chamando Rust" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:62 src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:62 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +#, fuzzy +msgid "'z'" +msgstr "' '" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3 -msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" -msgstr "Exportar funções e tipos do Rust para C é fácil:" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:64 src/error-handling/solution.md:64 +#, fuzzy +msgid "'_'" +msgstr "' '" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5 -msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:70 src/error-handling/solution.md:70 +#, fuzzy +msgid "'+'" +msgstr "' '" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:8 -msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:71 src/error-handling/solution.md:71 +#, fuzzy +msgid "'-'" +msgstr "' '" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:12 -msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" -msgstr "/// Analisar os números.\n" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:72 +msgid "\"Unexpected character {c}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:17 -msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" -msgstr "\"x ({x}) é o menor!\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:82 src/error-handling/solution.md:81 +msgid "\"Unexpected end of input\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:19 -msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" -msgstr "\"y ({y}) é provavelmente maior que x ({x})\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:86 +msgid "\"Invalid 32-bit integer'\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 -msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:90 src/error-handling/exercise.md:100 +msgid "\"Unexpected token {tok:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 -msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:92 src/error-handling/solution.md:104 +msgid "// Look ahead to parse a binary operation if present.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:41 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:68 -msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" -msgstr "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:108 src/error-handling/solution.md:121 +msgid "\"10+foo+20-30\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:42 -msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" -msgstr "\"analyze_ffi\"" +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:109 src/error-handling/solution.md:122 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"{expr:?}\"" +msgstr "\"{peter:?}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:43 -msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" -msgstr "\"analyze.rs\"" +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:42 +msgid "\"Unexpected character '{0}' in input\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 -msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" -msgstr "Agora podemos chamá-lo a partir de um binário C:" +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:79 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Tokenizer error: {0}\"" +msgstr "\"Erro E/S: {e}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50 -msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analisar/main.c_" - -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:53 -msgid "\"analyze.h\"" -msgstr "\"analyze.h\"" - -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 -msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" -msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:83 +msgid "\"Unexpected token {0:?}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:66 -msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" +#: src/error-handling/solution.md:85 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Invalid number\"" msgstr "\"analyze_numbers\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:67 -msgid "\"main.c\"" -msgstr "\"main.c\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:3 +msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" +msgstr "A linguagem Rust tem duas partes:" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:5 +msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." +msgstr "" +"**Rust Seguro (_Safe_):** memória segura, nenhum comportamento indefinido é " +"possível." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:6 msgid "" -"```shell\n" -"m analyze_numbers\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" -"```" +"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " +"violated." msgstr "" -"```shell\n" -"m analyze_numbers\n" -"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" -"tmp\"\n" -"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" -"```" +"**Rust Inseguro (_Unsafe_):** pode desencadear comportamento indefinido se " +"pré-condições forem violadas." -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:8 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " -"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " -"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." +"We saw mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know what " +"Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" -"`#[no_mangle]` desativa a alteração de name usual do Rust, então o símbolo " -"exportado será apenas o nome da função. Você também pode usar `#[export_name " -"= \"some_name\"]` para especificar qualquer nome que desejar." +"Veremos principalmente Rust seguro neste curso, mas é importante saber o que " +"é Rust inseguro (_unsafe_)." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:11 msgid "" -"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " -"interoperability between Rust and C++." +"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " +"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." msgstr "" -"O [crate CXX](https://cxx.rs/) possibilita a interoperabilidade segura entre " -"Rust e C++." +"Código inseguro é geralmente pequeno e isolado, e seu funcionamento correto " +"deve ser cuidadosamente documentado. Geralmente é envolto em uma camada de " +"abstração segura." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6 -msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" -msgstr "A abordagem geral é assim:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:14 +msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" +msgstr "O código inseguro do Rust oferece acesso a cinco novos recursos:" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:16 +msgid "Dereference raw pointers." +msgstr "Desreferenciar ponteiros brutos." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:17 +msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." +msgstr "Acessar ou modificar variáveis estáticas mutáveis." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:18 +msgid "Access `union` fields." +msgstr "Acessar os campos de uma `union`." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:19 +msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." +msgstr "" +"Chamar funções inseguras (`unsafe`), incluindo funções `extern` (externas)." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:20 +msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." +msgstr "Implementar _traits_ inseguros (`unsafe` traits)." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:22 msgid "" -"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of " -"using this." +"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " +"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" +"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." msgstr "" -"Veja o [tutorial CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) para um exemplo completo " -"de como usá-lo." +"A seguir, abordaremos brevemente os recursos inseguros. Para detalhes " +"completos, consulte o [Capítulo 19.1 no Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html) e o [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"nomicon/)." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:28 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://" -"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)." +"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " +"have turned off some compiler safety features and have to write correct code " +"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety " +"rules." msgstr "" +"Rust inseguro não significa que o código esteja incorreto. Significa que os " +"desenvolvedores desligaram os recursos de segurança do compilador e precisam " +"escrever o código corretamente por eles mesmos. Significa também que o " +"compilador não impõe mais as regras de segurança de memória do Rust." + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:3 +msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" +msgstr "Criar ponteiros é seguro, mas desreferenciá-los requer `unsafe`:" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16 -msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step." +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:7 +msgid "\"careful!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:12 msgid "" -"Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both " -"languages_." +"// Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n" +" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects " +"underlying\n" +" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n" +" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n" +" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n" +msgstr "" +"// Seguro porque r1 e r2 foram obtidos através de referências e logo é\n" +" // garantido que eles não sejam nulos e sejam propriamente alinhados, os " +"objetos\n" +" // cujas referências foram obtidas são válidos por\n" +" // todo o bloco inseguro, e eles não sejam acessados tanto através das\n" +" // referências ou concorrentemente através de outros ponteiros.\n" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:18 +msgid "\"r1 is: {}\"" +msgstr "\"r1 é: {}\"" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:19 +msgid "\"uhoh\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:20 +msgid "\"r2 is: {}\"" +msgstr "\"r2 é: {}\"" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:23 msgid "" -"Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings." -"html):" +"// NOT SAFE. DO NOT DO THIS.\n" +" /*\n" +" let r3: &String = unsafe { &*r1 };\n" +" drop(s);\n" +" println!(\"r3 is: {}\", *r3);\n" +" */" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:34 msgid "" -"Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter " -"does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different " -"types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::" -"string`, making it very ergonomic to use." +"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " +"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " +"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." msgstr "" +"É uma boa prática (e exigida pelo guia de estilo do Android Rust) escrever " +"um comentário para cada bloco `unsafe` explicando como o código dentro dele " +"satisfaz os requisitos de segurança para a operação insegura que está " +"fazendo." -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:38 msgid "" -"Explain that a Rust function returning `Result` becomes a function " -"which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)." +"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " +"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" msgstr "" +"No caso de desreferência de ponteiros, isso significa que os ponteiros devem " +"ser [_válidos_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), ou " +"seja:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 -msgid "Interoperability with Java" -msgstr "Interoperabilidade com Java" +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:41 +msgid "The pointer must be non-null." +msgstr "O ponteiro deve ser não nulo." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:42 msgid "" -"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." -"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" -"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." +"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " +"allocated object)." msgstr "" -"Java pode carregar objetos compartilhados via [Java Native Interface (JNI)]" -"(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). O [crate `jni`]" -"(https://docs.rs/jni/) permite que você crie uma biblioteca compatível." +"O ponteiro deve ser _desreferenciável_ (dentro dos limites de um único " +"objeto alocado)." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7 -msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" -msgstr "Primeiro, criamos uma função Rust para exportar para Java:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:44 +msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." +msgstr "O objeto não deve ter sido desalocado." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9 -msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:45 +msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." +msgstr "Não deve haver acessos simultâneos à mesma localização." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:12 -msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" -msgstr "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:46 +msgid "" +"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " +"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." +msgstr "" +"Se o ponteiro foi obtido lançando uma referência, o objeto subjacente deve " +"estar válido e nenhuma referência pode ser usada para acessar a memória." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:17 -msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" -msgstr "/// Implementação do método HelloWorld::hello.\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:49 +msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." +msgstr "" +"Na maioria dos casos, o ponteiro também deve estar alinhado corretamente." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:20 -msgid "\"system\"" -msgstr "\"system\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:51 +msgid "" +"The \"NOT SAFE\" section gives an example of a common kind of UB bug: `*r1` " +"has the `'static` lifetime, so `r3` has type `&'static String`, and thus " +"outlives `s`. Creating a reference from a pointer requires _great care_." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:26 -msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" -msgstr "\"Olá, {input}!\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:3 +msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" +msgstr "É seguro ler uma variável estática imutável:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62 -msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:6 +msgid "\"Hello, world!\"" +msgstr "\"Olá, mundo!\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:36 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:69 -msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" -msgstr "\"libhello_jni\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:9 +msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" +msgstr "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:37 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:52 -msgid "\"hello_jni\"" -msgstr "\"hello_jni\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:13 +msgid "" +"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " +"static variables:" +msgstr "" +"No entanto, como podem ocorrer corridas de dados, não é seguro ler e gravar " +"dados em variáveis estáticas mutáveis:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:39 -msgid "\"libjni\"" -msgstr "\"libjni\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:29 +msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" +msgstr "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43 -msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:" -msgstr "Finalmente, podemos chamar esta função do Java:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:36 +msgid "" +"The program here is safe because it is single-threaded. However, the Rust " +"compiler is conservative and will assume the worst. Try removing the " +"`unsafe` and see how the compiler explains that it is undefined behavior to " +"mutate a static from multiple threads." +msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45 -msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" -msgstr "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:41 +msgid "" +"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " +"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " +"heap allocator or working with some C APIs." +msgstr "" +"Usar uma variável estática mutável geralmente é uma má ideia, mas há alguns " +"casos em que isso pode fazer sentido, tais como em código `no_std` de baixo " +"nível, como implementar um alocador de heap ou trabalhar com algumas APIs C." -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:66 -msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" -msgstr "\"helloworld_jni\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:3 +msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" +msgstr "" +"_Unions_ são como _enums_, mas você mesmo precisa rastrear o campo ativo:" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:67 -msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" -msgstr "\"HelloWorld.java\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:14 +msgid "\"int: {}\"" +msgstr "\"int: {}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:68 -msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" -msgstr "\"HelloWorld\"" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +msgid "\"bool: {}\"" +msgstr "\"bool: {}\"" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73 -msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" -msgstr "Por fim, você pode criar, sincronizar e executar o binário:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +msgid "// Undefined behavior!\n" +msgstr "// Comportamento indefinido!\n" -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:21 msgid "" -"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " -"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" +"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " +"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." msgstr "" -"Este é um exercício em grupo: Nós iremos ver um dos projetos com os quais " -"você trabalha e tentar integrar um pouco de Rust nele. Algumas sugestões:" - -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6 -msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." -msgstr "Chame seu serviço AIDL com um cliente escrito em Rust." - -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8 -msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." -msgstr "Mova uma função do seu projeto para o Rust e a chame." +"_Unions_ raramente são necessárias no Rust, pois geralmente você pode usar " +"um _enum_. Elas são ocasionalmente necessárias para interagir com as APIs da " +"biblioteca C." -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:24 msgid "" -"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " -"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." -msgstr "" -"Nenhuma solução é fornecida aqui, pois isso é aberto: depende de você ter " -"uma classe tendo um pedaço de código que você pode transformar em Rust em " -"tempo real." +"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " +"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." +"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/" +"crates/zerocopy) crate." +msgstr "" +"Se você deseja apenas reinterpretar os bytes como um tipo diferente, você " +"provavelmente deveria usar [`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +"stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) ou um wrapper seguro como o _crate_ " +"[`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)." -#: src/bare-metal.md:1 -msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" -msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Rust _Bare Metal_ 🦀" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:3 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:74 +msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Chamando Funções Inseguras" -#: src/bare-metal.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:5 msgid "" -"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " -"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " -"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" -"metal programming in some other language such as C." +"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " +"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" msgstr "" +"Uma função ou método pode ser marcado como `unsafe` se houver pré-condições " +"extras que você deve respeitar para evitar comportamento indefinido:" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:9 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:91 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:15 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:38 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:8 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:23 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:49 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:104 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:110 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:118 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:124 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:130 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:136 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:142 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:148 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:43 +msgid "\"C\"" +msgstr "\"C\"" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:14 +msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\"" +msgstr "\"🗻∈🌏\"" -#: src/bare-metal.md:7 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:16 msgid "" -"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " -"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" +"// Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n" +" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" msgstr "" +"// Seguro porque os índices estão na ordem correta, dentro dos limites da\n" +" // slice da string, e contido dentro da sequência UTF-8.\n" -#: src/bare-metal.md:10 -msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:21 +msgid "\"emoji: {}\"" +msgstr "\"emoji: {}\"" -#: src/bare-metal.md:11 -msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:24 +msgid "\"char count: {}\"" +msgstr "\"contador de caracteres: {}\"" -#: src/bare-metal.md:12 -msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:27 +msgid "// Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n" +msgstr "// Comportamento indefinido se abs se comportar mal.\n" -#: src/bare-metal.md:13 -msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:28 +msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Valor absoluto de -3 de acordo com C: {}\"" -#: src/bare-metal.md:15 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:31 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" -"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" -"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " -"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " -"an on-board SWD debugger." +"// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" +" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" +" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe {\n" +" // emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" msgstr "" +"// Não manter o requerimento de codificação UTF-8 viola segurança de " +"memória!\n" +" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" +" // println!(\"contador caracter: {}\", contador_caracteres(unsafe " +"{ emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" -#: src/bare-metal.md:20 -msgid "" -"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:42 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:86 +msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" +msgstr "Escrevendo Funções Inseguras" -#: src/bare-metal.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:44 msgid "" -"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" +"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " +"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" +"Você pode marcar suas próprias funções como _inseguras_ (`unsafe`) se elas " +"exigirem condições específicas para evitar comportamentos indefinidos." -#: src/bare-metal.md:33 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:48 msgid "" -"'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", " -"GROUP=\"plugdev\"'" +"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" +"///\n" +"/// # Safety\n" +"///\n" +"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" msgstr "" +"/// Troca os valores apontadoes pelos ponteiros fornecidos.\n" +"///\n" +"/// # Segurança\n" +"///\n" +"/// Os ponteiros precisam ser válidos e corretamente alinhados.\n" -#: src/bare-metal.md:38 -msgid "On MacOS:" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:63 +msgid "// Safe because ...\n" +msgstr "// Seguro porque ...\n" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1 -msgid "`no_std`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:68 +msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" +msgstr "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 -msgid "`core`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:76 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`get_unchecked`, like most `_unchecked` functions, is unsafe, because it can " +"create UB if the range is incorrect. `abs` is incorrect for a different " +"reason: it is an external function (FFI). Calling external functions is " +"usually only a problem when those functions do things with pointers which " +"might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have " +"undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" +"Normalmente isso é apenas um problema para funções externas que fazem coisas " +"com ponteiros que podem violar o modelo de memória do Rust, mas em geral " +"qualquer função C pode ter comportamento indefinido sob quaisquer " +"circunstâncias arbitrárias." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 -msgid "`alloc`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:83 +msgid "" +"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" +"O `\"C\"` neste exemplo é o ABI; [outros ABIs também estão disponíveis]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 -msgid "`std`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:88 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We wouldn't actually use pointers for a `swap` function - it can be done " +"safely with references." msgstr "" +"Na verdade, não usaríamos ponteiros para essa operação porque isso pode ser " +"feito com segurança usando referências." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24 -msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:91 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " +"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " +"Try adding it and see what happens. This will likely change in a future Rust " +"edition." msgstr "" +"Observe que o código _inseguro_ é permitido dentro de uma função _insegura_ " +"sem o uso de um bloco `unsafe`. Podemos proibir isso com " +"`#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Tente adicioná-lo e veja o que acontece." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25 -msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:1 +msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" +msgstr "Implementando Traits Inseguros" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26 -msgid "`Option`, `Result`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " +"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" +"Assim como nas funções, você pode marcar um `trait` como `unsafe` se a " +"implementação precisa garantir condições particulares para evitar " +"comportamento indefinido." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27 -msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:6 +msgid "" +"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " +"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" msgstr "" +"Por exemplo, o _crate_ `zerocopy` tem um _trait_ inseguro que parece [algo " +"assim](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29 -msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:12 +msgid "" +"/// ...\n" +"/// # Safety\n" +"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" msgstr "" +"/// ...\n" +"/// # Segurança\n" +"/// O tipo precisa ter uma representação definida e nenhum preenchimento.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30 -msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:26 +msgid "// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n" msgstr "" +"// Seguro porque u32 possui uma representação definida e sem preenchimento.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31 -msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:33 +msgid "" +"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " +"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." msgstr "" +"Deve haver uma seção `# Safety` no Rustdoc para o `trait` explicando os " +"requisitos para ser implementado com segurança." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32 -msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:36 +msgid "" +"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " +"complicated." msgstr "" +"Na verdade, a seção de segurança para `AsBytes` é bem mais longa e " +"complicada." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33 -msgid "`Duration`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:38 +msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." +msgstr "Os _traits_ integrados `Send` e `Sync` são inseguros." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38 -msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:1 +msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" +msgstr "Wrapper FFI seguro" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39 -msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " +"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " +"functions you would use from C to read the names of files in a directory." msgstr "" +"Rust tem ótimo suporte para chamar funções por meio de uma interface para " +"funções externas (_Function Foreign Interface_ - FFI). Usaremos isso para " +"construir um _wrapper_ (invólucro) seguro para as funções da `libc` de C que " +"você usaria para ler os nomes dos arquivos de um diretório." -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40 -msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:7 +msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" +msgstr "Você vai querer consultar as páginas do manual:" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45 -msgid "`Error`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:9 +msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" +msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47 -msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:10 +msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" +msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48 -msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:11 +msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" +msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:49 -msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:13 +msgid "" +"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +"ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " +"exercise:" msgstr "" +"Você também vai querer navegar pelo módulo [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/ffi/). Lá você encontrará um número de tipos de string que você " +"precisará para o exercício:" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:50 -msgid "`Path`, `OsString`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 +msgid "Encoding" +msgstr "Codificação" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:51 -msgid "`net`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 +msgid "Use" +msgstr "Uso" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:52 -msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 +msgid "" +"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" msgstr "" +"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) e [`String`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:53 -msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 +msgid "UTF-8" +msgstr "UTF-8" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:54 -msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 +msgid "Text processing in Rust" +msgstr "Processamento de texto em Rust" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62 -msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG." +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 +msgid "" +"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" msgstr "" +"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) e [`CString`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" -#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:63 -msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 +msgid "NUL-terminated" +msgstr "terminado em NUL" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1 -msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 +msgid "Communicating with C functions" +msgstr "Comunicação com funções em C" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17 -msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 +msgid "" +"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " +"[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" msgstr "" +"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) e [`OsString`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18 -msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 +msgid "OS-specific" +msgstr "específico ao SO" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 +msgid "Communicating with the OS" +msgstr "Comunicação com o SO" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:22 +msgid "You will convert between all these types:" +msgstr "Você irá converter entre todos estes tipos:" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:24 +msgid "" +"`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " +"character," msgstr "" +"`&str` para `CString`: você precisa alocar espaço para o caracter terminador " +"`\\0`," -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 -msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:25 +msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" +"`CString` para `*const i8`: você precisa de um ponteiro para chamar funções " +"em C," -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:26 msgid "" -"Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " -"avoid an error about `eh_personality`." +"`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " +"character," msgstr "" +"`*const i8` para `&CStr`: você você precisa de algo que pode encontrar o " +"caracter terminador `\\0`," -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:28 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " -"define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " -"some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." +"`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " +"unknown data\"," msgstr "" +"`&CStr` para `&[u8]`: um _slice_ de bytes é a interface universal para " +"\"algum dado desconhecido\"," -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:30 msgid "" -"To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." -"rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." +"`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," msgstr "" +"`&[u8]` para `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` é um passo em direção a `OsString`, use " +"[`OsStrExt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) " +"para criá-lo," -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:23 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:33 msgid "" -"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" +"`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " +"return it and call `readdir` again." msgstr "" +"`&OsStr` para `OsString`: você precisa clonar os dados em `&OsStr` para " +"poder retorná-lo e chamar `readdir` novamente." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:25 -msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:36 +msgid "" +"The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " +"useful chapter about FFI." msgstr "" +"O [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) também tem um " +"capítulo bastante útil sobre FFI." -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:31 -msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:47 +msgid "" +"Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " +"functions and methods:" msgstr "" +"Copie o código abaixo para e implemente as " +"funções e métodos que faltam:" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:33 -msgid "\"A string\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:56 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:69 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:80 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:94 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:102 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:19 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +msgid "\"macos\"" +msgstr "\"macos\"" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:59 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:9 +msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" +msgstr "// Tipo opaco. Veja https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:66 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:16 msgid "" -"`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " -"system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " -"hook into your existing allocator." +"// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n" +" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" +" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" msgstr "" +"// Layout de acordo com a página man do Linux para readdir(3), onde ino_t e\n" +" // off_t são resolvidos de acordo com as definições em\n" +" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:79 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:29 +msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" +msgstr "// Layout de acordo com a página man do macOS man page para dir(5).\n" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:94 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:102 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +msgid "\"x86_64\"" +msgstr "\"x86_64\"" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:97 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:47 msgid "" -"The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " -"in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." +"// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n" +" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" +" //\n" +" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" " +"refers\n" +" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and " +"PowerPC.\n" msgstr "" +"// Veja https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 e a seção sobre\n" +" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE na página man do macOS para " +"stat(2).\n" +" //\n" +" // \"Plataformas que existiram antes destas atualizações estarem " +"disponíveis\" refere-se\n" +" // ao macOS (ao contrário do iOS / wearOS / etc.) em Intel e " +"PowerPC.\n" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:103 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:53 +msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\"" +msgstr "\"readdir$INODE64\"" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:121 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:71 msgid "" -"If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " -"exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " -"the top-level binary crate." +"// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" +" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" msgstr "" +"// Chama opendir e retorna um valor Ok se funcionar,\n" +" // ou retorna Err com uma mensagem.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45 -msgid "" -"`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " -"crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:130 +msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" msgstr "" +"// Continua chamando readdir até nós obtermos um ponteiro NULL de volta.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47 -msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:137 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:105 +msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n" +msgstr "// Chama closedir se necessário.\n" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:143 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:116 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:140 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:44 +msgid "\".\"" +msgstr "\".\"" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:144 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:117 +msgid "\"files: {:#?}\"" +msgstr "\"files: {:#?}\"" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:74 +msgid "\"Invalid path: {err}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3 -msgid "" -"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " -"Cortex M microcontrollers." +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:75 +msgid "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21 -msgid "" -"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " -"abstraction." +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:78 +msgid "\"Could not open {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:88 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" -"> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." +"// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" +" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" msgstr "" +"// Continua chamando readdir até nós obtermos um ponteiro NULL de volta.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27 -msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:92 +msgid "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:95 msgid "" -"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " -"turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" +"// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" +" // terminated.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:16 -msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:107 +msgid "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:19 -msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:109 +msgid "\"Could not close {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:24 -msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:128 +msgid "\"no-such-directory\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:34 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:21 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:25 -msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:136 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:151 +msgid "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:37 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:51 -msgid "" -"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n" -" // no aliases exist.\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:140 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"..\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:48 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:39 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:29 -msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"foo.txt\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64 -msgid "" -"GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " -"to the first row." +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 +msgid "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34 -msgid "Run the example with:" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"bar.png\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1 -msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 +msgid "\"\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3 -msgid "" -"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " -"wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" -"pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:149 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +msgid "\"crab.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 -msgid "" -"SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " -"silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:149 +msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51 +#: src/android.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android" +msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Rust para Android" + +#: src/android.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " -"descriptions, addresses and so on." +"Rust is supported for system software on Android. This means that you can " +"write new services, libraries, drivers or even firmware in Rust (or improve " +"existing code as needed)." msgstr "" +"Rust tem suporte para desenvolvimento de plataforma nativa no Android. Isso " +"significa que você pode escrever novos serviços de sistema operacional em " +"Rust, bem como estender serviços existentes." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53 +#: src/android.md:7 msgid "" -"SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " -"which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " -"crates." +"We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to " +"find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code " +"to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something " +"that parses some raw bytes would be ideal." msgstr "" +"Hoje tentaremos chamar Rust a partir de um de seus próprios projetos. Então " +"tente encontrar um cantinho da sua base de código onde podemos mover algumas " +"linhas de código para o Rust. Quanto menos dependências e tipos " +"\"exóticos\", melhor. Algo que analise alguns bytes brutos seria o ideal." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55 -msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." +#: src/android.md:14 +msgid "" +"The speaker may mention any of the following given the increased use of Rust " +"in Android:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 +#: src/android.md:17 msgid "" -"If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " -"pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." +"Service example: [DNS over HTTP](https://security.googleblog.com/2022/07/dns-" +"over-http3-in-android.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1 -msgid "HAL crates" +#: src/android.md:20 +msgid "" +"Libraries: [Rutabaga Virtual Graphics Interface](https://crosvm.dev/book/" +"appendix/rutabaga_gfx.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3 +#: src/android.md:23 msgid "" -"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" -"implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " -"various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]" -"(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." +"Kernel Drivers: [Binder](https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20231101-" +"rust-binder-v1-0-08ba9197f637@google.com/)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:22 -msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" +#: src/android.md:26 +msgid "" +"Firmware: [pKVM firmware](https://security.googleblog.com/2023/10/bare-metal-" +"rust-in-android.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39 -msgid "" -"`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 +#: src/android/setup.md:3 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " -"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." +"We will be using a Cuttlefish Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make " +"sure you have access to one or create a new one with:" msgstr "" +"Iremos usar o um dispositivo virtual Android para testar nosso código. " +"Assegure-se de ter acesso a um ou crie um novo com:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1 -msgid "Board support crates" -msgstr "Atalhos de teclado" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3 +#: src/android/setup.md:12 msgid "" -"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " -"board for convenience." +"Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/" +"setup/start) for details." msgstr "" +"Consulte o [Codelab para Desenvolvedor Android](https://source.android.com/" +"docs/setup/start) para maiores detalhes." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28 +#: src/android/setup.md:20 msgid "" -"In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " -"and a bit of initialisation." +"Cuttlefish is a reference Android device designed to work on generic Linux " +"desktops. MacOS support is also planned." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30 +#: src/android/setup.md:23 msgid "" -"The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " -"microcontroller itself." +"The Cuttlefish system image maintains high fidelity to real devices, and is " +"the ideal emulator to run many Rust use cases." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32 -msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." +#: src/android/build-rules.md:3 +msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:" msgstr "" +"O sistema de compilação do Android (Soong) oferece suporte ao Rust por meio " +"de vários módulos:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1 -msgid "The type state pattern" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:5 +msgid "Module Type" +msgstr "Tipo de módulo" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:11 -msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:5 +msgid "Description" +msgstr "Descrição" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:19 -msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:7 +msgid "`rust_binary`" +msgstr "`rust_binary`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32 -msgid "" -"Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " -"exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:7 +msgid "Produces a Rust binary." +msgstr "Produz um binário Rust." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34 -msgid "" -"Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " -"can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:8 +msgid "`rust_library`" +msgstr "`rust_library`" + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:8 +msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants." +msgstr "Produz uma biblioteca Rust e fornece as variantes `rlib` e `dylib`." + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:9 +msgid "`rust_ffi`" +msgstr "`rust_ffi`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36 +#: src/android/build-rules.md:9 msgid "" -"The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " -"the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " -"the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain " -"way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are " -"caught at compile time." +"Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static " +"and shared variants." msgstr "" +"Produz uma biblioteca Rust C utilizável por módulos `cc` e fornece variantes " +"estáticas e compartilhadas." + +#: src/android/build-rules.md:10 +msgid "`rust_proc_macro`" +msgstr "`rust_proc_macro`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40 +#: src/android/build-rules.md:10 msgid "" -"You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " -"not vice-versa." +"Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler " +"plugins." msgstr "" +"Produz uma biblioteca Rust `proc-macro`. Estes são análogos aos plugins do " +"compilador." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41 -msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:11 +msgid "`rust_test`" +msgstr "`rust_test`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 -msgid "`embedded-hal`" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:11 +msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness." msgstr "" +"Produz um binário de teste Rust que usa a funcionalidade padrão de teste do " +"Rust." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 -msgid "" -"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " -"number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:12 +msgid "`rust_fuzz`" +msgstr "`rust_fuzz`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6 -msgid "GPIO" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:12 +msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`." +msgstr "Produz um binário Rust fuzz aproveitando `libfuzzer`." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7 -msgid "ADC" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:13 +msgid "`rust_protobuf`" +msgstr "`rust_protobuf`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8 -msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:13 +msgid "" +"Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for " +"a particular protobuf." msgstr "" +"Gera o código-fonte e produz uma biblioteca Rust que fornece uma interface " +"para um _protobuf_ específico." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9 -msgid "RNG" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:14 +msgid "`rust_bindgen`" +msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:10 -msgid "Timers" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:14 +msgid "" +"Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C " +"libraries." msgstr "" +"Gera fonte e produz uma biblioteca Rust contendo vínculos em Rust para " +"bibliotecas C." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11 -msgid "Watchdogs" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:16 +msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next." +msgstr "Veremos `rust_binary` e `rust_library` a seguir." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13 -msgid "" -"Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" -"awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " -"accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation." +#: src/android/build-rules.md:20 +msgid "Additional items speaker may mention:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19 +#: src/android/build-rules.md:22 msgid "" -"There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " -"platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." +"Cargo is not optimized for multi-language repos, and also downloads packages " +"from the internet." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21 +#: src/android/build-rules.md:25 msgid "" -"There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " -"isn't stable yet." +"For compliance and performance, Android must have crates in-tree. It must " +"also interop with C/C++/Java code. Soong fills that gap." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 -msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:28 +msgid "" +"Soong has many similarities to Bazel, which is the open-source variant of " +"Blaze (used in google3)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 +#: src/android/build-rules.md:31 msgid "" -"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " -"like OpenOCD but better integrated." +"There is a plan to transition [Android](https://source.android.com/docs/" +"setup/build/bazel/introduction), [ChromeOS](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromiumos/bazel/), and [Fuchsia](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" +"build/bazel/introduction) to Bazel." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 -msgid "SWD" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:37 +msgid "Learning Bazel-like build rules is useful for all Rust OS developers." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 -msgid "and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" +#: src/android/build-rules.md:39 +msgid "Fun fact: Data from Star Trek is a Soong-type Android." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft " -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 +msgid "Rust Binaries" +msgstr "Binários do Rust" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -msgid "DAP" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, " +"create the following files:" msgstr "" +"Vamos começar com um aplicativo simples. Na raiz de um checkout AOSP, crie " +"os seguintes arquivos:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 -msgid "server" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13 +msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8 -msgid "Cargo integration" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:10 src/android/build-rules/binary.md:11 +msgid "\"hello_rust\"" +msgstr "\"hello_rust\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10 -msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log " -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:12 src/android/build-rules/library.md:19 +#: src/android/logging.md:12 +msgid "\"src/main.rs\"" +msgstr "\"src/main.rs\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 -msgid "RTT" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 +msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11 -msgid "" -"output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your " -"project directory." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:19 src/android/build-rules/library.md:37 +msgid "//! Rust demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Rust demo.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16 -msgid "" -"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " -"an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " -"CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the " -"on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:20 src/android/build-rules/library.md:41 +msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" +msgstr "/// Imprime uma saudação na saída padrão.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19 -msgid "" -"ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " -"is a range from SEGGER." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:23 src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:9 +msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\"" +msgstr "\"Olá do Rust!\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21 -msgid "" -"The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " -"Serial Wire Debug." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 +msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" +msgstr "Agora você pode compilar, enviar e executar o binário:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " -"want to." +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust\" /data/local/tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" +"```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23 -msgid "" -"The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" -"adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " -"supported microcontroller." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 +msgid "Rust Libraries" +msgstr "Bibliotecas de Rust" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25 -msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3 +msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android." msgstr "" +"Você usa `rust_library` para criar uma nova biblioteca Rust para Android." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 -msgid "" -"RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " -"host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5 +msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:" +msgstr "Aqui declaramos uma dependência em duas bibliotecas:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3 -msgid "Embed.toml:" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7 +msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below," +msgstr "`libgreeting`, que definimos abaixo," -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8 msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[default.general]\n" -"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" -"\n" -"[debug.gdb]\n" -"enabled = true\n" -"```" +"`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]" +"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" +"crates/)." msgstr "" +"`libtextwrap`, que é um `crate` já oferecido em [`external/rust/crates/`]" +"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" +"crates/)." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13 -msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:17 src/android/build-rules/library.md:18 +msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" +msgstr "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" -msgstr "Em outro terminal, verifique se o serviço é executado:" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:21 src/android/build-rules/library.md:28 +msgid "\"libgreetings\"" +msgstr "\"libgreetings\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:22 -msgid "\"target remote :1337\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:22 +msgid "\"libtextwrap\"" +msgstr "\"libtextwrap\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27 -msgid "In GDB, try running:" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:24 +msgid "// Need this to avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1 -msgid "Other projects" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:29 +msgid "\"greetings\"" +msgstr "\"greetings\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3 -msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:30 src/android/aidl/implementation.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:39 +msgid "\"src/lib.rs\"" +msgstr "\"src/lib.rs\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4 -msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 +msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5 -msgid "" -"Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:51 +msgid "//! Greeting library.\n" +msgstr "//! Greeting library.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6 -msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:52 +msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n" +msgstr "/// Saudação `nome`.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7 -msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:55 +msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\"" +msgstr "\"Olá {nome}, prazer em conhecê-lo!\"" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8 -msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 +msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" +msgstr "Você constrói, envia e executa o binário como antes:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " -"support" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10 -msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl.md:3 msgid "" -"Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " -"unprivileged drivers, IPC" +"The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android." +"com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:" msgstr "" +"A [Linguagem de Definição de Interface Android (AIDL)](https://developer." +"android.com/guide/components/aidl) é compatível com Rust:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 -msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl.md:8 +msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers," +msgstr "O código Rust pode chamar servidores AIDL existentes," -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13 -msgid "" -"Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." -"github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl.md:9 +msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." +msgstr "Você pode criar novos servidores AIDL em Rust." -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18 -msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1 +msgid "AIDL Interfaces" +msgstr "Interfaces AIDL" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19 -msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3 +msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" +msgstr "Você declara a API do seu serviço usando uma interface AIDL:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5 msgid "" -"It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " -"scheduling rather than a proper kernel." +"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" msgstr "" +"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 -msgid "Cortex-M only." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:9 src/android/aidl/changing.md:8 +msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */" +msgstr "/** Interface de serviço de aniversário. */" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23 -msgid "" -"Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:12 src/android/aidl/changing.md:11 +msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" +msgstr "/** Gera uma mensagem de feliz aniversário. */" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 -msgid "" -"FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " -"applications." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17 +msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3 -msgid "" -"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " -"serial port." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:21 +msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" +msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 -msgid "" -"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " -"serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " -"use the buttons somehow." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:22 +msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" +msgstr "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6 -msgid "Hints:" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:25 +msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" +msgstr "// Rust não está ativado por padrão\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8 +#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32 msgid "" -"Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" -"latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" -"microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit." -"org/hardware/)." +"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the " +"vendor partition." msgstr "" +"Adicione `vendor_available: true` caso seu arquivo AIDL seja usado por um " +"binário na partição _vendor_." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11 -msgid "" -"The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1 +msgid "Service Implementation" +msgstr "Implementação do Serviço" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12 -msgid "" -"TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3 +msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" +msgstr "Agora podemos implementar o serviço AIDL:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 -msgid "" -"The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" -"blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" -"microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5 +msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" +msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17 -msgid "" -"You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" -"struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:8 +msgid "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" +msgstr "//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 -msgid "" -"You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." -"com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " -"this exercise." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:11 +msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" +msgstr "/// A implementação de `IBirthdayService`.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23 -msgid "" -"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " -"look in the `compass` directory for the following files." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:19 +msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" +msgstr "\"Feliz aniversário {name}, parabéns pelos seus {years} anos!\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 -#, fuzzy -msgid "`src/main.rs`:" -msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:24 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:36 +msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:44 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:49 -msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28 src/android/aidl/server.md:38 +msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthdayservice\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:52 -msgid "" -"// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" // TODO\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:30 src/android/aidl/server.md:13 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:12 +msgid "\"birthdayservice\"" +msgstr "\"birthdayservice\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:55 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:75 -msgid "\"Ready.\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:36 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:44 +msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" +msgstr "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:58 -msgid "" -"// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" // TODO\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:33 src/android/aidl/server.md:37 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:45 +msgid "\"libbinder_rs\"" +msgstr "\"libbinder_rs\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385 -msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1 +msgid "AIDL Server" +msgstr "Servidor AIDL" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68 -msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[workspace]\n" -"\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"compass\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n" -"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n" -"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n" -"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n" -"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n" -"```" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3 +msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" +msgstr "Finalmente, podemos criar um servidor que expõe o serviço:" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5 +msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" +msgstr "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:8 src/android/aidl/client.md:8 +msgid "//! Birthday service.\n" +msgstr "//! Birthday service.\n" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:14 +msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" +msgstr "/// Ponto de entrada para serviço de aniversário.\n" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:23 +msgid "\"Failed to register service\"" +msgstr "\"Falha ao registrar o serviço\"" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:32 src/android/aidl/server.md:33 +msgid "\"birthday_server\"" +msgstr "\"birthday_server\"" + +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:34 +msgid "\"src/server.rs\"" +msgstr "\"src/server.rs\"" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85 -msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/android/aidl/server.md:40 src/android/aidl/client.md:47 +msgid "// To avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89 +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3 +msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" +msgstr "Agora podemos compilar, enviar e iniciar o serviço:" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[default.general]\n" -"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n" -"\n" -"[debug.gdb]\n" -"enabled = true\n" -"\n" -"[debug.reset]\n" -"halt_afterwards = true\n" +"```shell\n" +"m birthday_server\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb root\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" "```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m birthday_server\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n" +"```" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985 -msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:12 +msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" +msgstr "Em outro terminal, verifique se o serviço está sendo executado:" + +#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:22 +msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" +msgstr "Você também pode chamar o serviço com `service call`:" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1 +msgid "AIDL Client" +msgstr "Cliente AIDL" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3 +msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." +msgstr "Por fim, podemos criar um cliente Rust para nosso novo serviço." + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5 +msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" +msgstr "_birthday_server/src/client.rs_:" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:13 +msgid "/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n" +msgstr "/// Connecta-se ao serviço de aniversário BirthdayService.\n" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:19 +msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n" +msgstr "/// Chama o serviço de aniversário.\n" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:29 +msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" +msgstr "\"Falha ao conectar-se a BirthdayService\"" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:31 +msgid "\"{msg}\"" +msgstr "\"{msg}\"" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:40 src/android/aidl/client.md:41 +msgid "\"birthday_client\"" +msgstr "\"birthday_client\"" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:42 +msgid "\"src/client.rs\"" +msgstr "\"src/client.rs\"" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:51 +msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." +msgstr "Observe que o cliente não depende de `libbirthdayservice`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104 +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:53 +msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" +msgstr "Compile, envie e execute o cliente em seu dispositivo:" + +#: src/android/aidl/client.md:55 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[build]\n" -"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n" -"\n" -"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n" -"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n" +"```shell\n" +"m birthday_client\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n" "```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m birthday_client\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Carlos 60\n" +"```" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112 -msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" +#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " +"specify a list of lines for the birthday card:" msgstr "" +"Vamos estender a API com mais funcionalidades: queremos permitir que os " +"clientes especifiquem uma lista de frases para o cartão de aniversário:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 +#: src/android/logging.md:3 msgid "" -"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" +"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) " +"or `stdout` (on-host):" msgstr "" +"Você deve usar o `crate` `log` para logar automaticamente no `logcat` (no " +"dispositivo) ou `stdout` (no _host_):" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124 -msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/logging.md:6 +msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1 -msgid "Application processors" +#: src/android/logging.md:10 src/android/logging.md:11 +msgid "\"hello_rust_logs\"" +msgstr "\"hello_rust_logs\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md:14 +msgid "\"liblog_rust\"" +msgstr "\"liblog_rust\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md:15 +msgid "\"liblogger\"" +msgstr "\"liblogger\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md:21 +msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:" + +#: src/android/logging.md:24 +msgid "//! Rust logging demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Rust logging demo.\n" + +#: src/android/logging.md:27 +msgid "/// Logs a greeting.\n" +msgstr "/// Registra uma saudação.\n" + +#: src/android/logging.md:32 +msgid "\"rust\"" +msgstr "\"rust\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md:35 +msgid "\"Starting program.\"" +msgstr "\"Iniciando programa.\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md:36 +msgid "\"Things are going fine.\"" +msgstr "\"As coisas estão indo bem.\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md:37 +msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" +msgstr "\"Algo deu errado!\"" + +#: src/android/logging.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:96 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:72 +msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" +msgstr "Compile, envie e execute o binário em seu dispositivo:" + +#: src/android/logging.md:43 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_logs\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" +"```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m hello_rust_logs\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3 +#: src/android/logging.md:49 +msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:" +msgstr "Os logs aparecem em `adb logcat`:" + +#: src/android/interoperability.md:3 msgid "" -"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. " -"Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work " -"with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" -"virt.html) board." +"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This " +"means that you can:" msgstr "" +"O Rust tem excelente suporte para interoperabilidade com outras linguagens. " +"Isso significa que você pode:" + +#: src/android/interoperability.md:6 +msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages." +msgstr "Chamar funções _Rust_ em outras linguagens." + +#: src/android/interoperability.md:7 +msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust." +msgstr "Chamar funções escritas em outras linguagens no _Rust_." -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability.md:9 msgid "" -"Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " -"privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " -"processors do." +"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a " +"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." msgstr "" +"Quando você chama funções em outra linguagem, dizemos que você está usando " +"uma _interface de função externa_, também conhecida como FFI." + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1 +msgid "Interoperability with C" +msgstr "Interoperabilidade com C" -#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3 msgid "" -"QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " -"architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " -"hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." +"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " +"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." msgstr "" +"_Rust_ tem suporte completo para vincular arquivos de objeto com uma " +"convenção de chamada C. Da mesma forma, você pode exportar funções Rust e " +"chamá-las em C." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6 +msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" +msgstr "Você pode fazer isso manualmente se quiser:" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:16 +msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" +msgstr "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20 msgid "" -"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." +"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" +"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." msgstr "" +"Já vimos isso no exercício [Safe FFI Wrapper ](../../exercises/day-3/safe-" +"ffi-wrapper.md)." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23 msgid "" -"```armasm\n" -".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" -".global entry\n" -"entry:\n" -" /*\n" -" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " -"MMU and\n" -" * caches.\n" -" */\n" -" adrp x30, idmap\n" -" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" -" msr mair_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" -" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" -" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" -" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" -"\n" -" msr tcr_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" -"\n" -" /*\n" -" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " -"any\n" -" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" -" */\n" -" isb\n" -" tlbi vmalle1\n" -" ic iallu\n" -" dsb nsh\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /*\n" -" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " -"this\n" -" * has completed.\n" -" */\n" -" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" -" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" -" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" -" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" -" isb\n" -"\n" -" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" -" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" -" adr_l x30, bss_end\n" -"0: cmp x29, x30\n" -" b.hs 1f\n" -" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" -" b 0b\n" -"\n" -"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" -" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" -" mov sp, x30\n" -"\n" -" /* Set up exception vector. */\n" -" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" -" msr vbar_el1, x30\n" -"\n" -" /* Call into Rust code. */\n" -" bl main\n" -"\n" -" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" -"2: wfi\n" -" b 2b\n" -"```" +"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " +"production." msgstr "" +"Isso pressupõe conhecimento total da plataforma de destino. Não recomendado " +"para produção." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77 -msgid "" -"This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " -"zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26 +msgid "We will look at better options next." +msgstr "Veremos opções melhores a seguir." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79 -msgid "" -"The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " -"object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " -"initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " -"on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " -"them." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1 +msgid "Using Bindgen" +msgstr "Usando Bindgen" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3 msgid "" -"The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " -"the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." +"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " +"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." msgstr "" +"A ferramenta [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction." +"html) pode gerar vínculos (_bindings_) automaticamente a partir de um " +"arquivo de cabeçalho C." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85 -msgid "" -"We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " -"we don't:" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6 +msgid "First create a small C library:" +msgstr "Primeiro crie uma pequena biblioteca C:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 -msgid "" -"Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" -"unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " -"generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " -"is not necessarily the case in general." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89 -msgid "" -"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " -"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " -"while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " -"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " -"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " -"is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " -"not VA or IPA.)" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94 -msgid "" -"For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " -"identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " -"for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " -"memory layout that QEMU uses." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:22 +msgid "" +msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97 -msgid "" -"We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " -"later." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:23 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:50 +msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday.h\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98 -msgid "" -"All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " -"(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " -"modify `entry.S` accordingly." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:26 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:29 +msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" +msgstr "\"+--------------\\n\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1 -msgid "Inline assembly" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:27 +msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" +msgstr "\"|Feliz Aniversário %s!\\n\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3 -msgid "" -"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " -"Rust code. For example, to make an " -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:28 +msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" +msgstr "\"|Parabéns pelos %i anos!\\n\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 -msgid "HVC" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 +msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" +msgstr "Adicione isto ao seu arquivo `Android.bp`:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4 -msgid "to tell the firmware to power off the system:" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:19 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:39 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:63 +msgid "\"libbirthday\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:40 +msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday.c\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 msgid "" -"// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" -" // anything with memory.\n" +"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " +"example):" msgstr "" +"Crie um arquivo de cabeçalho _wrapper_ para a biblioteca (não estritamente " +"necessário neste exemplo):" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:22 -msgid "\"hvc #0\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:23 -msgid "\"w0\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 +msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" +msgstr "Agora você pode gerar automaticamente as vinculações (_binding_):" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:24 -msgid "\"w1\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:59 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:75 +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:25 -msgid "\"w2\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:60 +msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "\"birthday_bindgen\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:26 -msgid "\"w3\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:61 +msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:27 -msgid "\"w4\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:62 +msgid "\"bindings\"" +msgstr "\"bindings\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:28 -msgid "\"w5\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 +msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "" +"Finalmente, podemos usar as vinculações (_bindings_) em nosso programa Rust:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:29 -msgid "\"w6\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:73 +msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" +msgstr "\"print_birthday_card\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:30 -msgid "\"w7\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:74 +msgid "\"main.rs\"" +msgstr "\"main.rs\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39 -msgid "" -"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" -"smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 +msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43 -msgid "" -"PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " -"functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " -"implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:82 +msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Bindgen demo.\n" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:89 +msgid "// SAFETY: `print_card` is safe to call with a valid `card` pointer.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " -"inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " -"`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the " -"contents of the registers." +"```shell\n" +"m print_birthday_card\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" +"```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m print_birthday_card\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49 -msgid "" -"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " -"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:104 +msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "" +"Por fim, podemos executar testes gerados automaticamente para garantir que " +"as vinculações funcionem:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51 -msgid "" -"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " -"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " -"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " -"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " -"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " -"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:112 +msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" +msgstr "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56 -msgid "" -"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:111 +msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" +msgstr "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1 -msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:113 +msgid "\"general-tests\"" +msgstr "\"general-tests\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3 -msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:116 +msgid "\"none\"" +msgstr "\"none\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4 -msgid "Never hold a reference." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 +msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" +msgstr "// Arquivo gerado, pule o linting\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 +msgid "Calling Rust" +msgstr "Chamando Rust" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3 +msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" +msgstr "Exportar funções e tipos do Rust para C é fácil:" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:8 +msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:12 +msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" +msgstr "/// Analisar os números.\n" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:17 +msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" +msgstr "\"x ({x}) é o menor!\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:19 +msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" +msgstr "\"y ({y}) é provavelmente maior que x ({x})\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:41 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:68 +msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:42 +msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" +msgstr "\"analyze_ffi\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:43 +msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" +msgstr "\"analyze.rs\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 +msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" +msgstr "Agora podemos chamá-lo a partir de um binário C:" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analisar/main.c_" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:53 +msgid "\"analyze.h\"" +msgstr "\"analyze.h\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 +msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" +msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:66 +msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" +msgstr "\"analyze_numbers\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:67 +msgid "\"main.c\"" +msgstr "\"main.c\"" + +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:74 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " -"reference." +"```shell\n" +"m analyze_numbers\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers\" /data/local/" +"tmp\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" +"```" msgstr "" +"```shell\n" +"m analyze_numbers\n" +"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/" +"tmp\"\n" +"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:82 msgid "" -"Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " -"the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." +"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " +"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " +"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." msgstr "" +"`#[no_mangle]` desativa a alteração de name usual do Rust, então o símbolo " +"exportado será apenas o nome da função. Você também pode usar `#[export_name " +"= \"some_name\"]` para especificar qualquer nome que desejar." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3 msgid "" -"Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " -"compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " -"written, and not bother actually reading memory." +"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " +"interoperability between Rust and C++." msgstr "" +"O [crate CXX](https://cxx.rs/) possibilita a interoperabilidade segura entre " +"Rust e C++." + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6 +msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" +msgstr "A abordagem geral é assim:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:3 msgid "" -"Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " -"this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " -"dereference it." +"CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed " +"from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern " +"blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 -msgid "" -"Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " -"struct." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:9 +msgid "\"org::blobstore\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1 -msgid "Let's write a UART driver" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:11 +msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3 -msgid "" -"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" -"documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:17 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:6 +msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:9 -msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:18 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:9 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:10 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:9 +msgid "\"Rust\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:17 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:13 -msgid "" -"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:6 +msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:29 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:27 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:336 -msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:25 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:15 +msgid "\"C++\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:31 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:29 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:338 -msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:26 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:8 +msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:34 src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:46 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:40 +msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:41 msgid "" -"// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +"From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching " +"Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to " +"both languages." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:37 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:35 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:344 -msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:44 +msgid "" +"To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" +"dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the " +"examples you would use `cargo expand ::ffi` to expand just the `ffi` module " +"(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:39 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:348 -msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:47 +msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 -msgid "" -"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " -"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " -"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " -"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " -"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " -"necessary preconditions." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:1 +msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60 -msgid "" -"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " -"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " -"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:7 +msgid "// Opaque type\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63 -msgid "" -"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " -"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " -"number of places." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:8 +msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:9 #, fuzzy -msgid "More traits" -msgstr "Traits (Características)" +msgid "// Free function\n" +msgstr "Funções" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:28 msgid "" -"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " -"traits too." +"Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in " +"the parent module." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:16 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:379 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:267 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:30 msgid "" -"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" -"// accessed from any context.\n" +"The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+" +"+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated " +"header has the same path as the Rust source file containing the bridge, " +"except with a .rs.h file extension." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24 -msgid "" -"Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " -"`Uart` type." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:15 +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 -msgid "" -"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:1 +msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1 -msgid "A better UART driver" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:20 +msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3 -msgid "" -"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" -"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " -"offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to " -"read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a " -"structured way." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:30 +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 -msgid "Offset" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:39 +msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 -msgid "Register name" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:56 +msgid "" +"The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed " +"in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly " +"correspond with what is declared in C++." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 -msgid "Width" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:59 +msgid "" +"`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to " +"call from Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 -msgid "0x00" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:9 +msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 -msgid "DR" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:23 +msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 -msgid "12" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:24 +msgid "" +"A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. " +"Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you " +"derive `Hash` also generates an implementation of `std::hash` for the " +"corresponding C++ type." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 -msgid "0x04" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 -msgid "RSR" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 -msgid "4" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 -msgid "0x18" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 -msgid "FR" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:15 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generated Rust:" +msgstr "Rust Inseguro (unsafe)" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 -msgid "9" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:33 +msgid "Generated C++:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 -msgid "0x20" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:46 +msgid "" +"On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct " +"wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum " +"class to hold a value different from all of the listed variants, and our " +"Rust representation needs to have the same behavior." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 -msgid "ILPR" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:13 +msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 -msgid "8" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:16 +msgid "\"Success!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 -msgid "0x24" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:22 +msgid "" +"Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ " +"side." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 -msgid "IBRD" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:24 +msgid "" +"The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily " +"exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come " +"from the error type's `Display` impl." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 -msgid "16" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:27 +msgid "" +"A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to " +"immediately terminate." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 -msgid "0x28" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:7 +msgid "\"example/include/example.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 -msgid "FBRD" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Error: {}\"" +msgstr "\"Erro: {err}\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 -msgid "6" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:22 +msgid "" +"C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception " +"on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 -msgid "0x2c" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:24 +msgid "" +"If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not " +"declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::" +"terminate`. The behavior is equivalent to the same exception being thrown " +"through a `noexcept` C++ function." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 -msgid "LCR_H" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust Type" +msgstr "Rust by Example" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 -msgid "0x30" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ Type" +msgstr "Exemplo em C++" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 -msgid "CR" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::String`" +msgstr "`rust_bindgen`" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 -msgid "0x34" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +msgid "`&str`" +msgstr "`&str`" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 -msgid "IFLS" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Str`" +msgstr "`rust_test`" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 -msgid "0x38" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`CxxString`" +msgstr "String" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 -msgid "IMSC" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +msgid "`std::string`" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 -msgid "11" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 -msgid "0x3c" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Slice`" +msgstr "`rust_ffi`" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 -msgid "RIS" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +msgid "`rust::Box`" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 -msgid "0x40" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +msgid "`UniquePtr`" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 -msgid "MIS" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +msgid "`std::unique_ptr`" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 -msgid "0x44" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`Vec`" +msgstr "`Vec`" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 -msgid "ICR" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`rust::Vec`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 -msgid "0x48" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`CxxVector`" +msgstr "`Cell`" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 -msgid "DMACR" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`std::vector`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 -msgid "3" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:16 +msgid "" +"These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments " +"and returns of extern functions." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 -msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:18 +msgid "" +"Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are " +"a few reasons for this:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:20 msgid "" -"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " -"working with bitflags." +"`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:9 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:238 -msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:21 +msgid "" +"The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed " +"directly between languages." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:13 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:242 -msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:23 +msgid "" +"`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move " +"semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:15 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:244 -msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:1 +msgid "Building in Android" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:17 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:246 -msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX " +"generated header and source file." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:19 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:248 -msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" +msgstr "\"libtextwrap\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:21 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:250 -msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:9 +msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:23 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:252 -msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:11 +msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:25 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:254 -msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:12 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:10 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:27 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:256 -msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:14 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:19 +msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:29 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:258 -msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:20 +msgid "" +"Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are " +"the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these " +"are setup on the next slide." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:23 msgid "" -"The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " -"with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." +"Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in " +"order to pull in common CXX definitions." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1 -msgid "Multiple registers" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]" +"(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" +"android-rust-patterns#rust-cpp-interop-using-cxx). You may want to share " +"that link with the class so that students know where they can find these " +"instructions again in the future." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:3 msgid "" -"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." +"Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the " +"CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:7 msgid "" -"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" -"representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " -"following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a " -"predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to " -"(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." +"// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" +"// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3 -msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:20 +msgid "\"cxxbridge\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:6 -msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:12 +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:32 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:55 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:341 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:364 -msgid "" -"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:13 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"lib.rs\"" +msgstr "\"src/lib.rs\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:43 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:352 -msgid "" -"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been " -"received.\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"lib.rs.h\"" +msgstr "\"src/lib.rs\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:49 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:358 -msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:16 +msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64 -msgid "" -"Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " -"fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:21 +msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:23 #, fuzzy -msgid "Using it" -msgstr "Usando Bingen" +msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\"" +msgstr "\"src/lib.rs\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:29 msgid "" -"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " -"and echo incoming bytes." -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:19 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:18 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:41 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:50 -msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" +"The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the " +"bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:25 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:24 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:47 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:63 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:31 msgid "" -"// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:29 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:29 -msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" +"By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be " +"named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming " +"convention isn't enforced, though." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:35 -msgid "b'\\r'" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:3 +msgid "" +"Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:36 -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:27 -msgid "b'\\n'" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:7 +msgid "\"cxx_test\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:38 -msgid "b'q'" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:9 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"libcxx\"" +msgstr "\"libjni\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:44 -msgid "\"Bye!\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 +msgid "Interoperability with Java" +msgstr "Interoperabilidade com Java" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3 msgid "" -"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " -"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " -"notes there for details." +"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." +"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" +"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." msgstr "" +"Java pode carregar objetos compartilhados via [Java Native Interface (JNI)]" +"(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). O [crate `jni`]" +"(https://docs.rs/jni/) permite que você crie uma biblioteca compatível." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53 -msgid "" -"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:8 +msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" +msgstr "Primeiro, criamos uma função Rust para exportar para Java:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3 -msgid "" -"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" -"(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " -"`Log` trait." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:10 +msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:28 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:190 -msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:13 +msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" +msgstr "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:37 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:199 -msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:18 +msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" +msgstr "/// Implementação do método HelloWorld::hello.\n" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50 -msgid "" -"The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " -"`set_logger`." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:21 +msgid "\"system\"" +msgstr "\"system\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3 -msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:27 +msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" +msgstr "\"Olá, {input}!\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:38 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:69 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:142 -msgid "\"{info}\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:33 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:63 +msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 -msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:37 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:70 +msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" +msgstr "\"libhello_jni\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47 -msgid "" -"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" -"examples`." -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:38 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:53 +msgid "\"hello_jni\"" +msgstr "\"hello_jni\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3 -msgid "" -"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " -"exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " -"SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " -"We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " -"calling into Rust code:" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:40 +msgid "\"libjni\"" +msgstr "\"libjni\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:15 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:101 -msgid "\"sync_exception_current\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:44 +msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:" +msgstr "Finalmente, podemos chamar esta função do Java:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:21 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:107 -msgid "\"irq_current\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:46 +msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" +msgstr "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:27 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:114 -msgid "\"fiq_current\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:67 +msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" +msgstr "\"helloworld_jni\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:33 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:120 -msgid "\"serr_current\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:68 +msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" +msgstr "\"HelloWorld.java\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:39 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:126 -msgid "\"sync_lower\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:69 +msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" +msgstr "\"HelloWorld\"" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:45 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:132 -msgid "\"irq_lower\"" +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:74 +msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" +msgstr "Por fim, você pode criar, sincronizar e executar o binário:" + +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3 +msgid "" +"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with " +"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:" msgstr "" +"Este é um exercício em grupo: Nós iremos ver um dos projetos com os quais " +"você trabalha e tentar integrar um pouco de Rust nele. Algumas sugestões:" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:51 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:138 -msgid "\"fiq_lower\"" +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6 +msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust." +msgstr "Chame seu serviço AIDL com um cliente escrito em Rust." + +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8 +msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it." +msgstr "Mova uma função do seu projeto para o Rust e a chame." + +#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12 +msgid "" +"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone " +"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly." msgstr "" +"Nenhuma solução é fornecida aqui, pois isso é aberto: depende de você ter " +"uma classe tendo um pedaço de código que você pode transformar em Rust em " +"tempo real." -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:57 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:144 -msgid "\"serr_lower\"" +#: src/chromium.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Rust in Chromium" +msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Rust para Android" + +#: src/chromium.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust is supported for third-party libraries in Chromium, with first-party " +"glue code to connect between Rust and existing Chromium C++ code." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64 -msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." +#: src/chromium.md:6 +msgid "" +"Today, we'll call into Rust to do something silly with strings. If you've " +"got a corner of the code where you're displaying a UTF8 string to the user, " +"feel free to follow this recipe in your part of the codebase instead of the " +"exact part we talk about." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65 +#: src/chromium/setup.md:3 msgid "" -"For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " -"EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." +"Make sure you can build and run Chromium. Any platform and set of build " +"flags is OK, so long as your code is relatively recent (commit position " +"1223636 onwards, corresponding to November 2023):" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 +#: src/chromium/setup.md:13 msgid "" -"For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " -"expect any of them to actually happen." +"(A component, debug build is recommended for quickest iteration time. This " +"is the default!)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69 +#: src/chromium/setup.md:16 msgid "" -"We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " -"less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." -"md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " -"example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " -"rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " -"it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." +"See [How to build Chromium](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/get-" +"the-code/) if you aren't already at that point. Be warned: setting up to " +"build Chromium takes time." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3 -msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" +#: src/chromium/setup.md:21 +msgid "It's also recommended that you have Visual Studio code installed." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4 -msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" +#: src/chromium/setup.md:23 +msgid "About the exercises" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5 -msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." +#: src/chromium/setup.md:25 +msgid "" +"This part of the course has a series of exercises which build on each other. " +"We'll be doing them spread throughout the course instead of just at the end. " +"If you don't have time to complete a certain part, don't worry: you can " +"catch up in the next slot." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6 -msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust community typically uses `cargo` and libraries from [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io/). Chromium is built using `gn` and `ninja` and a curated set of " +"dependencies." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:6 +msgid "When writing code in Rust, your choices are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:8 msgid "" -"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" -"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" +"Use `gn` and `ninja` with the help of the templates from `//build/rust/*." +"gni` (e.g. `rust_static_library` that we'll meet later). This uses " +"Chromium's audited toolchain and crates." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:11 msgid "" -"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " -"exception handling, page tables" +"Use `cargo`, but [restrict yourself to Chromium's audited toolchain and " +"crates](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/" +"docs/rust.md#Using-cargo)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:13 msgid "" -"Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " -"necessarily a good example to copy for production code." +"Use `cargo`, trusting a [toolchain](https://rustup.rs/) and/or [crates " +"downloaded from the internet](https://crates.io/)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12 -msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:16 +msgid "" +"From here on we'll be focusing on `gn` and `ninja`, because this is how Rust " +"code can be built into the Chromium browser. At the same time, Cargo is an " +"important part of the Rust ecosystem and you should keep it in your toolbox." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13 -msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mini exercise" +msgstr "Exercícios" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:22 +msgid "Split into small groups and:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:24 msgid "" -"The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " -"enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" +"Brainstorm scenarios where `cargo` may offer an advantage and assess the " +"risk profile of these scenarios." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:26 msgid "" -"Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " -"`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " -"generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " -"necessarily the case in general." +"Discuss which tools, libraries, and groups of people need to be trusted when " +"using `gn` and `ninja`, offline `cargo`, etc." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:31 msgid "" -"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " -"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " -"while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " -"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " -"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " -"alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " -"hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." +"Ask students to avoid peeking at the speaker notes before completing the " +"exercise. Assuming folks taking the course are physically together, ask them " +"to discuss in small groups of 3-4 people." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:35 msgid "" -"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " -"programming." +"Notes/hints related to the first part of the exercise (\"scenarios where " +"Cargo may offer an advantage\"):" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 -msgid "`zerocopy`" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:38 +msgid "" +"It's fantastic that when writing a tool, or prototyping a part of Chromium, " +"one has access to the rich ecosystem of crates.io libraries. There is a " +"crate for almost anything and they are usually quite pleasant to use. " +"(`clap` for command-line parsing, `serde` for serializing/deserializing to/" +"from various formats, `itertools` for working with iterators, etc.)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:44 msgid "" -"The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " -"traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " -"types." +"`cargo` makes it easy to try a library (just add a single line to `Cargo." +"toml` and start writing code)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:46 msgid "" -"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " -"but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " -"DMA, or sent over some external interface." +"It may be worth comparing how CPAN helped make `perl` a popular choice. Or " +"comparing with `python` + `pip`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:49 msgid "" -"`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " -"valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." +"Development experience is made really nice not only by core Rust tools (e.g. " +"using `rustup` to switch to a different `rustc` version when testing a crate " +"that needs to work on nightly, current stable, and older stable) but also by " +"an ecosystem of third-party tools (e.g. Mozilla provides `cargo vet` for " +"streamlining and sharing security audits; `criterion` crate gives a " +"streamlined way to run benchmarks)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:56 msgid "" -"Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " -"`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " -"all byte patterns are valid." +"`cargo` makes it easy to add a tool via `cargo install --locked cargo-vet`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49 -msgid "" -"`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:57 +msgid "It may be worth comparing with Chrome Extensions or VScode extensions." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:59 msgid "" -"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" -"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " -"dependency.)" +"Broad, generic examples of projects where `cargo` may be the right choice:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 -msgid "`aarch64-paging`" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:61 +msgid "" +"Perhaps surprisingly, Rust is becoming increasingly popular in the industry " +"for writing command line tools. The breadth and ergonomics of libraries is " +"comparable to Python, while being more robust (thanks to the rich " +"typesystem) and running faster (as a compiled, rather than interpreted " +"language)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:66 msgid "" -"The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " -"you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " -"Architecture." +"Participating in the Rust ecosystem requires using standard Rust tools like " +"Cargo. Libraries that want to get external contributions, and want to be " +"used outside of Chromium (e.g. in Bazel or Android/Soong build environments) " +"should probably use Cargo." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:14 -msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:71 +msgid "Examples of Chromium-related projects that are `cargo`\\-based:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:16 -msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:72 +msgid "" +"`serde_json_lenient` (experimented with in other parts of Google which " +"resulted in PRs with performance improvements)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:21 -msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:74 +msgid "Fontations libraries like `font-types`" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:75 msgid "" -"For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " -"be straightforward to add." +"`gnrt` tool (we will meet it later in the course) which depends on `clap` " +"for command-line parsing and on `toml` for configuration files." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:77 msgid "" -"This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." -"com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" -"pvmfw/)." +"Disclaimer: a unique reason for using `cargo` was unavailability of `gn` " +"when building and bootstrapping Rust standard library when building Rust " +"toolchain.)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:80 msgid "" -"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " -"or under QEMU." +"`run_gnrt.py` uses Chromium's copy of `cargo` and `rustc`. `gnrt` depends on " +"third-party libraries downloaded from the internet, by `run_gnrt.py` asks " +"`cargo` that only `--locked` content is allowed via `Cargo.lock`.)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 -msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:84 +msgid "" +"Students may identify the following items as being implicitly or explicitly " +"trusted:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:87 msgid "" -"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " -"is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " -"be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/" -"buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use " -"the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for " -"allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO " -"space for PCI BARs:" +"`rustc` (the Rust compiler) which in turn depends on the LLVM libraries, the " +"Clang compiler, the `rustc` sources (fetched from GitHub, reviewed by Rust " +"compiler team), binary Rust compiler downloaded for bootstrapping" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:90 +msgid "" +"`rustup` (it may be worth pointing out that `rustup` is developed under the " +"umbrella of the https://github.com/rust-lang/ organization - same as `rustc`)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:19 -msgid "\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\"" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:92 +msgid "`cargo`, `rustfmt`, etc." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:20 -msgid "\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\"" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:93 +msgid "" +"Various internal infrastructure (bots that build `rustc`, system for " +"distributing the prebuilt toolchain to Chromium engineers, etc.)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26 -msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:95 +msgid "Cargo tools like `cargo audit`, `cargo vet`, etc." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27 +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:96 msgid "" -"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" -"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " -"dependency.)" +"Rust libraries vendored into `//third_party/rust` (audited by " +"security@chromium.org)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 -msgid "`tinyvec`" +#: src/chromium/cargo.md:98 +msgid "Other Rust libraries (some niche, some quite popular and commonly used)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 -msgid "" -"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " -"heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " -"this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically " -"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used " -"and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." +#: src/chromium/policy.md:1 +msgid "Chromium Rust policy" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:13 -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:15 -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:17 -msgid "\"{numbers:?}\"" +#: src/chromium/policy.md:3 +msgid "" +"Chromium does not yet allow first-party Rust except in rare cases as " +"approved by Chromium's [Area Tech Leads](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:ATL_OWNERS)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23 +#: src/chromium/policy.md:7 msgid "" -"`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " -"initialisation." +"Chromium's policy on third party libraries is outlined [here](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party." +"md#rust) - Rust is allowed for third party libraries under various " +"circumstances, including if they're the best option for performance or for " +"security." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24 +#: src/chromium/policy.md:12 msgid "" -"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." +"Very few Rust libraries directly expose a C/C++ API, so that means that " +"nearly all such libraries will require a small amount of first-party glue " +"code." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 +#: src/chromium/policy.md:15 #, fuzzy -msgid "`spin`" -msgstr "`static`" - -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 msgid "" -"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " -"are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " -"interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" +"```bob\n" +"\"C++\" Rust\n" +".- - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": Existing Chromium : : Chromium Rust Existing " +"Rust :\n" +": \"C++\" : : \"wrapper\" " +"crate :\n" +": +---------------+ : : +----------------+ +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": | | : : | | | " +"| :\n" +": | o-----+-+-----------+-+-> o-+----------+--> " +"| :\n" +": | | : Language : | | Crate | " +"| :\n" +": +---------------+ : boundary : +----------------+ API +-------------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - -' `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" +"```" msgstr "" +"```bob\n" +" Pilha Heap\n" +".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-.\n" +": : : :\n" +": " +"lista : : :\n" +": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" +"+ :\n" +": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null " +"| :\n" +": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------" +"+ :\n" +": : : :\n" +": : : :\n" +"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " +"-'\n" +"```" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7 +#: src/chromium/policy.md:30 msgid "" -"The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " -"equivalents of many of these primitives." +"First-party Rust glue code for a particular third-party crate should " +"normally be kept in `third_party/rust///wrapper`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:15 -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:17 -msgid "\"count: {}\"" +#: src/chromium/policy.md:33 +msgid "Because of this, today's course will be heavily focused on:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23 -msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." +#: src/chromium/policy.md:35 +msgid "Bringing in third-party Rust libraries (\"crates\")" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24 -msgid "" -"`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " -"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." +#: src/chromium/policy.md:36 +msgid "Writing glue code to be able to use those crates from Chromium C++." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 -msgid "" -"The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " -"useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " -"`spin::once::Once`." +#: src/chromium/policy.md:38 +msgid "If this policy changes over time, the course will evolve to keep up." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28 +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build rules" +msgstr "Regras de Construção (Build)" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:3 msgid "" -"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." +"Rust code is usually built using `cargo`. Chromium builds with `gn` and " +"`ninja` for efficiency --- its static rules allow maximum parallelism. Rust " +"is no exception." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android.md:3 +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:7 +msgid "Adding Rust code to Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:9 msgid "" -"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " -"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` " -"with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` " -"to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." +"In some existing Chromium `BUILD.gn` file, declare a `rust_static_library`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:11 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:20 +msgid "" +"You can also add `deps` on other Rust targets. Later we'll use this to " +"depend upon third party code." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7 +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:25 msgid "" -"```soong\n" -"rust_ffi_static {\n" -" name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n" -" defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n" -" crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" -" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n" -" rustlibs: [\n" -" \"libvmbase\",\n" -" ],\n" +"You must specify _both_ the crate root, _and_ a full list of sources. The " +"`crate_root` is the file given to the Rust compiler representing the root " +"file of the compilation unit --- typically `lib.rs`. `sources` is a complete " +"list of all source files which `ninja` needs in order to determine when " +"rebuilds are necessary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:31 +msgid "" +"(There's no such thing as a Rust `source_set`, because in Rust, an entire " +"crate is a compilation unit. A `static_library` is the smallest unit.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules.md:34 +msgid "" +"Students might be wondering why we need a gn template, rather than using " +"[gn's built-in support for Rust static libraries](https://gn.googlesource." +"com/gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#func_static_library). The answer is that " +"this template provides support for CXX interop, Rust features, and unit " +"tests, some of which we'll use later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:1 +msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:3 +msgid "" +"Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it " +"won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to " +"the gn target. (Later in the course we'll see circumstances where this is " +"necessary.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:7 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" +"\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [\n" +" \"lib.rs\",\n" +" \"hippopotamus.rs\"\n" +" ]\n" +" allow_unsafe = true\n" "}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:3 +msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:5 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" "\n" -"cc_binary {\n" -" name: \"vmbase_example\",\n" -" defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n" -" srcs: [\n" -" \"idmap.S\",\n" -" ],\n" -" static_libs: [\n" -" \"libvmbase_example\",\n" -" ],\n" -" linker_scripts: [\n" -" \"image.ld\",\n" -" \":vmbase_sections\",\n" -" ],\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" "}\n" "\n" -"raw_binary {\n" -" name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n" -" stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n" -" src: \":vmbase_example\",\n" -" enabled: false,\n" -" target: {\n" -" android_arm64: {\n" -" enabled: true,\n" -" },\n" -" },\n" +"# or source_set, static_library etc.\n" +"component(\"preexisting_cpp\") {\n" +" deps = [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" "}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:3 msgid "" -"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." -"googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" -"master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the " -"build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." +"Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than " +"for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it," msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:15 -msgid "\"Hello world\"" +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:6 +msgid "" +"Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of " +"Rust support" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:8 msgid "" -"The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " -"entry point." +"`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output " +"directory)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:10 +msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:16 msgid "" -"The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " -"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." +"A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-" +"analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3 -msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:19 +msgid "" +"The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a " +"piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "RTC driver" +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:22 +msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:23 msgid "" -"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" -"documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " -"you should write a driver for it." +"Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in " +"\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:25 msgid "" -"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " -"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." +"Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = " +"K)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:27 msgid "" -"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " -"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" +"Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). " +"(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:29 msgid "" -"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " -"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" -"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." +"Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line " +"164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC " +"bindings = space o)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12 -msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:32 +msgid "" +"Demo **type annotations** (there are quote a few nice examples in the " +"`QrCode::with_bits` method)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:35 msgid "" -"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" -"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." +"It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will " +"need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few " +"times throughout the exercises in this session)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build rules exercise" +msgstr "Regras de Construção (Build)" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:3 msgid "" -"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " -"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." +"In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` " +"containing:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:37 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:46 -msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:13 +msgid "" +"**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety " +"by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to to allow unsafe code in your `gn` " +"target." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:52 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:68 -msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:16 +msgid "" +"Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this " +"function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll " +"see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:54 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:70 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:24 msgid "" -"// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" -" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" -" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" +"Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - " +"we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build " +"and run Chromium, and ensure that \"Hello from Rust!\" is printed lots of " +"times." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:60 -msgid "// TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:28 +msgid "" +"If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful " +"in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-" +"click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:62 -msgid "// TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:32 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:48 +msgid "Where to find help" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:34 msgid "" -"`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " -"the exercise):" +"The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" +"rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:80 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:154 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:215 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:415 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:8 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:10 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:152 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:8 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:126 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:211 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:35 msgid "" -"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" +"Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" +"abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" msgstr "" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:108 -msgid "\"No pending interrupt\"" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:36 +msgid "" +"Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." +"extern.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:109 -msgid "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:37 +msgid "" +"Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/" +"gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 -msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:38 +msgid "" +"[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" +"languages/rust)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:167 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:61 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:161 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:139 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:43 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:59 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:183 -msgid "// ANCHOR: main\n" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:44 +msgid "" +"This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-" +"denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and " +"call C ABI functions. Later in the course, we'll connect C++ directly to " +"Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:48 +msgid "" +"`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow " +"Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer " +"guarantee that the right one is called." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210 -msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:52 +msgid "" +"If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the " +"`rust_executable` gn template." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:233 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" +#: src/chromium/testing.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust community typically authors unit tests in a module placed in the same " +"source file as the code being tested. This was covered [earlier](../testing." +"md) in the course and looks like this:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:261 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" +#: src/chromium/testing.md:17 +msgid "" +"In Chromium we place unit tests in a separate source file and we continue to " +"follow this practice for Rust --- this makes tests consistently discoverable " +"and helps to avoid rebuilding `.rs` files a second time (in the `test` " +"configuration)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:265 +#: src/chromium/testing.md:22 msgid "" -"/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" +"This results in the following options for testing Rust code in Chromium:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:269 -msgid "/// Framing error.\n" +#: src/chromium/testing.md:24 +msgid "" +"Native Rust tests (i.e. `#[test]`). Discouraged outside of `//third_party/" +"rust`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:271 -msgid "/// Parity error.\n" +#: src/chromium/testing.md:26 +msgid "" +"`gtest` tests authored in C++ and exercising Rust via FFI calls. Sufficient " +"when Rust code is just a thin FFI layer and the existing unit tests provide " +"sufficient coverage for the feature." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:273 -msgid "/// Break error.\n" +#: src/chromium/testing.md:29 +msgid "" +"`gtest` tests authored in Rust and using the crate under test through its " +"public API (using `pub mod for_testing { ... }` if needed). This is the " +"subject of the next few slides." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:275 -msgid "/// Overrun error.\n" +#: src/chromium/testing.md:35 +msgid "" +"Mention that native Rust tests of third-party crates should eventually be " +"exercised by Chromium bots. (Such testing is needed rarely --- only after " +"adding or updating third-party crates.)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:279 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" +#: src/chromium/testing.md:39 +msgid "" +"Some examples may help illustrate when C++ `gtest` vs Rust `gtest` should be " +"used:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:311 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" +#: src/chromium/testing.md:42 +msgid "" +"QR has very little functionality in the first-party Rust layer (it's just a " +"thin FFI glue) and therefore uses the existing C++ unit tests for testing " +"both the C++ and the Rust implementation (parameterizing the tests so they " +"enable or disable Rust using a `ScopedFeatureList`)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:313 +#: src/chromium/testing.md:47 msgid "" -"// ANCHOR: Uart\n" -"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +"Hypothetical/WIP PNG integration may need to implement memory-safe " +"implementation of pixel transformations that are provided by `libpng` but " +"missing in the `png` crate - e.g. RGBA => BGRA, or gamma correction. Such " +"functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:322 +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:3 msgid "" -"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +"The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/" +"main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:368 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:5 +msgid "" +"Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` " +"attribute)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389 +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:7 msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[workspace]\n" -"\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"rtc\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n" -"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n" -"log = \"0.4.17\"\n" -"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n" -"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n" +"Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not " +"panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:10 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Example:" +msgstr "Exemplo" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:3 +msgid "" +"The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing " +"test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:6 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" sources += [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:14 +msgid "" +"Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires " +"manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:17 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" +" testonly = true\n" +" is_gtest_unittests = true\n" +" crate_root = \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"my_rust_lib_unittest.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [\n" +" \":my_rust_lib\",\n" +" \"//testing/rust_gtest_interop\",\n" +" ]\n" +"}\n" "\n" -"[build-dependencies]\n" -"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n" +"test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" +" ...\n" +" deps += [ \":my_rust_lib_unittests\" ]\n" +"}\n" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410 -msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:3 +msgid "" +"After adding `:my_rust_lib` to GN `deps`, we still need to learn how to " +"import and use `my_rust_lib` from `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. We haven't " +"provided an explicit `crate_name` for `my_rust_lib` so its crate name is " +"computed based on the full target path and name. Fortunately we can avoid " +"working with such an unwieldy name by using the `chromium::import!` macro " +"from the automatically-imported `chromium` crate:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:433 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:435 -msgid "\"linux\"" +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:12 +msgid "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:434 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436 -msgid "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:18 +msgid "Under the covers the macro expands to something similar to:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:434 -msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:26 +msgid "" +"More information can be found in [the doc comment](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" +"chromium_prelude.rs?q=f:chromium_prelude.rs%20pub.use.*%5Cbimport%5Cb;%20-f:" +"third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) of the `chromium::import` macro." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436 -msgid "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:31 +msgid "" +"`rust_static_library` supports specifying an explicit name via `crate_name` " +"property, but doing this is discouraged. And it is discouraged because the " +"crate name has to be globally unique. crates.io guarantees uniqueness of its " +"crate names so `cargo_crate` GN targets (generated by the `gnrt` tool " +"covered in a later section) use short crate names." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439 -msgid "\"entry.S\"" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Testing exercise" +msgstr "Rust on Exercism" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:3 +msgid "Time for another exercise!" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:440 -msgid "\"exceptions.S\"" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:5 +msgid "In your Chromium build:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:441 -msgid "\"idmap.S\"" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:7 +msgid "" +"Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding " +"two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, " +"summing integers in a slice, etc." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:442 -msgid "\"empty\"" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:10 +msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:11 +msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446 -msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:12 +msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 msgid "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" -"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" -"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" -"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" -"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" -".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" -".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" -"\n" -"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" -"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" -"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " -"fault instead. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" -"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" -".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" -"/*\n" -" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate " -"write-allocate\n" -" * cacheable.\n" -" */\n" +"The Rust community offers multiple options for C++/Rust interop, with new " +"tools being developed all the time. At the moment, Chromium uses a tool " +"called CXX." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:6 +msgid "" +"You describe your whole language boundary in an interface definition " +"language (which looks a lot like Rust) and then CXX tools generate " +"declarations for functions and types in both Rust and C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for a full example of " +"using this." +msgstr "" +"Veja o [tutorial CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) para um exemplo completo " +"de como usá-lo." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:19 +msgid "" +"Talk through the diagram. Explain that behind the scenes, this is doing just " +"the same as you previously did. Point out that automating the process has " +"the following benefits:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"The tool guarantees that the C++ and Rust sides match (e.g. you get compile " +"errors if the `#[cxx::bridge]` doesn't match the actual C++ or Rust " +"definitions, but with out-of-sync manual bindings you'd get Undefined " +"Behavior)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:27 +msgid "" +"The tool automates generation of FFI thunks (small, C-ABI-compatible, free " +"functions) for non-C features (e.g. enabling FFI calls into Rust or C++ " +"methods; manual bindings would require authoring such top-level, free " +"functions manually)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:31 +msgid "The tool and the library can handle a set of core types - for example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:32 +msgid "" +"`&[T]` can be passed across the FFI boundary, even though it doesn't " +"guarantee any particular ABI or memory layout. With manual bindings `std::" +"span` / `&[T]` have to be manually destructured and rebuilt out of a " +"pointer and length - this is error-prone given that each language represents " +"empty slices slightly differently)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:37 +msgid "" +"Smart pointers like `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`, and/or `Box` " +"are natively supported. With manual bindings, one would have to pass C-ABI-" +"compatible raw pointers, which would increase lifetime and memory-safety " +"risks." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:41 +msgid "" +"`rust::String` and `CxxString` types understand and maintain differences in " +"string representation across the languages (e.g. `rust::String::lossy` can " +"build a Rust string from non-UTF8 input and `rust::String::c_str` can NUL-" +"terminate a string)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` " +"modules inside `.rs` source code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:16 +msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:24 +msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:30 +msgid "Point out:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:32 +msgid "" +"Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` " +"procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a " +"bit more sophisticated - though this does still result in a `mod` called " +"`ffi` in your code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:36 +msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:37 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++" +msgstr "Suporte integrado para testes." + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:38 +msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:39 +msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:41 +msgid "" +"**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by " +"Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but " +"simply `#include`d in the generated C++ code for the benefit of C++ " +"compilers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:3 +msgid "" +"By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://" +"cxx.rs/bindings.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:5 +msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:7 +msgid "" +"Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of " +"it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:8 +msgid "" +"You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example " +"`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:11 +msgid "" +"It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` " +"type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:14 +msgid "" +"These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well " +"isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When " +"considering a use-case for Rust in Chromium, a good starting point is to " +"draft the CXX bindings for the language boundary to see if it appears simple " +"enough." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:26 +msgid "" +"You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for " +"example:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:28 +msgid "" +"Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:29 +msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:3 +msgid "" +"CXX's [support for `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies " +"on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:6 +msgid "The `T` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:7 +msgid "" +"Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:9 +msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:10 +msgid "" +"A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr`) that has a suitable " +"default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:12 +msgid "" +"Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed " +"when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and " +"cannot be stored in `UniquePtr`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:16 +msgid "The `E` part of `Result` can be:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:17 +msgid "" +"Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` " +"representing failure)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:19 +msgid "" +"Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been " +"needed in practice." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example" +msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:3 +msgid "" +"The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue." +"rs;l=13-18;drc=7bf1b75b910ca430501b9c6a74c1d18a0223ecca) where a boolean is " +"used to communicate success vs failure, and where the successful result can " +"be passed across the FFI boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:8 +msgid "\"qr_code_generator\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:23 +msgid "" +"Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. " +"This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and " +"admittedly it is a bit redundant - this is the square root of the size of " +"the vector)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:27 +msgid "" +"It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` " +"before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that " +"points to uninitialized memory results in Undefined Behavior (unlike in C++, " +"when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:32 +msgid "" +"If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable " +"references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around " +"like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example" +msgstr "Tratamento de Erros" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:3 +msgid "" +"A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the " +"successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" +msgstr "\"bindings\"" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:10 +msgid "" +"/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result,\n" +" /// ()>`.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:14 +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:21 +msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:32 +msgid "" +"`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these " +"types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box`. We " +"can't have an `out_parameter: &mut PngReader`, because CXX doesn't allow C++ " +"to store Rust objects by value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:37 +msgid "" +"This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary " +"generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by " +"manually specializing / monomorphizing them into a non-generic type. In the " +"example `ResultOfPngReader` is a non-generic type that forwards into " +"appropriate methods of `Result` (e.g. into `is_err`, `unwrap`, and/or " +"`as_mut`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:1 +msgid "Using cxx in Chromium" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:3 +msgid "" +"In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-" +"node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each " +"`rust_static_library`. Just add" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:7 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" +" # list of files containing #[cxx::bridge], not all source files\n" +"allow_unsafe = true\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:13 +msgid "" +"to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and " +"`sources`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:16 +msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:19 +msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:22 +msgid "" +"You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium " +"C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:base/containers/span_rust.h;" +"l=21)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:27 +msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:29 +msgid "" +"The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust " +"standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things " +"to memory, and compromise the safety of Rust's own data layouts. Presence of " +"_too many_ `unsafe` keywords in C/C++ interop can harm the signal-to-noise " +"ratio of such a keyword, and is [controversial](https://steveklabnik.com/" +"writing/the-cxx-debate), but strictly, bringing any foreign code into a Rust " +"binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:36 +msgid "" +"The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../" +"interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust " +"`unsafe` and `extern \"C\"` functions just like we did manually in the " +"previous section." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++" +msgstr "Interoperabilidade com C" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 +msgid "Part one" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:5 +msgid "" +"In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which " +"specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called " +"`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:8 +msgid "" +"Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and " +"`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:10 +msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:11 +msgid "" +"In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. " +"Instead, include the generated header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:13 +msgid "Build and run!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:15 +msgid "Part two" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:17 +msgid "" +"It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how " +"flexible Rust in Chromium actually is." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:20 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Some things to try:" +msgstr "\"Algo deu errado!\"" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:22 +msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:23 +msgid "" +"An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. " +"You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:25 +msgid "" +"An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the " +"`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/" +"extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:27 +msgid "" +"You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx." +"h\"`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:29 +msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:30 +msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:31 +msgid "" +"Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:33 +msgid "" +"Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" +"bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:35 +msgid "" +"Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can " +"own some C++ object." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:37 +msgid "" +"Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you " +"need a `Box`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:39 +msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:40 +msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:42 +msgid "Part three" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:44 +msgid "" +"Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a " +"couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be " +"sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:50 +msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:51 +msgid "" +"The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" +"chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:57 +msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:59 +msgid "" +"I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X " +"and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't " +"quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:62 +msgid "" +"I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. " +"Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-" +"sized. For CXX trivial types yes, it's _possible_ to cause UB, although " +"CXX's design makes it quite difficult to craft such an example." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust libraries are called \"crates\" and are found at [crates.io](https://" +"crates.io). It's _very easy_ for Rust crates to depend upon one another. So " +"they do!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "C++ library" +msgstr "Bibliotecas do Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rust crate" +msgstr "O Ecossistema do Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Build system" +msgstr "O Ecossistema do Rust" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Lots" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:8 +msgid "Consistent: `Cargo.toml`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Typical library size" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Large-ish" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:9 +msgid "Small" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Transitive dependencies" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:10 +msgid "Few" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:12 +msgid "For a Chromium engineer, this has pros and cons:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:14 +msgid "" +"All crates use a common build system so we can automate their inclusion into " +"Chromium..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:16 +msgid "" +"... but, crates typically have transitive dependencies, so you will likely " +"have to bring in multiple libraries." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:19 +msgid "We'll discuss:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:21 +msgid "How to put a crate in the Chromium source code tree" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:22 +msgid "How to make `gn` build rules for it" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md:23 +msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:1 +msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:3 +msgid "" +"Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. " +"These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium." +"org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/Cargo." +"toml):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:6 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"bitflags = \"1\"\n" +"cfg-if = \"1\"\n" +"cxx = \"1\"\n" +"# lots more...\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:14 +msgid "" +"As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the " +"dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-" +"dependencies.html) --- most commonly, you'll want to specify the `features` " +"that you wish to enable in the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:18 +msgid "" +"When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra " +"information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:3 +msgid "" +"Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" +"chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." +"toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:6 +msgid "" +"If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one " +"of:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:15 +msgid "For instance," +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:22 +msgid "" +"Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this " +"file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:25 +msgid "" +"Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file " +"to resolve problems." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD." +"gn` rules." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:6 +msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:13 +msgid "" +"Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running " +"this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from " +"`crates.io`. See [the earlier section](../cargo.md) discussing this security " +"decision." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:17 +msgid "This `vendor` command may download:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:19 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Your crate" +msgstr "Crates Úteis para Testes" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:20 +msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:21 +msgid "" +"New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete " +"set of crates required by Chromium." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:24 +msgid "" +"Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if " +"patching fails you may need to take manual action." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:3 +msgid "" +"Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:9 +msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:11 +msgid "" +"At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/" +"vendor`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:13 +msgid "" +"At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust//v`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:15 +msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." +msgstr "" +"Consulte a [Referência do Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-" +"layout.html)." + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:19 +msgid "" +"Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:23 +msgid "" +"Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium " +"it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is " +"discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:3 +msgid "" +"If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do " +"arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the " +"design of `gn` and `ninja` which aim for static, deterministic, build rules " +"to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:8 +msgid "" +"Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "build script effect" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "Supported by our gn templates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +msgid "Work required by you" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +msgid "None" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Generating code" +msgstr "Generics" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +msgid "Building C/C++" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "Patch around it" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +msgid "Arbitrary other actions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:18 +msgid "" +"Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most " +"build scripts only do the top two actions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:3 +msgid "" +"If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it " +"writes source code files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:6 +msgid "" +"If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to " +"add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, " +"that is, one on which Chromium code should not directly depend, also add " +"`allow-first-party-usage=false`. There are several examples already in that " +"file:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:11 +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" +"allow-first-party-usage = false\n" +"build-script-outputs = [\"tables.rs\"]\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:17 +msgid "" +"Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate " +"`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input " +"to subsequent build steps." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and " +"link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://" +"crates.io/crates/bindgen) within their build scripts. These actions can't be " +"supported in a Chromium context --- our gn, ninja and LLVM build system is " +"very specific in expressing relationships between build actions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:8 +msgid "So, your options are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:10 +msgid "Avoid these crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:11 +msgid "Apply a patch to the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:13 +msgid "" +"Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" +"` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://" +"source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/" +"chromium_crates_io/patches/cxx/) - and will be applied automatically by " +"`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:3 +msgid "" +"Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending " +"on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a " +"`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Specifically," +msgstr "específico ao SO" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:9 +msgid "" +"```bob\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"\"//third_party/rust\" | crate name | \"/v\" | major semver version | \":" +"lib\"\n" +" +------------+ +----------------------+\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:17 +msgid "" +"```gn\n" +"rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" +" crate_root = \"lib.rs\"\n" +" sources = [ \"lib.rs\" ]\n" +" deps = [ \"//third_party/rust/example_rust_crate/v1:lib\" ]\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:1 +msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust." +"md#Third_party-review), but of course also subject to security review. As " +"you may be bringing in not just a single crate but also transitive " +"dependencies, there may be a lot of code to review. On the other hand, safe " +"Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:9 +msgid "" +"Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]" +"(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:11 +msgid "" +"Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:13 +msgid "" +"Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? " +"If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural " +"macros, work out what they're for. Are they compatible with the way Chromium " +"is normally built?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:17 +msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:18 +msgid "" +"Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known " +"vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which " +"ironically involves downloading lots of dependencies from the internet[2](../" +"cargo.md))" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:21 +msgid "" +"Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://" +"chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2." +"md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:22 +msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:23 +msgid "" +"Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place " +"that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for " +"100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:27 +msgid "" +"These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium." +"org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:1 +msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:3 +msgid "`git status` should reveal:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:5 +msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:6 +msgid "" +"Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust//" +"`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:9 +msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:11 +msgid "" +"You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config." +"toml` changes, into the Chromium repo." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:14 +msgid "" +"**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` " +"files may result in some files being skipped." +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:17 +msgid "" +"As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive " +"language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git " +"branches, and many projects still use non-inclusive terminology there. So " +"you may need to run:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:3 +msgid "" +"As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to " +"keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource." +"com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/adding_to_third_party.md#add-owners). It is " +"hoped that we will soon automate this for Rust crates, but for now, it's " +"still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:3 +msgid "" +"Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the " +"crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" +"features.html#the-default-feature). Assume that the crate will be used in " +"shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:7 +msgid "" +"(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip " +"ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new " +"[`rust_executable` target](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/" +"+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:13 +msgid "Students will need to download lots of transitive dependencies." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:15 +msgid "The total crates needed are:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:17 +#, fuzzy +msgid "`instant`," +msgstr "Constant" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:18 +msgid "`lock_api`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:19 +msgid "`parking_lot`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:20 +msgid "`parking_lot_core`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:21 +msgid "`redox_syscall`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:22 +msgid "`scopeguard`," +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:23 +msgid "`smallvec`, and" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:24 +msgid "`uwuify`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:26 +msgid "" +"If students are downloading even more than that, they probably forgot to " +"turn off the default features." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:29 +msgid "" +"Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this crate!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:1 +msgid "Bringing It Together --- Exercise" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, you're going to add a whole new Chromium feature, bringing " +"together everything you already learned." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:6 +msgid "The Brief from Product Management" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:8 +msgid "" +"A community of pixies has been discovered living in a remote rainforest. " +"It's important that we get Chromium for Pixies delivered to them as soon as " +"possible." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:11 +msgid "" +"The requirement is to translate all Chromium's UI strings into Pixie " +"language." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:13 +msgid "" +"There's not time to wait for proper translations, but fortunately pixie " +"language is very close to English, and it turns out there's a Rust crate " +"which does the translation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:17 +msgid "" +"In fact, you already [imported that crate in the previous exercise](https://" +"crates.io/crates/uwuify)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:19 +msgid "" +"(Obviously, real translations of Chrome require incredible care and " +"diligence. Don't ship this!)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:22 +msgid "Steps" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:24 +msgid "" +"Modify `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` so that it uwuifies all " +"strings before display. In this special build of Chromium, it should always " +"do this irrespective of the setting of `mangle_localized_strings_`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:28 +msgid "" +"If you've done everything right across all these exercises, congratulations, " +"you should have created Chrome for pixies!" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:36 +msgid "" +"UTF16 vs UTF8. Students should be aware that Rust strings are always UTF8, " +"and will probably decide that it's better to do the conversion on the C++ " +"side using `base::UTF16ToUTF8` and back again." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:39 +msgid "" +"If students decide to do the conversion on the Rust side, they'll need to " +"consider [`String::from_utf16`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct." +"String.html#method.from_utf16), consider error handling, and consider which " +"[CXX supported types can transfer a lot of u16s](https://cxx.rs/binding/" +"slice.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:42 +msgid "" +"Students may design the C++/Rust boundary in several different ways, e.g. " +"taking and returning strings by value, or taking a mutable reference to a " +"string. If a mutable reference is used, CXX will likely tell the student " +"that they need to use [`Pin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/pin/). You may " +"need to explain what `Pin` does, and then explain why CXX needs it for " +"mutable references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can't be moved " +"around like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:49 +msgid "" +"The C++ target containing `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString` will " +"need to depend on a `rust_static_library` target. The student probably " +"already did this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/bringing-it-together.md:52 +msgid "" +"The `rust_static_library` target will need to depend on `//third_party/rust/" +"uwuify/v0_2:lib`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md:3 +msgid "" +"Solutions to the Chromium exercises can be found in [this series of CLs]" +"(https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/5096560)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:1 +msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" +msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Rust _Bare Metal_ 🦀" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:3 +msgid "" +"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people " +"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the " +"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-" +"metal programming in some other language such as C." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:8 +msgid "" +"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS " +"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:11 +msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:12 +msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:13 +msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:14 +msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:16 +msgid "" +"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]" +"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://" +"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller " +"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and " +"an on-board SWD debugger." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:22 +msgid "" +"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:34 +msgid "" +"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal.md:44 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:33 +msgid "On MacOS:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7 +msgid "`core`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17 +msgid "`std`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24 +msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25 +msgid "`NonZeroU8`..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26 +msgid "`Option`, `Result`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27 +msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29 +msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30 +msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31 +msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32 +msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33 +msgid "`Duration`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38 +msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39 +msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40 +msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45 +msgid "`Error`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47 +msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48 +msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:49 +msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:50 +msgid "`Path`, `OsString`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:51 +msgid "`net`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:52 +msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:53 +msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:54 +msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62 +msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:63 +msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1 +msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 +msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 +msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:21 +msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 +msgid "" +"Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " +"avoid an error about `eh_personality`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:24 +msgid "" +"Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " +"define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " +"some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3 +msgid "" +"To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." +"rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:23 +msgid "" +"// Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:25 +msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:29 +msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:31 +msgid "\"A string\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:37 +msgid "" +"`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " +"system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " +"hook into your existing allocator." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:40 +msgid "" +"The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " +"in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:42 +msgid "" +"If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " +"exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " +"the top-level binary crate." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45 +msgid "" +"`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " +"crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47 +msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3 +msgid "" +"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for " +"Cortex M microcontrollers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:24 +msgid "" +"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of " +"abstraction." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:29 +msgid "" +"The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -" +"> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:31 +msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3 +msgid "" +"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " +"turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:16 +msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:19 +msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:24 +msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:34 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:26 +msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:59 +msgid "" +"// Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n" +" // no aliases exist.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:39 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:30 +msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:72 +msgid "" +"GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " +"to the first row." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:75 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:44 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:37 +msgid "Run the example with:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1 +msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " +"wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" +"pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 +msgid "" +"SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " +"silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51 +msgid "" +"They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " +"descriptions, addresses and so on." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53 +msgid "" +"SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " +"which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " +"crates." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 +msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:57 +msgid "" +"If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " +"pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1 +msgid "HAL crates" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3 +msgid "" +"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" +"implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " +"various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]" +"(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:23 +msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 +msgid "" +"`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:41 +msgid "" +"HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " +"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1 +msgid "Board support crates" +msgstr "Atalhos de teclado" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3 +msgid "" +"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " +"board for convenience." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:31 +msgid "" +"In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " +"and a bit of initialisation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:33 +msgid "" +"The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " +"microcontroller itself." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:35 +msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1 +msgid "The type state pattern" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:11 +msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:19 +msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:33 +msgid "" +"Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " +"exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:35 +msgid "" +"Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " +"can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:37 +msgid "" +"The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " +"the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " +"the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain " +"way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are " +"caught at compile time." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:42 +msgid "" +"You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " +"not vice-versa." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:44 +msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " +"number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6 +msgid "GPIO" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7 +msgid "ADC" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8 +msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9 +msgid "RNG" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:10 +msgid "Timers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11 +msgid "Watchdogs" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13 +msgid "" +"Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" +"awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " +"accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:20 +msgid "" +"There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " +"platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:22 +msgid "" +"There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it " +"isn't stable yet." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 +msgid "" +"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " +"like OpenOCD but better integrated." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 +msgid "" +"SWD (Serial Wire Debug) and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 +msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft DAP (Debug Adapter Protocol) server" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8 +msgid "Cargo integration" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10 +msgid "" +"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log RTT " +"(Real Time Transfers) output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed." +"toml` file in your project directory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16 +msgid "" +"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " +"an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " +"CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the " +"on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:20 +msgid "" +"ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " +"is a range from SEGGER." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 +msgid "" +"The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " +"Serial Wire Debug." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:24 +msgid "" +"probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " +"want to." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 +msgid "" +"The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" +"adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " +"supported microcontroller." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:30 +msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:31 +msgid "" +"RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " +"host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3 +msgid "_Embed.toml_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15 +msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" +msgstr "Em outro terminal, verifique se o serviço é executado:" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:25 +msgid "On gLinux or Debian:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:43 +msgid "In GDB, try running:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1 +msgid "Other projects" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3 +msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4 +msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5 +msgid "" +"Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6 +msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7 +msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8 +msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9 +msgid "" +"Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " +"support" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 +msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 +msgid "" +"Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " +"unprivileged drivers, IPC" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:14 +msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:15 +msgid "" +"Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." +"github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 +msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:21 +msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 +msgid "" +"It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " +"scheduling rather than a proper kernel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 +msgid "Cortex-M only." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:25 +msgid "" +"Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:26 +msgid "" +"FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " +"applications." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " +"serial port." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:8 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12 +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"morning.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Depois de ver os exercícios, você pode ver as [soluções](solutions-morning." +"md) fornecidas." + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 +msgid "" +"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " +"serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " +"use the buttons somehow." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:7 +msgid "Hints:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:9 +msgid "" +"Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" +"latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" +"microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit." +"org/hardware/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 +msgid "" +"The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:14 +msgid "" +"TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:15 +msgid "" +"The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::" +"blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/" +"microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 +msgid "" +"You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" +"struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:22 +msgid "" +"You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." +"com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " +"this exercise." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 +msgid "" +"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " +"look in the `compass` directory for the following files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:29 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:22 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/main.rs_:" +msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:47 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:32 +msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:55 +msgid "" +"// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +" // TODO\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:58 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:56 +msgid "\"Ready.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:61 +msgid "" +"// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +" // TODO\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:67 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:387 +msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89 +msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:105 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:988 +msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118 +msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:126 +msgid "" +"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:134 +msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Dia 3 Exercício matinal" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" +msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](for-loops.md))" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:40 +msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:41 +msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:49 +msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:59 +msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:67 +msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:105 +msgid "" +"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " +"LEDs\n" +" // on.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1 +msgid "Application processors" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3 +msgid "" +"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. " +"Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work " +"with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/" +"virt.html) board." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:10 +msgid "" +"Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of " +"privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application " +"processors do." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:13 +msgid "" +"QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each " +"architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real " +"hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3 +msgid "" +"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5 +msgid "" +"```armasm\n" +".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" +".global entry\n" +"entry:\n" +" /*\n" +" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable " +"MMU and\n" +" * caches.\n" +" */\n" +" adrp x30, idmap\n" +" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" +" msr mair_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" +" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" +" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" +" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" +"\n" +" msr tcr_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" +"\n" +" /*\n" +" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate " +"any\n" +" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" +" */\n" +" isb\n" +" tlbi vmalle1\n" +" ic iallu\n" +" dsb nsh\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /*\n" +" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " +"this\n" +" * has completed.\n" +" */\n" +" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" +" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" +" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" +" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n" +" isb\n" +"\n" +" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n" +" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n" +" adr_l x30, bss_end\n" +"0: cmp x29, x30\n" +" b.hs 1f\n" +" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" +" b 0b\n" +"\n" +"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n" +" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" +" mov sp, x30\n" +"\n" +" /* Set up exception vector. */\n" +" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n" +" msr vbar_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +" /* Call into Rust code. */\n" +" bl main\n" +"\n" +" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" +"2: wfi\n" +" b 2b\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77 +msgid "" +"This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " +"zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79 +msgid "" +"The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " +"object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " +"initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space " +"on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing " +"them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:84 +msgid "" +"The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " +"the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 +msgid "" +"We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " +"we don't:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:88 +msgid "" +"Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" +"unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " +"generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this " +"is not necessarily the case in general." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:92 +msgid "" +"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " +"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " +"while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " +"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " +"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache " +"is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, " +"not VA or IPA.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:99 +msgid "" +"For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " +"identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " +"for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the " +"memory layout that QEMU uses." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:103 +msgid "" +"We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " +"later." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:105 +msgid "" +"All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " +"(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " +"modify `entry.S` accordingly." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1 +msgid "Inline assembly" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3 +msgid "" +"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " +"Rust code. For example, to make an HVC (hypervisor call) to tell the " +"firmware to power off the system:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:20 +msgid "" +"// Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n" +" // anything with memory.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:23 +msgid "\"hvc #0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:24 +msgid "\"w0\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:25 +msgid "\"w1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:26 +msgid "\"w2\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:27 +msgid "\"w3\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:28 +msgid "\"w4\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:29 +msgid "\"w5\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:30 +msgid "\"w6\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:31 +msgid "\"w7\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:40 +msgid "" +"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" +"smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:45 +msgid "" +"PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " +"functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " +"implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:48 +msgid "" +"The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " +"inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " +"`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the " +"contents of the registers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:52 +msgid "" +"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " +"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:54 +msgid "" +"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " +"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " +"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern " +"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 " +"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything " +"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:60 +msgid "" +"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1 +msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3 +msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4 +msgid "Never hold a reference." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5 +msgid "" +"`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " +"reference." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:10 +msgid "" +"Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " +"the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:12 +msgid "" +"Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " +"compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " +"written, and not bother actually reading memory." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 +msgid "" +"Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " +"this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " +"dereference it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:18 +msgid "" +"Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " +"struct." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1 +msgid "Let's write a UART driver" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3 +msgid "" +"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" +"documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:9 +msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:17 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:13 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:29 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:25 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:337 +msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:31 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:27 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:339 +msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:34 src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:46 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:37 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:33 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:345 +msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:37 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:349 +msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 +msgid "" +"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " +"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " +"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the " +"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then " +"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the " +"necessary preconditions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:61 +msgid "" +"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " +"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " +"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:64 +msgid "" +"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " +"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " +"number of places." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "More traits" +msgstr "Traits (Características)" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3 +msgid "" +"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " +"traits too." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:17 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:381 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:223 +msgid "" +"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" +"// accessed from any context.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 +msgid "" +"Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " +"`Uart` type." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:27 +msgid "" +"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1 +msgid "A better UART driver" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3 +msgid "" +"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" +"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " +"offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to " +"read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a " +"structured way." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 +msgid "Offset" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 +msgid "Register name" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 +msgid "Width" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 +msgid "0x00" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 +msgid "DR" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 +msgid "12" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 +msgid "0x04" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 +msgid "RSR" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 +msgid "0x18" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 +msgid "FR" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 +msgid "9" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 +msgid "0x20" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 +msgid "ILPR" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 +msgid "0x24" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 +msgid "IBRD" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 +msgid "16" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 +msgid "0x28" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 +msgid "FBRD" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 +msgid "0x2c" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 +msgid "LCR_H" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 +msgid "0x30" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 +msgid "CR" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 +msgid "0x34" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 +msgid "IFLS" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 +msgid "0x38" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 +msgid "IMSC" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 +msgid "11" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 +msgid "0x3c" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 +msgid "RIS" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 +msgid "0x40" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 +msgid "MIS" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 +msgid "0x44" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 +msgid "ICR" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 +msgid "0x48" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 +msgid "DMACR" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 +msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " +"working with bitflags." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:10 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:241 +msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:14 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:245 +msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:16 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:247 +msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:18 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:249 +msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:20 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:251 +msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:22 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:253 +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:24 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:255 +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:26 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:257 +msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:28 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:259 +msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:30 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:261 +msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:38 +msgid "" +"The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " +"with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1 +msgid "Multiple registers" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3 +msgid "" +"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:43 +msgid "" +"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" +"representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " +"following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a " +"predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to " +"(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3 +msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:6 +msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:54 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:342 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:366 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:41 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:353 +msgid "" +"/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n" +" /// received.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:48 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:360 +msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:63 +msgid "" +"Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " +"fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Using it" +msgstr "Usando Bingen" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3 +msgid "" +"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " +"and echo incoming bytes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:18 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:44 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:33 +msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:24 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:50 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:44 +msgid "" +"// Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n" +" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:29 +msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:35 +msgid "b'\\r'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:36 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:27 +msgid "b'\\n'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:38 +msgid "b'q'" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:44 +msgid "\"Bye!\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 +msgid "" +"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " +"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " +"notes there for details." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:54 +msgid "" +"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3 +msgid "" +"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" +"(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " +"`Log` trait." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:193 +msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:35 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:202 +msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:48 +msgid "" +"The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " +"`set_logger`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3 +msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:38 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:72 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:115 +msgid "\"{info}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 +msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47 +msgid "" +"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" +"examples`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3 +msgid "" +"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " +"exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " +"SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). " +"We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before " +"calling into Rust code:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 +msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:68 +msgid "" +"For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " +"EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:70 +msgid "" +"For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " +"expect any of them to actually happen." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:72 +msgid "" +"We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " +"less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." +"md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For " +"example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the " +"rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap " +"it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3 +msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4 +msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5 +msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6 +msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" +"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8 +msgid "" +"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " +"exception handling, page tables" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10 +msgid "" +"Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " +"necessarily a good example to copy for production code." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12 +msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13 +msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17 +msgid "" +"The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " +"enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19 +msgid "" +"Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " +"`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " +"generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not " +"necessarily the case in general." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:23 +msgid "" +"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " +"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " +"while the host has cacheable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host " +"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache " +"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is " +"alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no " +"hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1 +msgid "Useful crates" +msgstr "Crates Úteis para Testes" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3 +msgid "" +"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal " +"programming." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " +"traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " +"types." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:42 +msgid "" +"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " +"but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " +"DMA, or sent over some external interface." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:48 +msgid "" +"`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " +"valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 +msgid "" +"Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " +"`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " +"all byte patterns are valid." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:53 +msgid "" +"`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:54 +msgid "" +"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" +"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " +"dependency.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 +msgid "" +"The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " +"you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " +"Architecture." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:14 +msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:16 +msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:21 +msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 +msgid "" +"For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " +"be straightforward to add." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30 +msgid "" +"This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." +"com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" +"pvmfw/)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31 +msgid "" +"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " +"or under QEMU." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 +msgid "" +"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " +"is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " +"be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/" +"buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use " +"the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for " +"allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO " +"space for PCI BARs:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:29 +msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:30 +msgid "" +"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" +"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " +"dependency.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 +msgid "" +"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " +"heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " +"this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically " +"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used " +"and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:25 +msgid "" +"`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " +"initialisation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:27 +msgid "" +"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 +msgid "" +"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " +"are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " +"interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7 +msgid "" +"The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " +"equivalents of many of these primitives." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 +msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:27 +msgid "" +"`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " +"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:29 +msgid "" +"The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " +"useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " +"`spin::once::Once`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:31 +msgid "" +"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/android.md:3 +msgid "" +"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a " +"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` " +"with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` " +"to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 +msgid "vmbase" +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 +msgid "" +"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." +"googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" +"master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the " +"build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:24 +msgid "" +"The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " +"entry point." +msgstr "" + +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:26 +msgid "" +"The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " +"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3 +msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13 +msgid "" +"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-" +"afternoon.md) provided." +msgstr "" +"Depois de ver os exercícios, você pode ver as [soluções](solutions-afternoon." +"md) fornecidas." + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 +msgid "RTC driver" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3 +msgid "" +"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" +"documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " +"you should write a driver for it." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6 +msgid "" +"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " +"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8 +msgid "" +"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " +"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:11 +msgid "" +"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " +"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" +"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:14 +msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:15 +msgid "" +"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" +"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 +msgid "" +"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " +"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:40 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:29 +msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:55 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:49 +msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:57 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:51 +msgid "" +"// Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" +" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" +" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:63 +msgid "// TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:65 +msgid "// TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:78 +msgid "" +"_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " +"the exercise):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:84 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:159 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:218 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:418 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License.\n" +msgstr "" +"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License.\n" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:105 +msgid "\"sync_exception_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:111 +msgid "\"irq_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:113 +msgid "\"No pending interrupt\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:114 +msgid "\"IRQ {intid:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:119 +msgid "\"fiq_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:125 +msgid "\"serr_current\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:131 +msgid "\"sync_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:137 +msgid "\"irq_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:143 +msgid "\"fiq_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149 +msgid "\"serr_lower\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:154 +msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:172 +msgid "// ANCHOR: main\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:213 +msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:236 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Flags\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:264 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:268 +msgid "" +"/// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:272 +msgid "/// Framing error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:274 +msgid "/// Parity error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:276 +msgid "/// Break error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:278 +msgid "/// Overrun error.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:282 +msgid "// ANCHOR: Registers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:314 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:316 +msgid "" +"// ANCHOR: Uart\n" +"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:325 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:370 +msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:413 +msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:436 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:438 +msgid "\"linux\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:437 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439 +msgid "\"CROSS_COMPILE\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:437 +msgid "\"aarch64-linux-gnu\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:439 +msgid "\"aarch64-none-elf\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:442 +msgid "\"entry.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:443 +msgid "\"exceptions.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:444 +msgid "\"idmap.S\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:445 +msgid "\"empty\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:449 +msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:453 +msgid "" +"```armasm\n" +"/*\n" +" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +" *\n" +" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +" *\n" +" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +" *\n" +" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +" * limitations under the License.\n" +" */\n" +"\n" +".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n" +"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n" +"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n" +".endm\n" +"\n" +".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n" +"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n" +"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n" +"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n" +"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n" +".endm\n" +"\n" +".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n" +".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n" +".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n" +"\n" +"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n" +".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n" +"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n" +".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n" +"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation " +"fault instead. */\n" +".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n" +"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n" +".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n" +"/*\n" +" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate " +"write-allocate\n" +" * cacheable.\n" +" */\n" ".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n" "/*\n" -" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate " -"write-allocate\n" -" * cacheable.\n" +" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate " +"write-allocate\n" +" * cacheable.\n" +" */\n" +".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" +"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" +".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" +".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." +"L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" +".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." +"L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" +"\n" +"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" +".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" +"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" +".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" +"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" +".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" +"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" +".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" +"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n" +".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" +"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" +".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" +"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" +".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" +".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " +"28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" +".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." +"L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" +".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." +"L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" +"\n" +"/**\n" +" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations " +"required to prepare the\n" +" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " +"registers x25 and above,\n" +" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " +"vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" +" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" +" */\n" +".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" +".global entry\n" +"entry:\n" +"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU " +"and caches. */\n" +"\tadrp x30, idmap\n" +"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" +"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" +"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" +"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" +"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" +"\n" +"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" +"\n" +"\t/*\n" +"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any " +"potentially stale\n" +"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" +"\t */\n" +"\tisb\n" +"\ttlbi vmalle1\n" +"\tic iallu\n" +"\tdsb nsh\n" +"\tisb\n" +"\n" +"\t/*\n" +"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " +"this has completed.\n" +"\t */\n" +"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" +"\tisb\n" +"\n" +"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" +"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" +"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" +"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" +"\tisb\n" +"\n" +"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" +"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" +"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" +"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" +"\tb.hs 1f\n" +"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" +"\tb 0b\n" +"\n" +"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" +"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" +"\tmov sp, x30\n" +"\n" +"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" +"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" +"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" +"\n" +"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" +"\tbl main\n" +"\n" +"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" +"2:\twfi\n" +"\tb 2b\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:598 +msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:602 +msgid "" +"```armasm\n" +"/*\n" +" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +" *\n" +" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +" *\n" +" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +" *\n" +" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +" * limitations under the License.\n" +" */\n" +"\n" +"/**\n" +" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" +" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " +"instructions\n" +" * left.\n" +" *\n" +" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " +"respectively,\n" +" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " +"call.\n" +" */\n" +".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" +"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" +"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" +"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" +"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" +"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" +"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" +"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" +"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" +"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" +"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" +"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" +"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" +"\n" +"\t/*\n" +"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n" +"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" +"\t */\n" +"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" +"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" +"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" +".endm\n" +"\n" +"/**\n" +" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n" +" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving " +"18\n" +" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" +" * instructions to spare.\n" +" */\n" +".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" +"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" +"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" +"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" +"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" +"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" +"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" +"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" +"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" +"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" +"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" +"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" +"\n" +"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" +"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" +"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" +"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" +"\n" +"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" +"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" +".endm\n" +"\n" +"/**\n" +" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " +"using\n" +" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " +"doing\n" +" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" +" *\n" +" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n" +" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " +"implement\n" +" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" +" */\n" +".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" +"\tmsr spsel, #1\n" +"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" +"\tbl \\handler\n" +"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" +"\tmsr spsel, #0\n" +"\teret\n" +".endm\n" +"\n" +"/**\n" +" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " +"using\n" +" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " +"volatile\n" +" * registers, then returns.\n" +" *\n" +" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" +" * non-volatile registers.\n" +" *\n" +" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n" +" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " +"whole\n" +" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" +" */\n" +".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" +"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" +"\tbl \\handler\n" +"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" +"\teret\n" +".endm\n" +"\n" +".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" +".global vector_table_el1\n" +".balign 0x800\n" +"vector_table_el1:\n" +"sync_cur_sp0:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"irq_cur_sp0:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"fiq_cur_sp0:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"serr_cur_sp0:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"sync_cur_spx:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"irq_cur_spx:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"fiq_cur_spx:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"serr_cur_spx:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"sync_lower_64:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"irq_lower_64:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"fiq_lower_64:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"serr_lower_64:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"sync_lower_32:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"irq_lower_32:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"fiq_lower_32:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" +"\n" +".balign 0x80\n" +"serr_lower_32:\n" +"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:783 +msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:787 +msgid "" +"```armasm\n" +"/*\n" +" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +" *\n" +" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +" *\n" +" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +" *\n" +" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +" * limitations under the License.\n" " */\n" -".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n" -"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n" -".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n" -".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ." -"L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n" -".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ." -"L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n" "\n" -"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n" -"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n" -"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n" -"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n" -"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n" -"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n" -"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n" -".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << " -"28) | (0x1 << 29)\n" -".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ." -"L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n" -".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ." -"L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n" +".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" +".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" +".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" "\n" -"/**\n" -" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations " -"required to prepare the\n" -" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using " -"registers x25 and above,\n" -" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception " -"vector. It preserves x0-x3\n" -" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n" -" */\n" -".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" -".global entry\n" -"entry:\n" -"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU " -"and caches. */\n" -"\tadrp x30, idmap\n" -"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n" +"/* Access flag. */\n" +".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" +"/* Not global. */\n" +".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" +".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" "\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n" -"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n" +".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" +".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " +"shareable\n" "\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n" -"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n" -"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n" -"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n" +".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" +".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" "\n" -"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n" +".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" +".global idmap\n" +".align 12\n" +"idmap:\n" +"\t/* level 1 */\n" +"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" +"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" +"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" +"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" +"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:832 +msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:836 +msgid "" +"```ld\n" +"/*\n" +" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" +" *\n" +" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +" *\n" +" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +" *\n" +" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +" * limitations under the License.\n" +" */\n" "\n" -"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n" +"/*\n" +" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " +"the\n" +" * image.\n" +" */\n" +"ENTRY(entry)\n" +"\n" +"MEMORY\n" +"{\n" +"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" +"}\n" "\n" +"SECTIONS\n" +"{\n" "\t/*\n" -"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any " -"potentially stale\n" -"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n" +"\t * Collect together the code.\n" "\t */\n" -"\tisb\n" -"\ttlbi vmalle1\n" -"\tic iallu\n" -"\tdsb nsh\n" -"\tisb\n" +"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" +"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" +"\t\t*(.init.*)\n" +"\t} >image\n" +"\t.text : {\n" +"\t\t*(.text.*)\n" +"\t} >image\n" +"\ttext_end = .;\n" "\n" "\t/*\n" -"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until " -"this has completed.\n" +"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" "\t */\n" -"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n" -"\tisb\n" +"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" +"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" +"\t} >image\n" +"\t.got : {\n" +"\t\t*(.got)\n" +"\t} >image\n" +"\trodata_end = .;\n" "\n" -"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n" -"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n" -"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n" -"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n" -"\tisb\n" +"\t/*\n" +"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n" +"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" +"\t */\n" +"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" +"\t\t*(.data.*)\n" +"\t\t/*\n" +"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" +"\t\t * bytes long.\n" +"\t\t */\n" +"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" +"\t\tdata_end = .;\n" +"\t} >image\n" "\n" -"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n" -"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n" -"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n" -"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n" -"\tb.hs 1f\n" -"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n" -"\tb 0b\n" +"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" +"\tbin_end = .;\n" "\n" -"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n" -"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n" -"\tmov sp, x30\n" +"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" +"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" +"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" +"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" +"\t\t*(COMMON)\n" +"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" +"\t\tbss_end = .;\n" +"\t} >image\n" "\n" -"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n" -"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n" -"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n" +"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" +"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" +"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" +"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" +"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" +"\t} >image\n" "\n" -"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n" -"\tbl main\n" +"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" +"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" "\n" -"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n" -"2:\twfi\n" -"\tb 2b\n" +"\t/*\n" +"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" +"\t */\n" +"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" +"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" +"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" +"\t\t*(.hash)\n" +"\t\t*(.interp)\n" +"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" +"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" +"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" +"\t}\n" +"}\n" +"```" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:943 +msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:948 +#, fuzzy +msgid "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" +msgstr "" +"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" +"//\n" +"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" +"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" +"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" +"//\n" +"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" +"//\n" +"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" +"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" +"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" +"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" +"// limitations under the License.\n" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:962 +msgid "$(shell uname -s)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:964 +msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:981 +msgid "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:984 +msgid "cargo clean" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:999 +msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" +msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Tarde" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" +msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](luhn.md))" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_main.rs_:" +msgstr "\"main.rs\"" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:36 +msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:38 +msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:57 +msgid "" +"// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n" +" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:62 +msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:70 +msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:73 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:91 +msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:75 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:83 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:96 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:104 +msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:87 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:108 +msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:89 +msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +msgid "_pl031.rs_:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:128 +msgid "/// Data register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:130 +msgid "/// Match register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:132 +msgid "/// Load register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:134 +msgid "/// Control register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:137 +msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:140 +msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:143 +msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:146 +msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:150 +msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:158 +msgid "" +"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" +" /// given base address.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// # Safety\n" +" ///\n" +" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " +"a\n" +" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " +"process\n" +" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:170 +msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:172 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:180 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:188 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:199 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:211 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:218 +msgid "" +"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" +" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:177 +msgid "" +"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" +" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:185 +msgid "" +"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " +"not\n" +" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:194 +msgid "" +"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" +" /// interrupt is masked.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:205 +msgid "" +"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" +" ///\n" +" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " +"the\n" +" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:216 +msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" +msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Comprehensive Rust 🦀" + +#: src/concurrency.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " +"channels." +msgstr "" +"Rust tem suporte total para concorrência usando _threads_ do SO com " +"_mutexes_ e _channels_ (canais)." + +#: src/concurrency.md:6 +msgid "" +"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " +"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " +"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." +msgstr "" +"O sistema de tipos do Rust desempenha um papel importante na conversão de " +"muitos erros de concorrência em erros de tempo de compilação. Isso " +"geralmente é chamado de _concorrência sem medo_, pois você pode confiar no " +"compilador para garantir a exatidão no tempo de execução." + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 +msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" +msgstr "" +"_Threads_ em Rust funcionam de maneira semelhante às _threads_ em outras " +"linguagens:" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:12 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" +msgstr "" +"fn main() { thread::spawn(|| { for i in 1..10 { println!(\"Contador na " +"thread: {i}!\"); thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5)); } });" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:18 +msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 +msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." +msgstr "" +"_Threads_ são todas \"_daemon threads_\", o _thread_ principal não espera " +"por elas." + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:25 +msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." +msgstr "\"_Panics_\" em _threads_ são independentes uns dos outros." + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:26 +msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." +msgstr "" +"\"_Panics_\" podem carregar um _payload_ (carga útil), que pode ser " +"descompactado com `downcast_ref`." + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 +msgid "" +"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 --- the main thread " +"is not waiting." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35 +msgid "" +"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " +"the thread to finish." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38 +msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40 +msgid "" +"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " +"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/any/index.html)." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 +msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" +msgstr "_Threads_ normais não podem emprestar de seu ambiente:" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20 +msgid "" +"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" +"fn.scope.html) for this:" +msgstr "" +"No entanto, você pode usar uma [_thread_ com escopo](https://doc.rust-lang." +"org/std/thread/fn.scope.html) para isso:" + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " +"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." +msgstr "" +"A razão para isso é que, quando a função `thread::scope` for concluída, " +"todas as _threads_ serão unidas, para que possam retornar dados emprestados." + +#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:42 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " +"thread, or immutably by any number of threads." +msgstr "" +"Aplicam-se as regras normais de empréstimo do Rust: o empréstimo pode ser " +"mutável, para uma `thread` ou imutável para qualquer número de _threads_." + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " +"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." +msgstr "" +"Os _channels_ (canais) em Rust têm duas partes: um `Sender` e um " +"`Receiver`. As duas partes estão conectadas através do _channel_, mas " +"você só vê os _end-points_." + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:15 src/concurrency/channels.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:20 +msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:26 +msgid "" +"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " +"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " +"not." +msgstr "" +"`mpsc` significa Multi-Produtor, Único-Consumidor. `Sender` e `SyncSender` " +"implementam `Clone` (então você pode criar vários produtores), mas " +"`Receiver` (consumidores) não." + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 +msgid "" +"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " +"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." +msgstr "" +"`send()` e `recv()` retornam `Result`. Se retornarem `Err`, significa que a " +"contraparte `Sender` ou `Receiver` é descartada e o canal é fechado." + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 +msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" +msgstr "Você obtém um canal ilimitado e assíncrono com `mpsc::channel()`:" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"Message {i}\"" +msgstr "" +"```\n" +"thread::spawn(move || {\n" +" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" +" for i in 1..10 {\n" +" tx.send(format!(\"Mensagem {i}\")).unwrap();\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: enviando a mensagem: {i}\");\n" +" }\n" +" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: feito\");\n" +"});\n" +"thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" "```" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:17 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:19 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:19 +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:24 +msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" +msgstr "Canais limitados e síncronos fazem `send` bloquear o _thread_ atual:" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 +msgid "" +"Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " +"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " +"is nobody who reads from the channel." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:34 +msgid "" +"A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " +"if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:36 +msgid "" +"A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " +"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across threads? The answer is in " +"two traits:" +msgstr "" +"Como o Rust sabe proibir o acesso compartilhado entre threads? A resposta " +"está em duas características:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:6 +msgid "" +"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " +"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." +msgstr "" +"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): um tipo `T` " +"é `Send` se for seguro mover um `T` entre _threads_" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:8 +msgid "" +"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " +"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." +msgstr "" +"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): um tipo `T` " +"é `Sync` se for seguro mover um `&T` entre _threads_" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:11 +msgid "" +"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " +"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " +"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " +"you know it is valid." +msgstr "" +"`Send` e `Sync` são [`unsafe traits`](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). O " +"compilador os derivará automaticamente para seus tipos desde que contenham " +"apenas os tipos `Send` e `Sync`. Você também pode implementá-los manualmente " +"quando souber que são válidos." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" +"safety properties." +msgstr "" +"Pode-se pensar nesses _traits_ como marcadores de que o tipo possui certas " +"propriedades de segurança de _threads_." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:23 +#, fuzzy +msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." +msgstr "Eles podem ser usados nas restrições genéricas como _traits_ normais." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 +msgid "" +"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " +"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." +msgstr "" +"Um tipo `T` é [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " +"se for seguro mover um valor `T` para outro _thread_." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 +msgid "" +"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " +"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " +"thread and deallocate it in another." +msgstr "" +"O efeito de mover a propriedade (ownership) para outro _thread_ é que os " +"_destructors_ serão executados nessa _thread_. Então a questão é: quando " +"você pode alocar um valor em um _thread_ e desalocá-lo em outro?" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13 +msgid "" +"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " +"a single thread." +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 +msgid "" +"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " +"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." +msgstr "" +"Um tipo `T` é [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " +"se for seguro acessar um valor `T` de várias threads ao mesmo tempo." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 +msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" +msgstr "Mais precisamente, a definição é:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 +msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" +msgstr "`T` é `Sync` se e somente se `&T` é `Send`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14 +msgid "" +"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " +"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " +"across threads." +msgstr "" +"Essa instrução é essencialmente uma maneira abreviada de dizer que, se um " +"tipo é _thread-safe_ para uso compartilhado, também é _thread-safe_ passar " +"referências a ele entre _threads_." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:18 +msgid "" +"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " +"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " +"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " +"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " +"be accessed from any thread safely." +msgstr "" +"Isso ocorre porque, se um tipo for `Sync`, significa que ele pode ser " +"compartilhado entre vários _threads_ sem o risco de corridas de dados ou " +"outros problemas de sincronização, portanto, é seguro movê-lo para outro " +"_thread_. Uma referência ao tipo também é segura para mover para outro " +"_thread_, porque os dados a que ela faz referência podem ser acessados de " +"qualquer _thread_ com segurança." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 +msgid "`Send + Sync`" +msgstr "`Send + Sync`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 +msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" +msgstr "A maioria dos tipos que você encontra são `Send + Sync`:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 +msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." +msgstr "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8 +msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." +msgstr "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9 +msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." +msgstr "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10 +msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." +msgstr "" +"`Arc`: Explicitamente _thread-safe_ via contagem de referência atômica." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11 +msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." +msgstr "`Mutex`: Explicitamente _thread-safe_ via bloqueio interno." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12 +msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." +msgstr "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Usa instruções atômicas especiais." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 +msgid "" +"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " +"`Send + Sync`." +msgstr "" +"Os tipos genéricos são tipicamente `Send + Sync` quando os parâmetros de " +"tipo são `Send + Sync`." + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 +msgid "`Send + !Sync`" +msgstr "`Send + !Sync`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 +msgid "" +"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " +"Typically because of interior mutability:" msgstr "" +"Esses tipos podem ser movidos para outras _threads_, mas não são seguros " +"para _threads_. Normalmente por causa da mutabilidade interior:" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 +msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Sender`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23 +msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" +msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24 +msgid "`Cell`" +msgstr "`Cell`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25 +msgid "`RefCell`" +msgstr "`RefCell`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595 -msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" -msgstr "" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 +msgid "`!Send + Sync`" +msgstr "`!Send + Sync`" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 msgid "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n" -" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 " -"instructions\n" -" * left.\n" -" *\n" -" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 " -"respectively,\n" -" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent " -"call.\n" -" */\n" -".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" -"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n" -"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" -"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" -"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" -"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" -"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" -"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" -"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" -"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" -"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" -"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n" -"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n" -"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n" -"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n" -" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving " -"18\n" -" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n" -" * instructions to spare.\n" -" */\n" -".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n" -"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n" -"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n" -"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n" -"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n" -"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n" -"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n" -"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n" -"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n" -"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n" -"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n" -"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n" -"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n" -"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n" -"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " -"using\n" -" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, " -"doing\n" -" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n" -" *\n" -" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n" -" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can " -"implement\n" -" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n" -" */\n" -".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n" -"\tmsr spsel, #1\n" -"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\tbl \\handler\n" -"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\tmsr spsel, #0\n" -"\teret\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -"/**\n" -" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while " -"using\n" -" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores " -"volatile\n" -" * registers, then returns.\n" -" *\n" -" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n" -" * non-volatile registers.\n" -" *\n" -" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n" -" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the " -"whole\n" -" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n" -" */\n" -".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n" -"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n" -"\tbl \\handler\n" -"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n" -"\teret\n" -".endm\n" -"\n" -".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n" -".global vector_table_el1\n" -".balign 0x800\n" -"vector_table_el1:\n" -"sync_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_cur_sp0:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_cur_spx:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_lower_64:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"sync_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"irq_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"fiq_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n" -"\n" -".balign 0x80\n" -"serr_lower_32:\n" -"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n" -"```" +"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" msgstr "" +"Esses tipos são _thread-safe_, mas não podem ser movidos para outro _thread_:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780 -msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on " +"the thread which created them." msgstr "" +"`MutexGuard`: Usa primitivas a nível de sistema operacional que devem ser " +"desalocadas no _thread_ que as criou." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784 -msgid "" -"```armasm\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n" -".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n" -"\n" -"/* Access flag. */\n" -".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n" -"/* Not global. */\n" -".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n" -".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n" -"\n" -".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n" -".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner " -"shareable\n" -"\n" -".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n" -".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n" -"\n" -".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n" -".global idmap\n" -".align 12\n" -"idmap:\n" -"\t/* level 1 */\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n" -"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n" -"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n" -"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n" -"```" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 +msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" +msgstr "`!Send + !Sync`" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 +msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" msgstr "" +"Esses tipos não são _thread-safe_ e não podem ser movidos para outros " +"_threads_:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829 -msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 +msgid "" +"`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" +"atomic reference count." msgstr "" +"`Rc`: cada `Rc` tem uma referência a um `RcBox`, que contém uma " +"contagem de referência não atômica." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40 msgid "" -"```ld\n" -"/*\n" -" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n" -" *\n" -" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -" *\n" -" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -" *\n" -" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -" * limitations under the License.\n" -" */\n" -"\n" -"/*\n" -" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of " -"the\n" -" * image.\n" -" */\n" -"ENTRY(entry)\n" -"\n" -"MEMORY\n" -"{\n" -"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n" -"}\n" -"\n" -"SECTIONS\n" -"{\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together the code.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n" -"\t\t*(.init.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\t.text : {\n" -"\t\t*(.text.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\ttext_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\t.got : {\n" -"\t\t*(.got)\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\trodata_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n" -"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.data.*)\n" -"\t\t/*\n" -"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n" -"\t\t * bytes long.\n" -"\t\t */\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n" -"\t\tdata_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n" -"\tbin_end = .;\n" -"\n" -"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n" -"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n" -"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n" -"\t\t*(COMMON)\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n" -"\t\tbss_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n" -"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n" -"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n" -"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n" -"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n" -"\t} >image\n" -"\n" -"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n" -"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n" -"\n" -"\t/*\n" -"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n" -"\t */\n" -"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n" -"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n" -"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n" -"\t\t*(.hash)\n" -"\t\t*(.interp)\n" -"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n" -"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n" -"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n" -"\t}\n" -"}\n" -"```" +"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " +"considerations." +msgstr "" +"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assume que ponteiros brutos podem ter " +"considerações de especiais de concorrência." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 +msgid "" +"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " +"primarily done via two types:" +msgstr "" +"Rust usa o sistema de tipos para impor a sincronização de dados " +"compartilhados. Isso é feito principalmente através de dois tipos:" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 +msgid "" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " +"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " +"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," msgstr "" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), referência " +"atômica contada `T`: manipula o compartilhamento entre _threads_ e toma o " +"cuidado de desalocar `T` quando a última referência é descartada," -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940 -msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8 +msgid "" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " +"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." msgstr "" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): garante " +"acesso mutuamente exclusivo ao valor `T`." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:945 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 #, fuzzy -msgid "# Copyright 2023 Google LLC" +msgid "" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " +"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" msgstr "" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" +"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) permite " +"acesso somente leitura compartilhado por meio de seu método `clone`:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:959 -msgid "$(shell uname -s)" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:16 +#, fuzzy +msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" msgstr "" +"fn main() { let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30\\]); let mut handles = Vec::" +"new(); for _ in 1..5 { let v = v.clone(); handles.push(thread::spawn(move || " +"{ let thread_id = thread::current().id(); println!(\"{thread_id:?}: " +"{v:?}\"); })); }" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:961 -msgid "aarch64-linux-gnu" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:21 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:45 +msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" +msgstr "\"v: {v:?}\"" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 +msgid "" +"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " +"that uses atomic operations." msgstr "" +"`Arc` significa \"Atomic Reference Counted\", uma versão _thread-safe_ de " +"`Rc` que usa operações atômicas." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:978 -msgid "stdio -display none -kernel $< -s" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " +"and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." +msgstr "" +"`Arc` implementa `Clone` quer `T` o faça ou não. Ele implementa `Send` e " +"`Sync` se `T` implementa os dois." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33 +msgid "" +"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " +"after that the use of the `T` is free." msgstr "" +"`Arc::clone()` tem o custo das operações atômicas que são executadas, mas " +"depois disso o uso do `T` é gratuito." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:981 -msgid "cargo clean" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35 +msgid "" +"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " +"them." msgstr "" +"Cuidado com os ciclos de referência, `Arc` não usa um coletor de lixo para " +"detectá-los." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:37 +msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." +msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` pode ajudar." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[build]\n" -"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n" -"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n" -"```" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " +"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " +"interface:" msgstr "" +"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) garante " +"exclusão mútua _e_ permite acesso mutável a `T` por trás de uma interface " +"somente leitura:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995 -msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:18 +msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency.md:1 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 +msgid "" +"Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" +"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " +"implementation." +msgstr "" +"Observe como temos uma implementação [`impl Sync for Mutex`]" +"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-" +"Mutex%3CT%3E) encoberta." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 #, fuzzy -msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" -msgstr "Bem-vindo ao Comprehensive Rust 🦀" +msgid "" +"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the " +"protected data." +msgstr "" +"`Mutex` em Rust parece uma coleção com apenas um elemento - os dados " +"protegidos." -#: src/concurrency.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " +"protected data." +msgstr "" +"Não é possível esquecer de adquirir o mutex antes de acessar os dados " +"protegidos." + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and " -"channels." +"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " +"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." msgstr "" -"Rust tem suporte total para concorrência usando _threads_ do SO com " -"_mutexes_ e _channels_ (canais)." +"Você pode obter um `&mut T` de um `&Mutex` obtendo um bloqueio (_lock_). " +"O `MutexGuard` garante que o `&mut T` não sobrevive além do bloqueio " +"(_lock_)." -#: src/concurrency.md:6 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs " -"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since " -"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." -msgstr "" -"O sistema de tipos do Rust desempenha um papel importante na conversão de " -"muitos erros de concorrência em erros de tempo de compilação. Isso " -"geralmente é chamado de _concorrência sem medo_, pois você pode confiar no " -"compilador para garantir a exatidão no tempo de execução." +"`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " +"implements `Send`." +msgstr "`Mutex` implementa `Send` e `Sync` se `T` implementa `Send`." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3 -msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" -msgstr "" -"_Threads_ em Rust funcionam de maneira semelhante às _threads_ em outras " -"linguagens:" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:39 +#, fuzzy +msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`." +msgstr "O bloqueio para leitura e gravação - `RwLock`." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:12 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:40 #, fuzzy -msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" -msgstr "" -"fn main() { thread::spawn(|| { for i in 1..10 { println!(\"Contador na " -"thread: {i}!\"); thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5)); } });" +msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`?" +msgstr "Por que `lock()` retorna um `Result`?" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:18 -msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:41 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " +"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " +"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " +"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " +"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." msgstr "" +"Se o thread que manteve o `Mutex` entrou em pânico, o `Mutex` torna-se " +"\"envenenado\" para sinalizar que os dados protegidos podem estar em um " +"estado inconsistente. Ao chamar `lock()` em um mutex envenenado o retorno é " +"uma falha com um [`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct." +"PoisonError.html). Você pode chamar `into_inner()` no erro para recuperar os " +"dados independentemente." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24 -msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 +msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" +msgstr "Vamos ver `Arc` e `Mutex` em ação:" + +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" msgstr "" -"_Threads_ são todas \"_daemon threads_\", o _thread_ principal não espera " -"por elas." +"fn main() { let mut v = vec![10, 20, 30\\]; let handle = thread::spawn(|| " +"{ v.push(10); }); v.push(1000);" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:25 -msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." -msgstr "\"_Panics_\" em _threads_ são independentes uns dos outros." +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 +msgid "Possible solution:" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:26 -msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 +msgid "Notable parts:" msgstr "" -"\"_Panics_\" podem carregar um _payload_ (carga útil), que pode ser " -"descompactado com `downcast_ref`." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is " -"not waiting." +"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " +"orthogonal." msgstr "" +"`v` é agrupado em ambos `Arc` e `Mutex`, porque seus interesses são " +"ortogonais." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " -"the thread to finish." +"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " +"between threads." msgstr "" +"Envolver um `Mutex` em um `Arc` é um padrão comum para compartilhar o estado " +"mutável entre threads." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38 -msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`." +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:55 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " +"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." msgstr "" +"`v: Arc<_>` precisa ser clonado como `v2` antes que possa ser movido para " +"outro thread. Note que `move` foi adicionado à assinatura lambda." -#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40 +#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:57 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " -"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/any/index.html)." +"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " +"possible." msgstr "" +"Os blocos são introduzidos para restringir o escopo do `LockGuard` tanto " +"quanto possível.\n" +"\n" +"Ainda precisamos adquirir o `Mutex` para imprimir nosso `Vec`." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3 -msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" -msgstr "_Threads_ normais não podem emprestar de seu ambiente:" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3 +msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" +msgstr "Vamos praticar nossas novas habilidades de concorrência com:" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:11 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:30 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5 #, fuzzy -msgid "\"Length: {}\"" +msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." msgstr "" -"\"s2: {s2}\"\n" -"\n" -"// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" +"Verificador de link _multi-threads_: um projeto maior no qual você usará o " +"Cargo para baixar as dependências e também verificar os links em paralelo." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7 msgid "" -"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" -"fn.scope.html) for this:" +"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " +"download dependencies and then check links in parallel." msgstr "" -"No entanto, você pode usar uma [_thread_ com escopo](https://doc.rust-lang." -"org/std/thread/fn.scope.html) para isso:" -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3 +msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" +msgstr "" +"O problema dos filósofos jantando é um problema clássico em concorrência:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5 msgid "" -"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " -"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." +"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " +"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " +"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " +"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " +"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " +"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " +"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " +"down both forks." msgstr "" -"A razão para isso é que, quando a função `thread::scope` for concluída, " -"todas as _threads_ serão unidas, para que possam retornar dados emprestados." +"Cinco filósofos jantam juntos na mesma mesa. Cada folósofo tem seu próprio " +"lugar à mesa. Há um garfo entre cada prato. O prato servido é uma espécie de " +"espaguete que se come com dois garfos. Cada filósofo pode somente pensar ou " +"comer, alternadamente. Além disso, um filósofo só pode comer seu espaguete " +"quando ele têm garfo esquerdo e direito. Assim, dois garfos só estarão " +"disponíveis quando seus dois vizinhos mais próximos estiverem pensando, não " +"comendo. Depois de um filósofo individual termina de comer, ele abaixa os " +"dois garfos." -#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:41 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13 #, fuzzy msgid "" -"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " -"thread, or immutably by any number of threads." +"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " +"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " +"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" -"Aplicam-se as regras normais de empréstimo do Rust: o empréstimo pode ser " -"mutável, para uma `thread` ou imutável para qualquer número de _threads_." +"Você precisará de uma \\[instalação do Cargo\\]\\[../../cargo/running-" +"locally.md\\] local para esse exercício. Copie o código abaixo para o " +"arquivo `src/main.rs`, preencha os espaços em branco, e teste se `cargo run` " +"não trava:" -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:28 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:23 msgid "" -"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " -"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." +"// left_fork: ...\n" +" // right_fork: ...\n" +" // thoughts: ...\n" msgstr "" -"Os _channels_ (canais) em Rust têm duas partes: um `Sender` e um " -"`Receiver`. As duas partes estão conectadas através do _channel_, mas " -"você só vê os _end-points_." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:16 src/concurrency/channels.md:17 -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:21 -msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:36 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:24 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:31 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:25 +msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27 -msgid "" -"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " -"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " -"not." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:41 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:37 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:31 +msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" msgstr "" -"`mpsc` significa Multi-Produtor, Único-Consumidor. `Sender` e `SyncSender` " -"implementam `Clone` (então você pode criar vários produtores), mas " -"`Receiver` (consumidores) não." -#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29 -msgid "" -"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " -"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:42 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:33 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:38 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:38 +msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" msgstr "" -"`send()` e `recv()` retornam `Result`. Se retornarem `Err`, significa que a " -"contraparte `Sender` ou `Receiver` é descartada e o canal é fechado." - -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 -msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" -msgstr "Você obtém um canal ilimitado e assíncrono com `mpsc::channel()`:" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:16 -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "\"Message {i}\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Socrates\"" msgstr "" -"```\n" -"thread::spawn(move || {\n" -" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n" -" for i in 1..10 {\n" -" tx.send(format!(\"Mensagem {i}\")).unwrap();\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: enviando a mensagem: {i}\");\n" -" }\n" -" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: feito\");\n" -"});\n" -"thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n" -"```" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:17 -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:17 -msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Hypatia\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:19 -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:19 -msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Plato\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:24 -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:24 -msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Aristotle\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" -msgstr "Canais limitados e síncronos fazem `send` bloquear o _thread_ atual:" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:39 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:44 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:46 +msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31 -msgid "" -"Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " -"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " -"is nobody who reads from the channel." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:51 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:48 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:50 +msgid "// Create forks\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32 -msgid "" -"A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " -"if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:53 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:50 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:54 +msgid "// Create philosophers\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33 -msgid "" -"A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " -"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:55 +msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1 -msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" -msgstr "`Send` e `Sync`" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:57 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:54 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:88 +msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3 -msgid "" -"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in " -"two traits:" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 +msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" -"Como o Rust sabe proibir o acesso compartilhado entre threads? A resposta " -"está em duas características:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65 msgid "" -"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " -"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): um tipo `T` " -"é `Send` se for seguro mover um `T` entre _threads_" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3 msgid "" -"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " -"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." +"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " +"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " +"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " +"until all pages have been validated." msgstr "" -"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): um tipo `T` " -"é `Sync` se for seguro mover um `&T` entre _threads_" +"Vamos usar nosso novo conhecimento para criar um verificador de links _multi-" +"threads_. Comece em uma página da web e verifique se os links na página são " +"válidos. Verifique recursivamente outras páginas no mesmo domínio e " +"continue fazendo isso até que todas as páginas tenham sido validadas." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8 msgid "" -"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The " -"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only " -"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when " -"you know it is valid." +"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" +"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" msgstr "" -"`Send` e `Sync` são [`unsafe traits`](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). O " -"compilador os derivará automaticamente para seus tipos desde que contenham " -"apenas os tipos `Send` e `Sync`. Você também pode implementá-los manualmente " -"quando souber que são válidos." +"Para isso, você precisará de um cliente HTTP como [`reqwest`](https://docs." +"rs/reqwest/). Crie um novo Project com o Cargo e adicione `reqwest` como uma " +"dependência:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20 -#, fuzzy +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17 msgid "" -"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" -"safety properties." +"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " +"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." msgstr "" -"Pode-se pensar nesses _traits_ como marcadores de que o tipo possui certas " -"propriedades de segurança de _threads_." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21 -#, fuzzy -msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." -msgstr "Eles podem ser usados nas restrições genéricas como _traits_ normais." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 -msgid "`Send`" -msgstr "`Send`" +"Se `cargo add` falhar com `error: no such subcommand`, edite o arquivo " +"`Cargo.toml` à mão. Adicione as dependências listadas abaixo." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20 msgid "" -"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " -"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." +"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs." +"rs/scraper/) for that:" msgstr "" -"Um tipo `T` é [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " -"se for seguro mover um valor `T` para outro _thread_." +"Você também precisará de uma maneira de encontrar links. Podemos usar " +"[`scraper`](https://docs.rs/scraper/) para isso:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26 msgid "" -"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " -"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " -"thread and deallocate it in another." +"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" +"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" msgstr "" -"O efeito de mover a propriedade (ownership) para outro _thread_ é que os " -"_destructors_ serão executados nessa _thread_. Então a questão é: quando " -"você pode alocar um valor em um _thread_ e desalocá-lo em outro?" +"Por fim, precisaremos de alguma forma de lidar com os erros. Usamos " +"[`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) para isso:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33 msgid "" -"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " -"a single thread." +"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" msgstr "" +"As chamadas `cargo add` irão atualizar o arquivo `Cargo.toml` para ficar " +"assim:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 -msgid "`Sync`" -msgstr "`Sync`" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " -"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"link-checker\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"publish = false\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" msgstr "" -"Um tipo `T` é [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " -"se for seguro acessar um valor `T` de várias threads ao mesmo tempo." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 -msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" -msgstr "Mais precisamente, a definição é:" - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 -msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" -msgstr "`T` é `Sync` se e somente se `&T` é `Send`" +"```toml\n" +"[dependências]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50 msgid "" -"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " -"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " -"across threads." +"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" +"www.google.org/`." msgstr "" -"Essa instrução é essencialmente uma maneira abreviada de dizer que, se um " -"tipo é _thread-safe_ para uso compartilhado, também é _thread-safe_ passar " -"referências a ele entre _threads_." +"Agora você pode baixar a página inicial. Tente com um pequeno site como " +"`https://www.google.org/`." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16 -msgid "" -"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " -"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " -"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type " -"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can " -"be accessed from any thread safely." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53 +msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" +msgstr "Seu arquivo `src/main.rs` deve se parecer com isto:" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:65 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:97 +msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" msgstr "" -"Isso ocorre porque, se um tipo for `Sync`, significa que ele pode ser " -"compartilhado entre vários _threads_ sem o risco de corridas de dados ou " -"outros problemas de sincronização, portanto, é seguro movê-lo para outro " -"_thread_. Uma referência ao tipo também é segura para mover para outro " -"_thread_, porque os dados a que ela faz referência podem ser acessados de " -"qualquer _thread_ com segurança." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 -msgid "`Send + Sync`" -msgstr "`Send + Sync`" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:67 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:99 +msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 -msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" -msgstr "A maioria dos tipos que você encontra são `Send + Sync`:" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:78 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:110 +msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 -msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." -msgstr "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:96 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:128 +msgid "\"href\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8 -msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." -msgstr "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:103 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:135 +msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9 -msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." -msgstr "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:112 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:245 +msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10 -msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:115 +msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" msgstr "" -"`Arc`: Explicitamente _thread-safe_ via contagem de referência atômica." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11 -msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." -msgstr "`Mutex`: Explicitamente _thread-safe_ via bloqueio interno." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:116 +msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12 -msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." -msgstr "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Usa instruções atômicas especiais." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:121 +msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" +msgstr "Execute o código em `src/main.rs` com" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:129 msgid "" -"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " -"`Send + Sync`." +"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " +"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." msgstr "" -"Os tipos genéricos são tipicamente `Send + Sync` quando os parâmetros de " -"tipo são `Send + Sync`." - -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17 -msgid "`Send + !Sync`" -msgstr "`Send + !Sync`" +"Use _threads_ para verificar os links em paralelo: envie as URLs a serem " +"verificadas para um _channel_ e deixe alguns _threads_ verificarem as URLs " +"em paralelo." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:131 msgid "" -"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " -"Typically because of interior mutability:" +"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." +"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " +"being blocked by the site." msgstr "" -"Esses tipos podem ser movidos para outras _threads_, mas não são seguros " -"para _threads_. Normalmente por causa da mutabilidade interior:" +"Estenda isso para extrair recursivamente links de todas as páginas no " +"domínio `www.google.org`. Coloque um limite máximo de 100 páginas ou menos " +"para que você não acabe sendo bloqueado pelo site." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22 -msgid "`mpsc::Sender`" -msgstr "`mpsc::Sender`" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" +msgstr "Dia 3 Exercício matinal" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23 -msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" -msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver`" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" +msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](dining-philosophers.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:29 +msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24 -msgid "`Cell`" -msgstr "`Cell`" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:53 +msgid "" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25 -msgid "`RefCell`" -msgstr "`RefCell`" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:77 +msgid "\"{thought}\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 -msgid "`!Send + Sync`" -msgstr "`!Send + Sync`" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:82 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Link Checker" +msgstr "Verificador de links _multi-threads_" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:84 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" +msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](luhn.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:154 msgid "" -"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" +"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" msgstr "" -"Esses tipos são _thread-safe_, mas não podem ser movidos para outro _thread_:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:162 msgid "" -"`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the " -"thread which created them." +"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" +" /// been visited.\n" msgstr "" -"`MutexGuard`: Usa primitivas a nível de sistema operacional que devem ser " -"desalocadas no _thread_ que as criou." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 -msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" -msgstr "`!Send + !Sync`" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:188 +msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 -msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:229 +msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" msgstr "" -"Esses tipos não são _thread-safe_ e não podem ser movidos para outros " -"_threads_:" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 -msgid "" -"`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" -"atomic reference count." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:247 +msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" msgstr "" -"`Rc`: cada `Rc` tem uma referência a um `RcBox`, que contém uma " -"contagem de referência não atômica." -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40 +#: src/async.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Async Rust" +msgstr "Por que Rust?" + +#: src/async.md:3 msgid "" -"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " -"considerations." +"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " +"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " +"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " +"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " +"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " +"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." msgstr "" -"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assume que ponteiros brutos podem ter " -"considerações de especiais de concorrência." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3 +#: src/async.md:10 msgid "" -"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is " -"primarily done via two types:" +"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " +"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " +"signal that they are complete." msgstr "" -"Rust usa o sistema de tipos para impor a sincronização de dados " -"compartilhados. Isso é feito principalmente através de dois tipos:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6 +#: src/async.md:14 msgid "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic " -"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to " -"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped," +"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " +"available." msgstr "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), referência " -"atômica contada `T`: manipula o compartilhamento entre _threads_ e toma o " -"cuidado de desalocar `T` quando a última referência é descartada," -#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8 +#: src/async.md:19 msgid "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures " -"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value." +"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " +"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " +"similar to a runtime in Rust." msgstr "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): garante " -"acesso mutuamente exclusivo ao valor `T`." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1 -msgid "`Arc`" -msgstr "`Arc`" +#: src/async.md:23 +msgid "" +"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " +"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " +"resolution are hidden." +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/async-await.md:3 msgid "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " -"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" +"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " +"code:" msgstr "" -"[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) permite " -"acesso somente leitura compartilhado por meio de seu método `clone`:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:16 -#, fuzzy -msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" +#: src/async/async-await.md:10 +msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" msgstr "" -"fn main() { let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30\\]); let mut handles = Vec::" -"new(); for _ in 1..5 { let v = v.clone(); handles.push(thread::spawn(move || " -"{ let thread_id = thread::current().id(); println!(\"{thread_id:?}: " -"{v:?}\"); })); }" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29 +#: src/async/async-await.md:27 msgid "" -"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " -"that uses atomic operations." +"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " +"running operation or any real concurrency in it!" msgstr "" -"`Arc` significa \"Atomic Reference Counted\", uma versão _thread-safe_ de " -"`Rc` que usa operações atômicas." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " -"and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." +#: src/async/async-await.md:30 +msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" msgstr "" -"`Arc` implementa `Clone` quer `T` o faça ou não. Ele implementa `Send` e " -"`Sync` se `T` implementa os dois." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33 -msgid "" -"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " -"after that the use of the `T` is free." +#: src/async/async-await.md:31 +msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." msgstr "" -"`Arc::clone()` tem o custo das operações atômicas que são executadas, mas " -"depois disso o uso do `T` é gratuito." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35 +#: src/async/async-await.md:33 msgid "" -"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " -"them." +"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " +"type with a future." msgstr "" -"Cuidado com os ciclos de referência, `Arc` não usa um coletor de lixo para " -"detectá-los." - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36 -msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." -msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` pode ajudar." - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1 -msgid "`Mutex`" -msgstr "`Mutex`" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3 +#: src/async/async-await.md:36 msgid "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " -"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " -"interface:" +"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " +"compiler on how to use the returned future." msgstr "" -"[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) garante " -"exclusão mútua _e_ permite acesso mutável a `T` por trás de uma interface " -"somente leitura:" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:11 -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:18 -msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" +#: src/async/async-await.md:39 +msgid "" +"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " +"until the provided future has run to completion." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22 +#: src/async/async-await.md:42 msgid "" -"Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" -"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " -"implementation." +"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " +"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." msgstr "" -"Observe como temos uma implementação [`impl Sync for Mutex`]" -"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-" -"Mutex%3CT%3E) encoberta." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/async-await.md:45 msgid "" -"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the " -"protected data." +"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " +"introduced later)." msgstr "" -"`Mutex` em Rust parece uma coleção com apenas um elemento - os dados " -"protegidos." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/futures.md:3 msgid "" -"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " -"protected data." +"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " +"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " +"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" +"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." msgstr "" -"Não é possível esquecer de adquirir o mutex antes de acessar os dados " -"protegidos." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/futures.md:23 msgid "" -"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " -"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." +"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " +"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " +"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " +"joining to it." msgstr "" -"Você pode obter um `&mut T` de um `&Mutex` obtendo um bloqueio (_lock_). " -"O `MutexGuard` garante que o `&mut T` não sobrevive além do bloqueio " -"(_lock_)." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/futures.md:27 msgid "" -"`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " -"implements `Send`." -msgstr "`Mutex` implementa `Send` e `Sync` se `T` implementa `Send`." - -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36 -#, fuzzy -msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`." -msgstr "O bloqueio para leitura e gravação - `RwLock`." +"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " +"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? " -msgstr "Por que `lock()` retorna um `Result`?" +#: src/async/futures.md:32 +msgid "" +"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " +"links to show the implementations in the docs." +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/futures.md:35 msgid "" -"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " -"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " -"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a " -"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). " -"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." +"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " +"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" msgstr "" -"Se o thread que manteve o `Mutex` entrou em pânico, o `Mutex` torna-se " -"\"envenenado\" para sinalizar que os dados protegidos podem estar em um " -"estado inconsistente. Ao chamar `lock()` em um mutex envenenado o retorno é " -"uma falha com um [`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct." -"PoisonError.html). Você pode chamar `into_inner()` no erro para recuperar os " -"dados independentemente." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3 -msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" -msgstr "Vamos ver `Arc` e `Mutex` em ação:" +#: src/async/futures.md:38 +msgid "" +"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " +"event occurs." +msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:6 -#, fuzzy -msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" +#: src/async/futures.md:41 +msgid "" +"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " +"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " +"valid after an `.await`." msgstr "" -"fn main() { let mut v = vec![10, 20, 30\\]; let handle = thread::spawn(|| " -"{ v.push(10); }); v.push(1000);" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23 -msgid "Possible solution:" +#: src/async/runtimes.md:3 +msgid "" +"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " +"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " +"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49 -msgid "Notable parts:" +#: src/async/runtimes.md:7 +msgid "" +"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " +"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" +"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/runtimes.md:10 msgid "" -"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " -"orthogonal." +"[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " +"a basic runtime in `async::task`." msgstr "" -"`v` é agrupado em ambos `Arc` e `Mutex`, porque seus interesses são " -"ortogonais." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/runtimes.md:12 +msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/runtimes.md:14 msgid "" -"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " -"between threads." +"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" +"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" +"async/src/lib.rs) already has one." msgstr "" -"Envolver um `Mutex` em um `Arc` é um padrão comum para compartilhar o estado " -"mutável entre threads." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/runtimes.md:20 msgid "" -"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " -"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." +"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " +"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " +"async things can't run in the playground." msgstr "" -"`v: Arc<_>` precisa ser clonado como `v2` antes que possa ser movido para " -"outro thread. Note que `move` foi adicionado à assinatura lambda." -#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/runtimes.md:24 msgid "" -"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " -"possible." +"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " +"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " +"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " +"used." msgstr "" -"Os blocos são introduzidos para restringir o escopo do `LockGuard` tanto " -"quanto possível.\n" -"\n" -"Ainda precisamos adquirir o `Mutex` para imprimir nosso `Vec`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3 -msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with" -msgstr "Vamos praticar nossas novas habilidades de concorrência com:" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:3 +msgid "Tokio provides:" +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency." +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:5 +msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." msgstr "" -"Verificador de link _multi-threads_: um projeto maior no qual você usará o " -"Cargo para baixar as dependências e também verificar os links em paralelo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7 -msgid "" -"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to " -"download dependencies and then check links in parallel." +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 +msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3 -msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 +msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "" -"O problema dos filósofos jantando é um problema clássico em concorrência:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5 -msgid "" -"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " -"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " -"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each " -"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can " -"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two " -"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, " -"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put " -"down both forks." +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:14 +msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" msgstr "" -"Cinco filósofos jantam juntos na mesma mesa. Cada folósofo tem seu próprio " -"lugar à mesa. Há um garfo entre cada prato. O prato servido é uma espécie de " -"espaguete que se come com dois garfos. Cada filósofo pode somente pensar ou " -"comer, alternadamente. Além disso, um filósofo só pode comer seu espaguete " -"quando ele têm garfo esquerdo e direito. Assim, dois garfos só estarão " -"disponíveis quando seus dois vizinhos mais próximos estiverem pensando, não " -"comendo. Depois de um filósofo individual termina de comer, ele abaixa os " -"dois garfos." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " -"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " -"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:24 +msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" msgstr "" -"Você precisará de uma \\[instalação do Cargo\\]\\[../../cargo/running-" -"locally.md\\] local para esse exercício. Copie o código abaixo para o " -"arquivo `src/main.rs`, preencha os espaços em branco, e teste se `cargo run` " -"não trava:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:28 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:23 -msgid "" -"// left_fork: ...\n" -" // right_fork: ...\n" -" // thoughts: ...\n" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:32 +msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:36 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:31 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:41 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:42 -msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:34 +msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:41 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:36 -msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:36 +msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:42 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:37 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:54 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:58 -msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:38 +msgid "**Further exploration:**" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:60 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:68 -msgid "\"Socrates\"" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:40 +msgid "" +"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " +"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " +"until it finishes." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:60 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:68 -msgid "\"Plato\"" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:44 +msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:60 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:68 -msgid "\"Aristotle\"" +#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:46 +msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:60 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:68 -msgid "\"Thales\"" +#: src/async/tasks.md:3 +msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:43 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:60 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:68 -msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" +#: src/async/tasks.md:5 +msgid "" +"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " +"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " +"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " +"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " +"and an I/O operation." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:51 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:47 -msgid "// Create forks\n" +#: src/async/tasks.md:16 +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:53 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:49 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:77 -msgid "// Create philosophers\n" +#: src/async/tasks.md:17 +msgid "\"listening on port {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:55 -msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" +#: src/async/tasks.md:22 +msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:57 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:53 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:112 -msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" +#: src/async/tasks.md:25 +msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61 -msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" +#: src/async/tasks.md:25 src/async/tasks.md:28 src/async/tasks.md:31 +msgid "\"socket error\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65 +#: src/async/tasks.md:30 +msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/tasks.md:39 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"```" +"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3 +#: src/async/tasks.md:41 msgid "" -"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " -"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " -"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this " -"until all pages have been validated." +"Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix." +"com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/" +"telnet/)." msgstr "" -"Vamos usar nosso novo conhecimento para criar um verificador de links _multi-" -"threads_. Comece em uma página da web e verifique se os links na página são " -"válidos. Verifique recursivamente outras páginas no mesmo domínio e " -"continue fazendo isso até que todas as páginas tenham sido validadas." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8 +#: src/async/tasks.md:45 msgid "" -"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" -"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" +"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " +"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" msgstr "" -"Para isso, você precisará de um cliente HTTP como [`reqwest`](https://docs." -"rs/reqwest/). Crie um novo Project com o Cargo e adicione `reqwest` como uma " -"dependência:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17 +#: src/async/tasks.md:48 msgid "" -"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " -"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." +"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " +"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " +"similar to an `async fn`." msgstr "" -"Se `cargo add` falhar com `error: no such subcommand`, edite o arquivo " -"`Cargo.toml` à mão. Adicione as dependências listadas abaixo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20 +#: src/async/tasks.md:52 msgid "" -"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs." -"rs/scraper/) for that:" +"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " +"using `?`." msgstr "" -"Você também precisará de uma maneira de encontrar links. Podemos usar " -"[`scraper`](https://docs.rs/scraper/) para isso:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26 +#: src/async/channels.md:3 msgid "" -"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]" -"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:" +"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:13 +msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:16 +msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:24 +msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:25 +msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:29 +msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:35 +msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." +msgstr "" + +#: src/async/channels.md:37 +msgid "" +"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " +"[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" -"Por fim, precisaremos de alguma forma de lidar com os erros. Usamos " -"[`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) para isso:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33 -msgid "" -"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" +#: src/async/channels.md:40 +msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" msgstr "" -"As chamadas `cargo add` irão atualizar o arquivo `Cargo.toml` para ficar " -"assim:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37 -#, fuzzy +#: src/async/channels.md:42 msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"link-checker\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"publish = false\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" -"tls\"] }\n" -"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" -"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" -"```" +"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " +"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " +"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." msgstr "" -"```toml\n" -"[dependências]\n" -"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" -"tls\"] }\n" -"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" -"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" -"```" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50 +#: src/async/channels.md:46 msgid "" -"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" -"www.google.org/`." +"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " +"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " +"flow." msgstr "" -"Agora você pode baixar a página inicial. Tente com um pequeno site como " -"`https://www.google.org/`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53 -msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" -msgstr "Seu arquivo `src/main.rs` deve se parecer com isto:" +#: src/async/control-flow.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Futures Control Flow" +msgstr "Controle de fluxo" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:64 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:132 -msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" +#: src/async/control-flow.md:3 +msgid "" +"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. " +"We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of " +"execution." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:66 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:134 -msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" +#: src/async/control-flow.md:6 +msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:77 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:147 -msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" +#: src/async/control-flow.md:7 +msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:95 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:165 -msgid "\"href\"" +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3 +msgid "" +"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " +"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " +"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:102 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:172 -msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:21 +msgid "\"https://google.com\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:111 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:286 -msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:22 +msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:114 -msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:23 +msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:115 -msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:24 +msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120 -msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" -msgstr "Execute o código em `src/main.rs` com" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128 +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 msgid "" -"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " -"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." +"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " +"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " +"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." msgstr "" -"Use _threads_ para verificar os links em paralelo: envie as URLs a serem " -"verificadas para um _channel_ e deixe alguns _threads_ verificarem as URLs " -"em paralelo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:130 +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42 msgid "" -"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." -"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " -"being blocked by the site." +"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " +"cause your program to stall." msgstr "" -"Estenda isso para extrair recursivamente links de todas as páginas no " -"domínio `www.google.org`. Coloque um limite máximo de 100 páginas ou menos " -"para que você não acabe sendo bloqueado pelo site." - -#: src/async.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Async Rust" -msgstr "Por que Rust?" -#: src/async.md:3 +#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45 msgid "" -"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed " -"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to " -"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a " -"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the " -"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide " -"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed." +"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " +"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " +"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " +"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " +"demonstrates `join!`." msgstr "" -#: src/async.md:10 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3 msgid "" -"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work " -"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they " -"signal that they are complete." +"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " +"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." +"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." +"FIRST_COMPLETED)`." msgstr "" -#: src/async.md:14 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8 msgid "" -"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are " -"available." +"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " +"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is " +"ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to " +"the `future`'s result." msgstr "" -#: src/async.md:17 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Comparisons" -msgstr "Comparação" +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:39 +msgid "\"Felix\"" +msgstr "" -#: src/async.md:19 -msgid "" -"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is " -"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", " -"similar to a runtime in Rust." +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:39 +msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async.md:23 -msgid "" -"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language " -"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise " -"resolution are hidden." +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:43 +msgid "\"Rex\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:1 -msgid "`async`/`await`" +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:43 +msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:3 -msgid "" -"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " -"code:" +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:48 +msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:10 -msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:50 +msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:27 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:56 msgid "" -"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " -"running operation or any real concurrency in it!" +"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " +"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " +"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " +"that take 500ms." msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:30 -msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:61 +msgid "" +"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " +"to receive only one `send`." msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:31 -msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:64 +msgid "" +"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " +"of futures." msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:33 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 msgid "" -"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " -"type with a future. " +"Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " +"It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:36 +#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70 msgid "" -"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " -"compiler on how to use the returned future." +"An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " +"this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:39 -msgid "" -"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " -"until the provided future has run to completion. " +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1 +msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:42 +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3 msgid "" -"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " -"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." +"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " +"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " +"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " +"chapter:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/async-await.md:45 -msgid "" -"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " -"introduced later). " +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 +msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" msgstr "" -#: src/async/futures.md:3 -msgid "" -"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " -"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " -"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://" -"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 +msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" msgstr "" -#: src/async/futures.md:23 -msgid "" -"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " -"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " -"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow " -"joining to it." +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:9 +msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" msgstr "" -#: src/async/futures.md:27 -msgid "" -"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " -"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." +#: src/async/pitfalls.md:10 +msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" msgstr "" -#: src/async/futures.md:32 -msgid "" -"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " -"links to show the implementations in the docs." +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1 +msgid "Blocking the executor" msgstr "" -#: src/async/futures.md:35 +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3 msgid "" -"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " -"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" +"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " +"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " +"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " +"possible." msgstr "" -#: src/async/futures.md:38 -msgid "" -"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " -"event occurs." +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:14 +msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/futures.md:41 -msgid "" -"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " -"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " -"valid after an `.await`." +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:19 +msgid "\"current_thread\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes.md:3 +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 msgid "" -"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " -"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " -"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" +"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " +"concurrently." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes.md:7 +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32 msgid "" -"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " -"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" -"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." +"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " +"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" +"threaded flavor." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes.md:10 +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36 msgid "" -"[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " -"a basic runtime in `async::task`." +"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes.md:12 -msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38 +msgid "" +"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " +"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes.md:14 +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41 msgid "" -"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" -"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" -"async/src/lib.rs) already has one." +"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " +"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " +"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " +"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " +"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " +"situations." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes.md:20 +#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47 msgid "" -"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " -"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " -"async things can't run in the playground." +"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " +"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes.md:24 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3 msgid "" -"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " -"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " -"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never " -"used." +"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " +"stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " +"async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " +"pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4 -msgid "Tokio provides: " +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 +msgid "" +"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " +"change. That is why we need to \"pin\" futures. Using the same future " +"repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 -msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:16 +msgid "" +"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" +"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 -msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:24 +msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8 -msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:31 +msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:15 -msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:34 +msgid "\"failed to send response\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:25 -msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:37 +msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33 -msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:41 +msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35 -msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:48 +msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37 -msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:49 +msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39 -msgid "**Further exploration:**" +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:58 +msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:65 msgid "" -"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " -"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " -"until it finishes." +"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " +"call `select!` in a loop." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45 -msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 +msgid "" +"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " +"time with it." msgstr "" -#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47 -msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71 +msgid "" +"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " +"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:3 -msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74 +msgid "" +"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:5 +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:85 msgid "" -"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " -"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " -"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a " -"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer " -"and an I/O operation." +"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " +"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" +"pin`:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:16 -msgid "\"127.0.0.1:6142\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:99 +msgid "" +"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " +"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " +"`timeout_fut` every time it expires." msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:17 -msgid "\"listening on port 6142\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:103 +msgid "" +"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " +"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " +"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:22 -msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:107 +msgid "" +"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " +"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:25 -msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 +msgid "" +"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " +"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid " +"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-" +"nightly.html))" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:26 src/async/tasks.md:37 src/async/tasks.md:43 -msgid "\"socket error: {e:?}\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:6 +msgid "" +"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " +"provides a workaround through a macro:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:34 -msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:35 +msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36 -msgid "" -"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:39 +msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:54 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:56 msgid "" -"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " -"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" +"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " +"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:57 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:59 msgid "" -"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " -"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " -"similar to an `async fn`. " +"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " +"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " +"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" +"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " +"digging deeper." msgstr "" -#: src/async/tasks.md:61 +#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:65 msgid "" -"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " -"using `?`." +"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " +"time and adding it to the Vec." msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:3 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3 msgid "" -"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" +"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " +"_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " +"ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " +"example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:13 -msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:35 +msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:16 -msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:51 +msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:24 -msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:57 +msgid "\"tick!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:25 -msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 +msgid "" +"The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " +"documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:29 -msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:75 +msgid "" +"Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " +"error-handling)." msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:35 -msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:78 +msgid "The example loses parts of the string." msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:37 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:80 msgid "" -"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " -"[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)." +"Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " +"dropped." msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:40 -msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83 +msgid "" +"`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the " +"struct:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:42 -msgid "" -"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " -"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " -"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:97 +msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/channels.md:46 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:106 msgid "" -"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " -"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " -"flow." +"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." +"html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " +"tick has been 'delivered'." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Futures Control Flow" -msgstr "Controle de fluxo" - -#: src/async/control-flow.md:3 +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 msgid "" -"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. " -"We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of " -"execution." +"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." +"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " +"returns or doesn't read data." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow.md:6 -msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)" +#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:113 +msgid "" +"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." +"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " +"cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow.md:7 -msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3 +msgid "" +"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5 msgid "" -"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " -"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " -"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." +"Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time " +"you are going to implement it with Async Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:21 -msgid "\"https://google.com\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8 +msgid "" +"A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " +"experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:22 -msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" -msgstr "" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async" +msgstr "Filósofos jantando" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:23 -msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 +msgid "" +"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the " +"problem." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:24 -msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" +"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" +"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" +"Você precisará de uma \\[instalação do Cargo\\]\\[../../cargo/running-" +"locally.md\\] local para esse exercício. Copie o código abaixo para o " +"arquivo `src/main.rs`, preencha os espaços em branco, e teste se `cargo run` " +"não trava:" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38 -msgid "" -"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " -"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " -"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:52 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:78 +msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:58 msgid "" -"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " -"cause your program to stall. " +"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " +"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:63 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " -"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " -"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a " -"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but " -"demonstrates `join!`." +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " +"\"rt-multi-thread\"] }\n" +"```" msgstr "" +"```toml\n" +"[dependências]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:73 msgid "" -"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " -"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." -"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio." -"FIRST_COMPLETED)`." +"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " +"from the `tokio` crate." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8 -msgid "" -"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " -"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is " -"ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to " -"the `future`'s result." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:78 +msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded?" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:40 -msgid "\"Felix\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3 +msgid "" +"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " +"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " +"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " +"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " +"that it receives to all the clients." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:42 -msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9 +msgid "" +"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" +"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" +"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/) for the communication between the client " +"and the server." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:47 -msgid "\"Rex\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:12 +msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:49 -msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:14 +msgid "_Cargo.toml_:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:54 -msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:18 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"```toml\n" +"[package]\n" +"name = \"chat-async\"\n" +"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" +"edition = \"2021\"\n" +"\n" +"[dependencies]\n" +"futures-util = { version = \"0.3.30\", features = [\"sink\"] }\n" +"http = \"1.0.0\"\n" +"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" +"tokio-websockets = { version = \"0.5.0\", features = [\"client\", " +"\"fastrand\", \"server\", \"sha1_smol\"] }\n" +"```" msgstr "" +"```toml\n" +"[dependências]\n" +"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-" +"tls\"] }\n" +"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n" +"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n" +"```" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:56 -msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:31 +msgid "The required APIs" msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33 msgid "" -"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " -"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " -"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat " -"that take 500ms seconds." +"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " +"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Spend a few minutes " +"to familiarize yourself with the API." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37 msgid "" -"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " -"to receive only one `send`." +"[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" +"trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " +"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39 msgid "" -"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " -"of futures." +"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" +"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " +"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41 msgid "" -"Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " -"It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." +"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." +"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " +"standard input." msgstr "" -#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43 msgid "" -"An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " -"this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." +"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" +"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1 -msgid "Pitfalls of async/await" -msgstr "" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:45 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Two binaries" +msgstr "Binários Rust" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:47 msgid "" -"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent " -"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes " -"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this " -"chapter:" +"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." +"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " +"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " +"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " +"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " +"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" +"targets.html#binaries))." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5 -msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:54 +msgid "" +"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" +"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " +"described below." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:6 -msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)" -msgstr "" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:58 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:99 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:" +msgstr "\"src/server.rs\"" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7 -msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:77 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:124 +msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8 -msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:85 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:147 +msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1 -msgid "Blocking the executor" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:86 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:148 +msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3 -msgid "" -"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " -"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " -"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where " -"possible." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:90 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:152 +msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:14 -msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:93 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:155 +msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:19 -msgid "\"current_thread\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:164 +#, fuzzy +msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:" +msgstr "\"src/client.rs\"" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:116 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:176 +msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29 -msgid "" -"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " -"concurrently." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:129 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Running the binaries" +msgstr "Executando o curso" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:131 +msgid "Run the server with:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32 -msgid "" -"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " -"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" -"threaded flavor." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:137 +msgid "and the client with:" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36 -msgid "" -"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:145 +msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146 msgid "" -"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " -"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." +"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " +"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " +"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41 -msgid "" -"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " -"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " -"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, " -"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific " -"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such " -"situations." +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:149 +msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:150 msgid "" -"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " -"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." +"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " +"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " +"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " +"displaying them for the user." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:154 msgid "" -"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be " -"stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current " -"async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those " -"pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe." +"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " +"clients, but the sender of the message." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8 +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" +msgstr "Dia 1 Exercícios da Tarde" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" +msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](dining-philosophers.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:33 msgid "" -"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't " -"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future " -"repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values." +"// Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n" +" // to transfer to another task\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:16 -msgid "" -"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" -"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:41 +msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:24 -msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:61 +msgid "" +"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" +" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" +" // either of them.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:31 -msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:75 +msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:34 -msgid "\"failed to send response\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:90 +msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:37 -msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:97 +#, fuzzy +msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" +msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](luhn.md))" + +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:116 +msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:41 -msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119 +msgid "" +"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" +" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" +" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:51 -msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:128 +msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:52 -msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:183 +msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:61 -msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" +#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:190 +msgid "\"From server: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68 +#: src/thanks.md:3 msgid "" -"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " -"call `select!` in a loop." +"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " +"that it was useful." msgstr "" +"_Obrigado por fazer o Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ Esperamos que tenha gostado e " +"que tenha sido útil." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71 +#: src/thanks.md:6 msgid "" -"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " -"time with it." +"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " +"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " +"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" +"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." msgstr "" +"Nós nos divertimos muito montando o curso. O curso não é perfeito, portanto, " +"se você identificou algum erro ou tem ideias para melhorias, entre em [entre " +"em contato conosco em GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" +"discussions). Nós adoraríamos ouvir você." -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74 +#: src/glossary.md:3 msgid "" -"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " -"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" +"The following is a glossary which aims to give a short definition of many " +"Rust terms. For translations, this also serves to connect the term back to " +"the English original." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77 +#: src/glossary.md:30 msgid "" -"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" +"allocate: \n" +"Dynamic memory allocation on [the heap](memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88 +#: src/glossary.md:32 msgid "" -"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " -"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" -"pin`:" +"argument: \n" +"Information that is passed into a function or method." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102 +#: src/glossary.md:34 msgid "" -"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " -"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " -"`timeout_fut` every time it expires." +"Bare-metal Rust: \n" +"Low-level Rust development, often deployed to a system without an operating " +"system. See [Bare-metal Rust](bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106 +#: src/glossary.md:37 msgid "" -"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " -"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " -"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." +"block: \n" +"See [Blocks](control-flow/blocks.md) and _scope_." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110 +#: src/glossary.md:39 msgid "" -"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " -"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." +"borrow: \n" +"See [Borrowing](ownership/borrowing.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 +#: src/glossary.md:41 msgid "" -"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An " -"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid " -"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-" -"nightly.html))" +"borrow checker: \n" +"The part of the Rust compiler which checks that all borrows are valid." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5 +#: src/glossary.md:43 msgid "" -"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) " -"provides a workaround through a macro:" +"brace: \n" +"`{` and `}`. Also called _curly brace_, they delimit _blocks_." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:30 -msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" +#: src/glossary.md:45 +msgid "" +"build: \n" +"The process of converting source code into executable code or a usable " +"program." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:34 -msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" +#: src/glossary.md:48 +msgid "" +"call: \n" +"To invoke or execute a function or method." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51 +#: src/glossary.md:50 msgid "" -"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " -"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." +"channel: \n" +"Used to safely pass messages [between threads](concurrency/channels.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54 +#: src/glossary.md:52 msgid "" -"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " -"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " -"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/" -"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in " -"digging deeper." +"Comprehensive Rust 🦀: \n" +"The courses here are jointly called Comprehensive Rust 🦀." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60 +#: src/glossary.md:54 msgid "" -"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " -"time and adding it to the Vec." +"concurrency: \n" +"The execution of multiple tasks or processes at the same time." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3 +#: src/glossary.md:56 msgid "" -"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " -"_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " -"ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For " -"example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." +"Concurrency in Rust: \n" +"See [Concurrency in Rust](concurrency.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:35 -msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" +#: src/glossary.md:58 +msgid "" +"constant: \n" +"A value that does not change during the execution of a program." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:51 -msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" +#: src/glossary.md:60 +msgid "" +"control flow: \n" +"The order in which the individual statements or instructions are executed in " +"a program." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:57 -msgid "\"tick!\"" +#: src/glossary.md:63 +msgid "" +"crash: \n" +"An unexpected and unhandled failure or termination of a program." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72 +#: src/glossary.md:65 msgid "" -"The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " -"documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." +"enumeration: \n" +"A data type that consists of named constant values." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:75 +#: src/glossary.md:67 msgid "" -"Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " -"error-handling)." +"error: \n" +"An unexpected condition or result that deviates from the expected behavior." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:78 -msgid "The example loses parts of the string." +#: src/glossary.md:69 +msgid "" +"error handling: \n" +"The process of managing and responding to errors that occur during program " +"execution." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:80 +#: src/glossary.md:72 msgid "" -"Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " -"dropped." +"exercise: \n" +"A task or problem designed to practice and test programming skills." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82 +#: src/glossary.md:74 msgid "" -"`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by makeing `buf` part of the " -"struct:" +"function: \n" +"A reusable block of code that performs a specific task." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:95 +#: src/glossary.md:76 msgid "" -"// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" -" // ...\n" +"garbage collector: \n" +"A mechanism that automatically frees up memory occupied by objects that are " +"no longer in use." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104 +#: src/glossary.md:79 msgid "" -"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." -"html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " -"tick has been 'delivered'." +"generics: \n" +"A feature that allows writing code with placeholders for types, enabling " +"code reuse with different data types." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107 +#: src/glossary.md:82 msgid "" -"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." -"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " -"returns or doesn't read data." +"immutable: \n" +"Unable to be changed after creation." msgstr "" -#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110 +#: src/glossary.md:84 msgid "" -"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." -"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " -"cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." +"integration test: \n" +"A type of test that verifies the interactions between different parts or " +"components of a system." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3 +#: src/glossary.md:87 msgid "" -"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:" +"keyword: \n" +"A reserved word in a programming language that has a specific meaning and " +"cannot be used as an identifier." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5 +#: src/glossary.md:90 msgid "" -"Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time " -"you are going to implement it with Async Rust." +"library: \n" +"A collection of precompiled routines or code that can be used by programs." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8 +#: src/glossary.md:92 msgid "" -"A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you " -"experiment with more advanced Async Rust features." +"macro: \n" +"Rust macros can be recognized by a `!` in the name. Macros are used when " +"normal functions are not enough. A typical example is `format!`, which takes " +"a variable number of arguments, which isn't supported by Rust functions." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async" -msgstr "Filósofos jantando" - -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3 +#: src/glossary.md:96 msgid "" -"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the " -"problem." +"`main` function: \n" +"Rust programs start executing with the `main` function." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6 -#, fuzzy +#: src/glossary.md:98 msgid "" -"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" -"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" -"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" +"match: \n" +"A control flow construct in Rust that allows for pattern matching on the " +"value of an expression." msgstr "" -"Você precisará de uma \\[instalação do Cargo\\]\\[../../cargo/running-" -"locally.md\\] local para esse exercício. Copie o código abaixo para o " -"arquivo `src/main.rs`, preencha os espaços em branco, e teste se `cargo run` " -"não trava:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:51 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:101 -msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" +#: src/glossary.md:101 +msgid "" +"memory leak: \n" +"A situation where a program fails to release memory that is no longer " +"needed, leading to a gradual increase in memory usage." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57 +#: src/glossary.md:104 msgid "" -"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " -"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" +"method: \n" +"A function associated with an object or a type in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62 +#: src/glossary.md:106 msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", " -"\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n" -"```" +"module: \n" +"A namespace that contains definitions, such as functions, types, or traits, " +"to organize code in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72 +#: src/glossary.md:109 msgid "" -"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " -"from the `tokio` crate." +"move: \n" +"The transfer of ownership of a value from one variable to another in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77 -msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? " +#: src/glossary.md:111 +msgid "" +"mutable: \n" +"A property in Rust that allows variables to be modified after they have been " +"declared." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3 +#: src/glossary.md:114 msgid "" -"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " -"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " -"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard " -"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message " -"that it receives to all the clients." +"ownership: \n" +"The concept in Rust that defines which part of the code is responsible for " +"managing the memory associated with a value." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9 +#: src/glossary.md:117 msgid "" -"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" -"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" -"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/) for the " -"communication between the client and the server." +"panic: \n" +"An unrecoverable error condition in Rust that results in the termination of " +"the program." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13 -msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" +#: src/glossary.md:120 +msgid "" +"parameter: \n" +"A value that is passed into a function or method when it is called." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15 -msgid "`Cargo.toml`:" +#: src/glossary.md:122 +msgid "" +"pattern: \n" +"A combination of values, literals, or structures that can be matched against " +"an expression in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19 +#: src/glossary.md:125 msgid "" -"```toml\n" -"[package]\n" -"name = \"chat-async\"\n" -"version = \"0.1.0\"\n" -"edition = \"2021\"\n" -"\n" -"[dependencies]\n" -"futures-util = \"0.3.28\"\n" -"http = \"0.2.9\"\n" -"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n" -"tokio-websockets = \"0.3.2\"\n" -"```" +"payload: \n" +"The data or information carried by a message, event, or data structure." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32 -msgid "The required APIs" +#: src/glossary.md:127 +msgid "" +"program: \n" +"A set of instructions that a computer can execute to perform a specific task " +"or solve a particular problem." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33 +#: src/glossary.md:130 msgid "" -"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " -"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" -"tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the " -"API. " +"programming language: \n" +"A formal system used to communicate instructions to a computer, such as Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37 +#: src/glossary.md:132 msgid "" -"[WebsocketStream::next()](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/" -"tokio_websockets/proto/struct.WebsocketStream.html#method.next): for " -"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." +"receiver: \n" +"The first parameter in a Rust method that represents the instance on which " +"the method is called." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39 +#: src/glossary.md:135 msgid "" -"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" -"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for " -"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." +"reference counting: \n" +"A memory management technique in which the number of references to an object " +"is tracked, and the object is deallocated when the count reaches zero." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41 +#: src/glossary.md:138 msgid "" -"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." -"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " -"standard input." +"return: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to indicate the value to be returned from a function." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43 +#: src/glossary.md:140 msgid "" -"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" -"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." +"Rust: \n" +"A systems programming language that focuses on safety, performance, and " +"concurrency." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Two binaries" -msgstr "Binários Rust" +#: src/glossary.md:143 +msgid "" +"Rust Fundamentals: \n" +"Days 1 to 3 of this course." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48 +#: src/glossary.md:145 msgid "" -"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." -"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " -"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, " -"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. " -"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` " -"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-" -"targets.html#binaries)). " +"Rust in Android: \n" +"See [Rust in Android](android.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55 +#: src/glossary.md:147 msgid "" -"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" -"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " -"described below. " +"Rust in Chromium: \n" +"See [Rust in Chromium](chromium.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:123 -msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:" +#: src/glossary.md:149 +msgid "" +"safe: \n" +"Refers to code that adheres to Rust's ownership and borrowing rules, " +"preventing memory-related errors." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:77 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:122 -msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" +#: src/glossary.md:152 +msgid "" +"scope: \n" +"The region of a program where a variable is valid and can be used." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:85 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:190 -msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" +#: src/glossary.md:154 +msgid "" +"standard library: \n" +"A collection of modules providing essential functionality in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:86 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:191 -msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" +#: src/glossary.md:156 +msgid "" +"static: \n" +"A keyword in Rust used to define static variables or items with a `'static` " +"lifetime." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:90 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:195 -msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" +#: src/glossary.md:159 +msgid "" +"string: \n" +"A data type storing textual data. See [`String` vs `str`](basic-syntax/" +"string-slices.html) for more." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:93 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:198 -msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" +#: src/glossary.md:162 +msgid "" +"struct: \n" +"A composite data type in Rust that groups together variables of different " +"types under a single name." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:208 -msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:" +#: src/glossary.md:165 +msgid "" +"test: \n" +"A Rust module containing functions that test the correctness of other " +"functions." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:114 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:233 -msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" +#: src/glossary.md:168 +msgid "" +"thread: \n" +"A separate sequence of execution in a program, allowing concurrent execution." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:127 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Running the binaries" -msgstr "Executando o curso" +#: src/glossary.md:170 +msgid "" +"thread safety: \n" +"The property of a program that ensures correct behavior in a multithreaded " +"environment." +msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:128 -msgid "Run the server with:" +#: src/glossary.md:173 +msgid "" +"trait: \n" +"A collection of methods defined for an unknown type, providing a way to " +"achieve polymorphism in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:134 -msgid "and the client with:" +#: src/glossary.md:176 +msgid "" +"trait bound: \n" +"An abstraction where you can require types to implement some traits of your " +"interest." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:142 -msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." +#: src/glossary.md:179 +msgid "" +"type: \n" +"A classification that specifies which operations can be performed on values " +"of a particular kind in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143 +#: src/glossary.md:182 msgid "" -"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " -"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " -"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." +"type inference: \n" +"The ability of the Rust compiler to deduce the type of a variable or " +"expression." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146 -msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." +#: src/glossary.md:185 +msgid "" +"undefined behavior: \n" +"Actions or conditions in Rust that have no specified result, often leading " +"to unpredictable program behavior." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:147 +#: src/glossary.md:188 msgid "" -"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " -"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " -"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and " -"displaying them for the user." +"union: \n" +"A data type that can hold values of different types but only one at a time." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:151 +#: src/glossary.md:190 msgid "" -"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " -"clients, but the sender of the message." +"unit test: \n" +"Rust comes with built-in support for running small unit tests and larger " +"integration tests. See [Unit Tests](testing/unit-tests.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/thanks.md:3 +#: src/glossary.md:193 msgid "" -"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and " -"that it was useful." +"unsafe: \n" +"The subset of Rust which allows you to trigger _undefined behavior_. See " +"[Unsafe Rust](unsafe.html)." msgstr "" -"_Obrigado por fazer o Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ Esperamos que tenha gostado e " -"que tenha sido útil." -#: src/thanks.md:6 +#: src/glossary.md:196 msgid "" -"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not " -"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, " -"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/" -"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you." +"variable: \n" +"A memory location storing data. Variables are valid in a _scope_." msgstr "" -"Nós nos divertimos muito montando o curso. O curso não é perfeito, portanto, " -"se você identificou algum erro ou tem ideias para melhorias, entre em [entre " -"em contato conosco em GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/" -"discussions). Nós adoraríamos ouvir você." #: src/other-resources.md:1 msgid "Other Rust Resources" @@ -17228,7 +20912,7 @@ msgstr "" "rust_for_c/): cobre Rust da perspectiva dos desenvolvedores que escrevem " "firmware em C." -#: src/other-resources.md:42 +#: src/other-resources.md:41 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): " @@ -17239,7 +20923,7 @@ msgstr "" "cobre a sintaxe do Rust usando comparações lado a lado com outras linguagens " "como C, C++, Java, JavaScript e Python." -#: src/other-resources.md:45 +#: src/other-resources.md:44 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help " @@ -17248,7 +20932,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): mais de 100 exercícios " "para ajudar você aprende Rust." -#: src/other-resources.md:47 +#: src/other-resources.md:46 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-" @@ -17261,7 +20945,7 @@ msgstr "" "parte básica quanto a avançada da Linguagem Rust. Outros tópicos como " "WebAssembly e async/await também são abordados." -#: src/other-resources.md:52 +#: src/other-resources.md:50 #, fuzzy msgid "" "[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-" @@ -17277,14 +20961,14 @@ msgstr "" "segundo é um conjunto de 11 módulos que cobrem a sintaxe Rust e as " "construções básicas." -#: src/other-resources.md:58 +#: src/other-resources.md:56 msgid "" "[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial." "github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management " "rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures." msgstr "" -#: src/other-resources.md:63 +#: src/other-resources.md:61 msgid "" "Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) " "for even more Rust books." @@ -17355,1082 +21039,2871 @@ msgstr "" "imagem de [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Consulte o diretório `third_party/cxx/` " "para obter detalhes, incluindo os termos da licença." -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3 -msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." -msgstr "Você encontrará soluções para os exercícios nas páginas seguintes." - -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5 -msgid "" -"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." -"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " -"different or better solution than what is presented here." -msgstr "" -"Sinta-se à vontade para fazer perguntas sobre as soluções [no GitHub]" -"(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nos informe se " -"você tiver uma solução diferente ou melhor do que a apresentada aqui." - -#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10 -msgid "" -"**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " -"comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-" -"use parts of the solutions as the exercises." -msgstr "" -"**Nota:** Ignore os comentários `// ANCHOR: label` e `// ANCHOR_END: label` " -"que você vê nas soluções. Eles estão lá para tornar possível reutilizar " -"partes das soluções como exercícios." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 1 Exercícios matinais" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](for-loops.md))" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:8 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:8 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:8 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:8 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:102 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:8 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:8 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:8 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:109 -msgid "" -"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n" -"//\n" -"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n" -"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n" -"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n" -"//\n" -"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n" -"//\n" -"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n" -"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n" -"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n" -"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n" -"// limitations under the License.\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:21 -msgid "// ANCHOR: transpose\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:24 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: transpose\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:33 -msgid "// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:36 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:38 -msgid "\"{row:?}\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:41 -msgid "// ANCHOR: tests\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:46 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:54 -msgid "//\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:59 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: tests\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Bonus question" -msgstr "Pergunta Bônus" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80 -msgid "" -"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-" -"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our " -"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the " -"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return." -msgstr "" -"Isso necessita a utilização de conceitos mais avançados. Pode parecer que " -"poderíamos usar uma slice de slices (`&[&[i32]]`) como o tipo de entrada " -"para `transposta` e, assim, fazer nossa função lidar com qualquer tamanho de " -"matriz. No entanto, isso falha rapidamente: o tipo de retorno não pode ser " -"`&[&[i32]]`, pois ele precisa possuir os dados que você retorna." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82 -msgid "" -"You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't work " -"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " -"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." -msgstr "" -"Você pode tentar usar algo como `Vec>`, mas isso também não " -"funciona muito bem: é difícil converter de `Vec>` para `&[&[i32]] ` " -"então agora você também não pode usar `impressao_formatada` facilmente." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84 -msgid "" -"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::" -"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to " -"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." -msgstr "" -"Assim que chegarmos aos _traits_ and _generics_, podemos usar o _trait_ " -"[`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef." -"html) para abstrair qualquer coisa que pode ser referenciada como um _slice_." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:93 -#, fuzzy -msgid "// A line references a slice of items\n" -msgstr "" -"fn impressao_formatada\\(matriz: Matriz) where T: " -"Debug, // Linha referencia uma slice de itens Linha: AsRef\\<\\[T\\]\\>, // " -"Matriz referencia uma slice de linhas Matriz: AsRef\\<\\[Linha\\]\\> { for " -"linha in matriz.as_ref() { println!(\"{:?}\", linha.as_ref()); } }" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:95 -msgid "// A matrix references a slice of lines\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:104 -msgid "// &[&[i32]]\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:106 -msgid "// [[&str; 2]; 2]\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:108 -msgid "// Vec>\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113 -msgid "" -"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of " -"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." -msgstr "" -"Além disso, o próprio tipo não imporia que as slices filhas tenham o mesmo " -"comprimento, portanto, tal variável poderia conter uma matriz inválida." - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 1 Exercícios da Tarde" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3 -msgid "Designing a Library" -msgstr "Projetando uma biblioteca" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](book-library.md))" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:21 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:21 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:124 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:139 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:224 -msgid "// ANCHOR: setup\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:49 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:88 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:136 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:146 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:51 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Library_new\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:53 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:57 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR: Library_len\n" -" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:66 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n" -" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:75 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n" -" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:84 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n" -" //fn print_books(self) {\n" -" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " -"year\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:91 -msgid "\"{}, published in {}\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:95 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n" -" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" -" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" -" //}\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:101 -msgid "" -"// Using a closure and a built-in method:\n" -" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:104 -msgid "// Longer hand-written solution:\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:115 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR: main\n" -"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" -"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" -"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" -"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:141 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:171 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:145 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:75 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:204 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: main\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:150 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:161 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:168 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:180 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:183 -msgid "\"Lord of the Rings\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:151 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:169 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:186 -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:189 -msgid "\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:170 -msgid "" -"// We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n" -" // method to start with.\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 2 Exercícios matinais" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](points-polygons.md))" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:22 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Point\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:25 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Point\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:29 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:32 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:67 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Polygon\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:70 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:73 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:76 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:106 -msgid "" -"// Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as pairs\n" -" // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last " -"point\n" -" // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as " -"one of \n" -" // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine " -"Iterator::cycle\n" -" // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and " -"using map \n" -" // and sum to calculate the total length.\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:114 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Circle\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Small Example" +#~ msgstr "Um Pequeno Exemplo" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:117 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Circle\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:121 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:124 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:137 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Shape\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:142 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:165 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:56 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:139 -msgid "// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:236 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:93 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:172 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" -msgstr "Dia 2 Exercícios da Tarde" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "Why Rust?" +#~ msgstr "Por que Rust?" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:21 -msgid "// ANCHOR: luhn\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:24 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: luhn\n" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:50 -msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:52 -msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\"" -msgstr "" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:99 -msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](strings-iterators.md))" - -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:115 -msgid "// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Compile Time Guarantees" +#~ msgstr "Garantias em Tempo de Compilação" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:118 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Runtime Guarantees" +#~ msgstr "Garantias em Tempo de Execução" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:120 -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:122 -msgid "'/'" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Modern Features" +#~ msgstr "Recursos Modernos" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:126 -msgid "\"*\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Basic Syntax" +#~ msgstr "Sintaxe Básica" -#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:132 -msgid "" -"// Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over " -"prefix\n" -" // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one " -"of\n" -" // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all " -"request\n" -" // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and " -"chain()\n" -" // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern " -"segments,\n" -" // and then returns None indefinitely.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "String vs str" +#~ msgstr "String vs str" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1 -msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Dia 3 Exercício matinal" +#~ msgid "Rustdoc" +#~ msgstr "Rustdoc" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](simple-gui.md))" +#~ msgid "Overloading" +#~ msgstr "Sobrecarga" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:90 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Window-width\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Arrays and for Loops" +#~ msgstr "Matrizes e Loops for" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:94 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n" -" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Stack vs Heap" +#~ msgstr "Stack vs Heap" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:99 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Stack Memory" +#~ msgstr "Memória de Pilha" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:101 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Manual Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Gerenciamento Manual de Memória" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:109 -msgid "" -"// TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n" -" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n" -" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management" +#~ msgstr "Gerenciamento de Memória Baseado em Escopo" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:112 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:118 -msgid "\"+-{:-\\n\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Default" +#~ msgstr "Default" -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:176 -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:182 -msgid "\"crab.rs\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..." +#~ msgstr "Operadores: Add, Mul, ..." -#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:176 -msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding" +#~ msgstr "Capturando o Desenrolar da Pilha" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Dia 3 Exercício matinal" +#~ msgid "Structured Error Handling" +#~ msgstr "Tratamento Estruturado de Erros" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](for-loops.md))" +#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with ?" +#~ msgstr "Propagando Erros com ?" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:21 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:23 -msgid "// ANCHOR: top\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Converting Error Types" +#~ msgstr "Convertendo Tipos de Erro" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:29 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:30 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: top\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Deriving Error Enums" +#~ msgstr "Derivando Enums de Erro" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:57 -msgid "" -"// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: main\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Adding Context to Errors" +#~ msgstr "Adicionando Contexto aos Erros" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:59 -msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Send and Sync" +#~ msgstr "Send e Sync" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:67 -msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Send" +#~ msgstr "Send" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:74 -msgid "// ANCHOR: loop\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Sync" +#~ msgstr "Sync" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:78 -msgid "" -"// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: loop\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Arc" +#~ msgstr "Arc" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:87 -msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Mutex" +#~ msgstr "Mutex" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:123 -msgid "" -"// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " -"LEDs on.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Dia 1 Manhã" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Dia 1 Tarde" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 -msgid "`main.rs`:" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Dia 2 Manhã" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:38 -msgid "// ANCHOR: imports\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Dia 2 Tarde" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:52 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: imports\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning" +#~ msgstr "Dia 3 Manhã" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:54 -msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Dia 3 Tarde" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:56 -msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Concurrency Morning" +#~ msgstr "Concorrência Manhã" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:77 -msgid "" -"// Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n" -" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Concurrency Afternoon" +#~ msgstr "Concorrência Tarde" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:82 -msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:" +#~ msgstr "O curso é rápido e muito abrangente:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:90 -msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dia 1: Rust básico, _ownership_ (\"posse\") e o _borrow checker_ " +#~ "(\"verificador de empréstimo\")." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:94 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:115 -msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dia 2: Tipos de dados compostos, correspondência de padrões e a " +#~ "biblioteca padrão." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:98 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:106 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:122 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:130 -msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dia 3: _Traits_ (\"características\") e genéricos, tratamento de erros, " +#~ "testes e _unsafe_ (\"inseguro\") Rust." + +#~ msgid "Concurrency" +#~ msgstr "Concorrência" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the " +#~ "code (but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://" +#~ "rust-analyzer.github.io/))." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nós sugerimos a utilização do [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) " +#~ "para editar o código (mas qualquer editor LSP - _Language Server " +#~ "Protocol_ - funciona com o rust-analyzer[3](https://rust-analyzer.github." +#~ "io/))." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/" +#~ "clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own " +#~ "tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://" +#~ "www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 " +#~ "debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Algumas pessoas também gostam de usar a família de IDEs [JetBrains]" +#~ "(https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/), que fazem suas próprias análises, mas " +#~ "têm suas próprias vantagens e desvantagens. Se você preferi-las, pode " +#~ "instalar o [Plugin Rust](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Observe que, a " +#~ "partir de Janeiro de 2023, a depuração funciona apenas na versão CLion do " +#~ "pacote JetBrains IDEA." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based " +#~ "memory management, and garbage collection." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Gerenciamento de memória: pilha versus heap, gerenciamento de memória " +#~ "manual, gerenciamento de memória baseado em escopo e _garbage collection_ " +#~ "(coleta de lixo)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "_Ownership_ (posse): semântica de _move_, cópia e clonagem, _borrow_ " +#~ "(empréstimo) e _lifetime_ (tempo de vida)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to " +#~ "speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a " +#~ "major feature and we should show students this right away." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A ideia para o primeiro dia é mostrar _apenas o suficiente_ de Rust para " +#~ "poder falar sobre o famoso _borrow checker_ (verificador de empréstimos). " +#~ "A maneira como o Rust lida com a memória é uma característica importante " +#~ "e devemos mostrar isso aos alunos imediatamente." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over " +#~ "the schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the " +#~ "slides):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se você estiver ensinando isso em uma sala de aula, este é um bom lugar " +#~ "para repassar o cronograma. Sugerimos dividir o dia em duas partes " +#~ "(seguindo os slides):" + +#~ msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00," +#~ msgstr "Manhã: 9h às 12h," + +#~ msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00." +#~ msgstr "Tarde: 13h às 16h." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include " +#~ "breaks, we recommend a break every hour!" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "É claro que você pode ajustar isso conforme necessário. Certifique-se de " +#~ "incluir pausas, recomendamos uma a cada hora!" + +#~ msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Aqui está um pequeno programa de exemplo em Rust:" + +#~ msgid "// Program entry point\n" +#~ msgstr "// Ponto de entrada do programa\n" + +#~ msgid "// Mutable variable binding\n" +#~ msgstr "// Atribuição de uma variável mutável\n" + +#~ msgid "\"{x}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{x}\"" + +#~ msgid "// Macro for printing, like printf\n" +#~ msgstr "// Macro para escrever na tela, como printf\n" + +#~ msgid "\" -> {x}\"" +#~ msgstr "\" -> {x}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop " +#~ "will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with " +#~ "different inputs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O código implementa a conjectura de Collatz: acredita-se que o loop " +#~ "sempre termina, mas isso ainda não está provado. Edite o código e tente " +#~ "diferentes entradas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to " +#~ "trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime " +#~ "integer overflow." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Explique que todas as variáveis tipadas estaticamente. Tente remover " +#~ "`i32` para acionar a inferência de tipo. Em vez disso, tente com `i8` e " +#~ "cause um estouro de número inteiro (_integer overflow_) em tempo de " +#~ "execução." + +#~ msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error." +#~ msgstr "Altere `let mut x` para `let x`, discuta o erro do compilador." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match " +#~ "the format string." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mostre como `print!` cause um erro de compilação se os argumentos não " +#~ "corresponderem à string de formato." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an " +#~ "expression which is more complex than just a single variable." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mostre como você precisa usar `{}` como um espaço reservado se quiser " +#~ "imprimir uma expressão que seja mais complexa do que apenas uma única " +#~ "variável." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::" +#~ "fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important " +#~ "that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mostre aos alunos a biblioteca padrão (_standard library_), mostre como " +#~ "pesquisar `std::fmt`, o qual possui as regras da mini-linguagem de " +#~ "formatação. É importante que os alunos se familiarizem com pesquisas na " +#~ "biblioteca padrão." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::" +#~ "fmt documentation" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Em um shell `rustup doc std::fmt` abrirá um navegador na documentação " +#~ "std::fmt local." + +#~ msgid "Compile time memory safety." +#~ msgstr "Segurança de memória em tempo de compilação." + +#~ msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior." +#~ msgstr "Sem comportamento indefinido em tempo de execução." + +#~ msgid "Modern language features." +#~ msgstr "Recursos de linguagem de programação modernas." + +#~ msgid "Static memory management at compile time:" +#~ msgstr "Gerenciamento de memória estática em tempo de compilação:" + +#~ msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)." +#~ msgstr "Sem vazamentos de memória (_quase_, veja as notas)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "É possível produzir vazamentos de memória no Rust (seguro). Alguns " +#~ "exemplos são:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box." +#~ "html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get " +#~ "runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode usar [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct." +#~ "Box.html#method.leak) para vazar um ponteiro. Um uso para isso poderia " +#~ "ser para obter variáveis estáticas inicializadas e dimensionadas em tempo " +#~ "de execução" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." +#~ "forget.html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the " +#~ "destructor is never run)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode usar [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn." +#~ "forget.html) para fazer o compilador \"esquecer\" sobre um valor (o que " +#~ "significa que o destrutor nunca é executado)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você também pode criar acidentalmente uma [referência cíclica](https://" +#~ "doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) com `Rc` ou `Arc`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory " +#~ "leak and Rust does not protect from those." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Na verdade, alguns considerarão que preencher infinitamente uma coleção " +#~ "(estruturas de dados) seja um vazamento de memória e o Rust não protege " +#~ "disso." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood " +#~ "as \"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para o propósito deste curso, \"Sem vazamentos de memória\" deve ser " +#~ "entendido como \"Praticamente sem vazamentos de memória _acidentais_\"." + +#~ msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:" +#~ msgstr "Nenhum comportamento indefinido em tempo de execução:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time " +#~ "flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the " +#~ "program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get " +#~ "panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode " +#~ "(`cargo build --release`)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O estouro de números inteiros é definido por meio da _flag_ [`overflow-" +#~ "checks`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index." +#~ "html#overflow-checks) em tempo de compilação. Se habilitada, o programa " +#~ "causará um pânico (uma falha controlada do programa). Caso contrário, " +#~ "será usada a semântica _wrap-around_. Por padrão, você obtém pânicos em " +#~ "modo de depuração (`cargo build`) e _wrap-around_ em modo de produção " +#~ "(`cargo build --release`)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not " +#~ "be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows " +#~ "you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do " +#~ "bounds checking." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A verificação de limites (\"_bounds checking_\") não pode ser desativada " +#~ "com uma _flag_ do compilador. Ela também não pode ser desativada " +#~ "diretamente com a palavra-chave `unsafe`. No entanto, `unsafe` permite " +#~ "que você chame funções como `slice::get_unchecked` que não faz " +#~ "verificação de limites." + +#~ msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O Rust é construído com toda a experiência adquirida nas últimas décadas." + +#~ msgid "Language Features" +#~ msgstr "Características da Linguagem" + +#~ msgid "Tooling" +#~ msgstr "Ferramentas" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to " +#~ "'pay' for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For " +#~ "example, writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low " +#~ "level instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Abstrações de custo zero, semelhantes ao C++, significa que você não " +#~ "precisa 'pagar' por construções de programação de alto nível com memória " +#~ "ou CPU. Por exemplo, escrever um loop usando `for` deve resultar " +#~ "aproximadamente no mesmo nível de instruções de baixo nível quanto usar a " +#~ "construção `.iter().fold()`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', " +#~ "also known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things " +#~ "like `Option` and `Result`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pode valer a pena mencionar que Rust enums são 'Tipos de Dados " +#~ "Algébricos' ('_Algebraic Data Types_'), também conhecidos como 'tipos de " +#~ "soma', que permitem que o sistema de tipos expresse coisas como " +#~ "`Option` e `Result`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to " +#~ "ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more " +#~ "talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with " +#~ "_actionable_ feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Lembre as pessoas de lerem os erros --- muitos desenvolvedores se " +#~ "acostumaram ignore as longas mensagens do compilador. O compilador Rust é " +#~ "significativamente mais \"verbal\" do que outros compiladores. Muitas " +#~ "vezes, ele lhe fornecerá sugestões _práticas_, prontas para copiar e " +#~ "colar em seu código." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, " +#~ "Python, and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider " +#~ "standard and essential:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A biblioteca padrão do Rust (_Rust standard library_) é pequena comparada " +#~ "a linguagens como Java, Python e Go. Rust não vem com várias coisas que " +#~ "você pode considerar padrão e essencial:" + +#~ msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "um gerador de números aleatórios, mas veja [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)." + +#~ msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "suporte para SSL ou TLS, mas consulte [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)." + +#~ msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "suporte para JSON, mas consulte [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library " +#~ "cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the " +#~ "Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and " +#~ "perhaps there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O raciocínio por trás disso é que funcionalidade na biblioteca padrão não " +#~ "pode ser descartada, portanto ela tem que ser muito estável. Para os " +#~ "exemplos acima, a comunidade do Rust ainda está trabalhando para " +#~ "encontrar a melhor solução --- e talvez não exista uma única \"melhor " +#~ "solução\" para algumas dessas coisas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this " +#~ "makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A " +#~ "consequence of this is that the standard library can be smaller." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust vem com um gerenciador de pacotes embutido na forma de Cargo e isso " +#~ "torna trivial baixar e compilar _crates_ de terceiros. Uma consequência " +#~ "disso é que a biblioteca padrão pode ser menor." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates " +#~ "to find a good and trusted one." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Descobrir bons _crates_ de terceiros pode ser um problema. Sites como " +#~ " ajudam com isso, permitindo que você compare métricas " +#~ "de _crates_ para encontrar um bom e confiável." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP " +#~ "implementation used in major IDEs and text editors." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) é uma implementação LSP " +#~ "bem suportada usada pelas principais IDEs e editores de texto." + +#~ msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" +#~ msgstr "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`" + +#~ msgid "r#\"link\"#" +#~ msgstr "r#\"link\"#" + +#~ msgid "\"link\"" +#~ msgstr "\"link\"" + +#~ msgid "b\"abc\"" +#~ msgstr "b\"abc\"" + +#~ msgid "\"1st index: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"1º índice: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"2nd index: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"2º índice: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:" +#~ msgstr "Como C++, o Rust tem referências:" + +#~ msgid "Some notes:" +#~ msgstr "Algumas notas:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ " +#~ "pointers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Devemos desreferenciar `ref_x` ao atribuí-lo um valor, semelhante à " +#~ "ponteiros em C e C++." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values " +#~ "over their lifetime." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "As referências que são declaradas como `mut` podem ser vinculadas a " +#~ "diferentes valores ao longo de seu tempo de vida." + +#~ msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Diz-se que uma referência \"pega emprestado\" o valor a que se refere." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " +#~ "enough." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust está rastreando os tempos de vida de todas as referências para " +#~ "garantir que elas durem o suficiente." + +#~ msgid "`String` vs `str`" +#~ msgstr "`String` vs `str`" + +#~ msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Agora podemos entender os dois tipos de strings em Rust:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " +#~ "selection." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode emprestar _slices_ `&str` de `String` através do operador `&` " +#~ "e, opcionalmente, selecionar um _range_ (\"intervalo\")." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" +#~ "Fizz_buzz) interview question:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Uma versão em Rust da famosa pergunta de entrevistas [FizzBuzz](https://" +#~ "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz):" + +#~ msgid "\"fizz\"" +#~ msgstr "\"fizz\"" + +#~ msgid "\"buzz\"" +#~ msgstr "\"buzz\"" + +#~ msgid "\"{n}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{n}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"{fizz}{buzz}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{fizz}{buzz}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward " +#~ "declarations nor headers are necessary. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nos referimos em `main` a uma função escrita abaixo. Nem declarações " +#~ "prévias e nem cabeçalhos são necessários." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains " +#~ "`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A expressão de intervalo no loop `for` em `imprimir_fizzbuzz_para()` " +#~ "contém `=n`, o que faz com que inclua o limite superior." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Todos os itens da linguagem podem ser documentados com a sintaxe especial " +#~ "`///`." + +#~ msgid "// Corner case, early return\n" +#~ msgstr "// Caso excepcional, retorne antes\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but " +#~ "in real code they should be present." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Este curso não inclui o rustdoc nos slides, apenas para economizar " +#~ "espaço, mas em código real eles devem estar presentes." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need " +#~ "not be addressed here." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Os comentários internos do documento são discutidos posteriormente (na " +#~ "página sobre módulos) e não precisam ser ser abordados aqui." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using " +#~ "`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../" +#~ "testing/doc-tests.html)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Os comentários do Rustdoc podem conter trechos de código-fonte, que podem " +#~ "ser executados e testados por meio de `cargo test`. Nós discutiremos " +#~ "estes testes na [seção de Testes](../testing/doc-tests.html)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a " +#~ "method is an instance of the type it is associated with:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Métodos são funções associadas a um tipo específico. O primeiro argumento " +#~ "(`self`) de um método é uma instância do tipo ao qual está associado:" + +#~ msgid "\"old area: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"area antiga: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"new area: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"nova area: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's " +#~ "class." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Veremos muito mais sobre métodos no exercício de hoje e na aula de amanhã." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:110 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:134 -msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Adicione um método estático chamado `Retangulo::new` e o chame a partir " +#~ "de `main`:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:112 -msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static " +#~ "methods are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The " +#~ "actual constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called " +#~ "directly. See the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/" +#~ "constructors.html)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Enquanto _tecnicamente_, o Rust não possui construtores customizados, " +#~ "métodos estáticos são normalmente usados para inicializar _structs_ " +#~ "(embora não sejam necessários). The construtor propriamente dito, " +#~ "`Retangulo { largura, altura }`, poderia ser chamado diretamente. Veja o " +#~ "[Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:136 -msgid "// ANCHOR: main_end\n" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such " +#~ "static methods can take arbitrary parameters." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Adicione um construtor `Retangulo::novo_quadrado(largura: u32)` para " +#~ "demonstrar que tais métodos estáticos podem ter parâmetros arbitrários." + +#~ msgid "Function Overloading" +#~ msgstr "Sobrecarga de Funções" + +#~ msgid "Overloading is not supported:" +#~ msgstr "Sobrecarga não é suportada:" + +#~ msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters." +#~ msgstr "Sempre tem um número fixo de parâmetros." + +#~ msgid "Default values are not supported:" +#~ msgstr "Valores padrão não são suportados:" + +#~ msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments." +#~ msgstr "Todos as chamadas têm o mesmo número de argumentos." + +#~ msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative." +#~ msgstr "Às vezes macros são utilizadas como alternativa." + +#~ msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:" +#~ msgstr "No entanto, os parâmetros da função podem ser tipos genéricos:" + +#~ msgid "\"coin toss: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"lance da moeda: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"heads\"" +#~ msgstr "\"cara\"" + +#~ msgid "\"tails\"" +#~ msgstr "\"coroa\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When using generics, the standard library's `Into` can provide a kind " +#~ "of limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a " +#~ "later section." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ao usar tipos genéricos, o `Into` da biblioteca padrão pode fornecer " +#~ "um tipo de polimorfismo limitado nos tipos de argumento. Veremos mais " +#~ "detalhes em uma seção posterior." + +#~ msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 1: Exercícios Matinais" + +#~ msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Nestes exercícios, vamos explorar duas partes do Rust:" + +#~ msgid "Implicit conversions between types." +#~ msgstr "Conversões implícitas entre tipos." + +#~ msgid "Arrays and `for` loops." +#~ msgstr "Matrizes (_Arrays_) e _loops_ (laços) `for`." + +#~ msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:" +#~ msgstr "Algumas coisas a considerar ao resolver os exercícios:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-" +#~ "completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo." +#~ "md) for details on installing Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se possível, use uma instalação local do Rust. Desta forma, você pode " +#~ "obter preenchimento automático em seu editor. Veja a página sobre " +#~ "[Utilização do Cargo](../../cargo.md) para detalhes sobre instalação do " +#~ "Rust." + +#~ msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground." +#~ msgstr "Alternativamente, utilize o Rust Playground." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets " +#~ "lose their state if you navigate away from the page." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Os trechos de código não são editáveis de propósito: os trechos de código " +#~ "embutidos perdem seu estado se você sair da página." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types " +#~ "([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" +#~ "implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust não aplicará automaticamente _conversões implícitas_ entre os tipos " +#~ "([ao contrário de C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/" +#~ "implicit_conversion)). Você pode ver isso em um programa como este:" + +#~ msgid "\"{x} * {y} = {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{x} * {y} = {}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Rust integer types all implement the [`From`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between " +#~ "them. The `From` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the " +#~ "`Into` trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits " +#~ "is how a type expresses that it can be converted into another type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Todos os tipos inteiros do Rust implementam os _traits_ [`From`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) e [`Into`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) para nos deixar " +#~ "converter entre eles. O trait `From` tem um único método `from()` e da " +#~ "mesma forma, o trait `Into` tem um único método `into()`. A " +#~ "implementação desses traits é como um tipo expressa que pode ser " +#~ "convertido em outro tipo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The standard library has an implementation of `From for i16`, which " +#~ "means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by " +#~ "calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From " +#~ "for i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of " +#~ "`Into for i8`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A biblioteca padrão tem uma implementação de `From for i16`, o que " +#~ "significa que podemos converter uma variável `x` do tipo `i8` para um " +#~ "`i16` chamando `i16::from(x)`. Ou, mais simples, com `x.into()`, porque a " +#~ "implementação `From for i16` cria automaticamente uma implementação " +#~ "de `Into for i8`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, " +#~ "so it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` " +#~ "implementation automatically." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O mesmo se aplica às suas próprias implementações de `From` para seus " +#~ "próprios tipos, logo é suficiente implementar apenas `From` para obter " +#~ "uma respectiva implementação `Into` automaticamente." + +#~ msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error." +#~ msgstr "Execute o programa acima e observe o erro de compilação." + +#~ msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Atualize o código acima para utilizar `into()` para fazer a conversão." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, " +#~ "`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try " +#~ "converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the " +#~ "[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/" +#~ "trait.From.html) to see if `From` is implemented for the pairs you " +#~ "check." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mude os tipos de `x` e `y` para outros tipos (como `f32`, `bool`, `i128`) " +#~ "para ver quais tipos você pode converter para quais outros tipos. " +#~ "Experimente converter tipos pequenos em tipos grandes e vice-versa. " +#~ "Verifique a [documentação da biblioteca padrão](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "std/convert/trait.From.html) para ver se `From` está implementado para " +#~ "os pares que você verificar." + +#~ msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops" +#~ msgstr "Matrizes (_Arrays_) e _Loops_ (Laços) `for`" + +#~ msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:" +#~ msgstr "Vimos que uma matriz pode ser declarada assim:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with " +#~ "`{:?}`:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode imprimir tal matriz solicitando sua representação de depuração " +#~ "com `{:?}`:" + +#~ msgid "\"array: {array:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"matriz: {array:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` " +#~ "keyword:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Rust permite iterar em coisas como matrizes e _ranges_ (faixas ou " +#~ "intervalos) usando a palavra-chave `for`:" + +#~ msgid "\"Iterating over array:\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Iterando sobre a matriz:\"" + +#~ msgid "\" {n}\"" +#~ msgstr "\" {n}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Iterating over range:\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Iterando sobre um range:\"" + +#~ msgid "\" {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\" {}\"" + +#~ msgid "Bonus Question" +#~ msgstr "Pergunta Bônus" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for " +#~ "your argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-" +#~ "dimensional slice-of-slices. Why or why not?" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você poderia usar slices `&[i32]` em vez de matrizes 3 × 3 fixas no " +#~ "código para o seu argumento e tipos de retorno? Algo como `&[&[i32]]` " +#~ "para um slice-de-slices bidimensional. Por que sim ou por que não?" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production " +#~ "quality implementation." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Veja o crate [`ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) para uma implementação " +#~ "de produção." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the " +#~ "[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A solução e a resposta para a seção de bônus estão disponíveis na Seção " +#~ "[Soluções](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle " +#~ "preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O uso da referência `&matriz` em `for n in &matriz` é uma prévia sutil " +#~ "das questões de propriedade que surgirão à tarde." + +#~ msgid "Without the `&`..." +#~ msgstr "Sem o `&`..." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change " +#~ "[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/" +#~ "rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O loop teria sido o que consome a matriz. Esta é uma mudança [introduzida " +#~ "na Edição de 2021](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/rust-2021/" +#~ "IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "An implicit array copy would have occured. Since `i32` is a copy type, " +#~ "then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Uma cópia implícita da matriz teria ocorrido. Como `i32` é um tipo de " +#~ "cópia (_copy type_), então `[i32; 3]` também é um tipo de cópia." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the " +#~ "types less and less as the course progresses." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Devido à inferência de tipos, o `i32` é opcional. Gradualmente " +#~ "mostraremos os tipos cada vez menos à medida que o curso progride." + +#~ msgid "\"u32: {x}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"u32: {x}\"" + +#~ msgid "// takes_u32(y);\n" +#~ msgstr "// recebe_u32(y);\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic " +#~ "container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, " +#~ "using `_` as a placeholder:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O código a seguir informa ao compilador para copiar para um determinado " +#~ "contêiner genérico sem que o código especifique explicitamente o tipo " +#~ "contido, usando `_` como _placeholder_:" + +#~ msgid "\"vv: {vv:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"vv: {vv:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" +#~ "HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator." +#~ "html#method.collect) depende de [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang." +#~ "org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), que [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-" +#~ "lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-" +#~ "HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implementa." + +#~ msgid "Static and Constant Variables" +#~ msgstr "Variáveis Estáticas e Constantes" + +#~ msgid "\"Digest: {digest:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Resumo: {digest:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse " +#~ "memory locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if " +#~ "the type does not change." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O código a seguir demonstra por que o compilador não pode simplesmente " +#~ "reutilizar locais de memória ao sobrepor uma variável imutável em um " +#~ "escopo, mesmo que o tipo não seja alterado." + +#~ msgid "\"{a} {b}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{a} {b}\"" + +#~ msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works." +#~ msgstr "Primeiro, vamos rever como funciona o gerenciamento de memória." + +#~ msgid "The Stack vs The Heap" +#~ msgstr "A Pilha (_Stack_) vs O _Heap_" + +#~ msgid "Stack and Heap Example" +#~ msgstr "Exemplo de Pilha e _Heap_" + +#~ msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself." +#~ msgstr "Você mesmo aloca e desaloca memória no heap." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security " +#~ "vulnerabilities, and memory leaks." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se isto não for feito com cuidado, travamentos, bugs, vulnerabilidades de " +#~ "segurança e vazamentos de memória podem ocorrer." + +#~ msgid "C Example" +#~ msgstr "Exemplo em C" + +#~ msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:" +#~ msgstr "Você deve chamar `free` em cada ponteiro que alocar com `malloc`:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "//\n" +#~ " // ... lots of code\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "//\n" +#~ " // ... várias linhas de código\n" +#~ " //\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and " +#~ "`free`: the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, " +#~ "freeing the pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to " +#~ "exploitable security vulnerabilities." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Memória é vazada se a função retornar mais cedo entre `malloc` e `free`: " +#~ "o ponteiro é perdido e não podemos liberar a memória. Pior ainda, " +#~ "liberando o ponteiro duas vezes, ou acessando um ponteiro já liberado " +#~ "pode levar a vulnerabilidades de segurança." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Construtores e destrutores permitem que o tempo de vida de um objeto seja " +#~ "rastreado." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object " +#~ "is destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an " +#~ "exception is raised." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ao envolver um ponteiro em um objeto, você pode liberar memória quando o " +#~ "objeto é destruído. O compilador garante que isso aconteça, mesmo que uma " +#~ "exceção seja lançada." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and " +#~ "gives you smart pointers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Isso geralmente é chamado de _aquisição de recursos é inicialização_ " +#~ "(_Resource Acquisition Is Initialization_, RAII) e fornece ponteiros " +#~ "inteligentes (_smart pointers_)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to " +#~ "memory allocated on the heap." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O objeto `std::unique_ptr` é alocado na pilha e aponta para memória " +#~ "alocada no heap." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "No final de `diga_ola`, o destrutor `std::unique_ptr` será executado." + +#~ msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to." +#~ msgstr "O destrutor libera o objeto `Pessoa` para o qual ele aponta." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Construtores especiais de movimento (_move_) são usados ao passar o " +#~ "_\"ownership\"_ para uma função:" + +#~ msgid "\"Carla\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Carla\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic " +#~ "memory management:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Uma alternativa ao gerenciamento de memória manual e baseado em escopo é " +#~ "o gerenciamento automático de memória:" + +#~ msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly." +#~ msgstr "O programador nunca aloca ou desaloca memória explicitamente." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the " +#~ "programmer." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Um \"coletor de lixo\" (_garbage collector_) encontra memória não " +#~ "utilizada e a desaloca para o programador." + +#~ msgid "Java Example" +#~ msgstr "Exemplo em Java" + +#~ msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:" +#~ msgstr "O objeto `pessoa` não é desalocado depois que `digaOla` retorna:" + +#~ msgid "Memory Management in Rust" +#~ msgstr "Gerenciamento de Memória no Rust" + +#~ msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:" +#~ msgstr "O gerenciamento de memória no Rust é uma combinação:" + +#~ msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector." +#~ msgstr "Seguro e correto como Java, mas sem um coletor de lixo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you " +#~ "choose, can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically " +#~ "reference counted." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Dependendo de qual abstração (ou combinação de abstrações) você escolher, " +#~ "pode ser um simples ponteiro único, referência contada ou referência " +#~ "atomicamente contada." + +#~ msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence." +#~ msgstr "Baseado em escopo como C++, mas o compilador impõe adesão total." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even " +#~ "have no cost at runtime like C." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Um usuário do Rust pode escolher a abstração certa para a situação, " +#~ "algumas até sem custo em tempo de execução como C." + +#~ msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O Rust consegue isso modelando o _ownership_ (posse) explicitamente." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually " +#~ "handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" +#~ "boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct." +#~ "Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate " +#~ "ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the " +#~ "potential errors in C." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Neste ponto, se perguntado como, você pode mencionar que em Rust isso " +#~ "geralmente é tratado por _wrappers_ (invólucros) RAII tais como [Box]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc." +#~ "rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "std/rc/struct.Rc.html) ou [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct." +#~ "Arc.html). Eles encapsulam a propriedade (ownership) e a alocação de " +#~ "memória por vários meios e previnem os erros possíveis em C." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang." +#~ "org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Aqui você pode ser perguntado sobre destrutores, o _trait_ [Drop](https://" +#~ "doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) é o equivalente em Rust." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:145 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Aqui está uma comparação aproximada das técnicas de gerenciamento de " +#~ "memória." + +#~ msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques" +#~ msgstr "Vantagens de Diferentes Técnicas de Gerenciamento de Memória" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149 -msgid "`pl031.rs`:" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Manual like C:" +#~ msgstr "Manual como C:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:170 -msgid "/// Data register\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "No runtime overhead." +#~ msgstr "Nenhuma sobrecarga em tempo de execução." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:172 -msgid "/// Match register\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Automatic like Java:" +#~ msgstr "Automático como Java:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:174 -msgid "/// Load register\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Fully automatic." +#~ msgstr "Totalmente automatizado." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:176 -msgid "/// Control register\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Safe and correct." +#~ msgstr "Seguro e correto." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:179 -msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Scope-based like C++:" +#~ msgstr "Baseado em escopo como C++:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:182 -msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Partially automatic." +#~ msgstr "Parcialmente automático." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:185 -msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Baseado em escopo imposto pelo compilador como Rust:" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:188 -msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Enforced by compiler." +#~ msgstr "Imposto pelo compilador." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:192 -msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques" +#~ msgstr "Desvantagens de Diferentes Técnicas de Gerenciamento de Memória" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:200 -msgid "" -"/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" -" /// given base address.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// # Safety\n" -" ///\n" -" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of " -"a\n" -" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the " -"process\n" -" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Use-after-free." +#~ msgstr "Uso após a liberação (_use-after-free_)." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:214 -msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Double-frees." +#~ msgstr "Liberações duplas (_double-frees_)." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:216 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:224 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:232 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:243 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:255 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:262 -msgid "" -"// Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n" -" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Memory leaks." +#~ msgstr "Vazamentos de memória." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:221 -msgid "" -"/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" -" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Garbage collection pauses." +#~ msgstr "Pausas para coleta de lixo." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:229 -msgid "" -"/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " -"not\n" -" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Destructor delays." +#~ msgstr "Atrasos na execução de destrutores." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:238 -msgid "" -"/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n" -" /// interrupt is masked.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer (on C++)." +#~ msgstr "Complexo, o programador deve optar em utilizá-las." -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:249 -msgid "" -"/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" -" ///\n" -" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false " -"the\n" -" /// interrupt is disabled.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Circular references can lead to memory leaks" +#~ msgstr "Referências circulares podem causar vazamentos de memória" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:260 -msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Potential runtime overhead" +#~ msgstr "Potencial impacto negativo em desempenho em tempo de execução" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise" -msgstr "Dia 3 Exercício matinal" +#~ msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:" +#~ msgstr "Imposto pelo compilador e baseado em escopo como Rust:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5 -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](dining-philosophers.md))" +#~ msgid "Some upfront complexity." +#~ msgstr "Alguma complexidade inicial." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:21 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:21 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Can reject valid programs." +#~ msgstr "Pode rejeitar programas válidos." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:31 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:32 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"x: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"x: {}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:36 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:37 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"y: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"y: {}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:44 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:45 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources." +#~ msgstr "Um destrutor pode ser executado aqui para liberar recursos." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:46 -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:47 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Há sempre _exatamente_ uma associação de variável que possui (\"_owns_\") " +#~ "um valor." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:48 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`." +#~ msgstr "Os dados no heap de `s1` são reutilizados para `s2`." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:49 -msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)." +#~ msgstr "Quando `s1` sai do escopo, nada acontece (foi movido dele)." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:53 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++" +#~ msgstr "Trabalho Extra em C++ Moderno" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:63 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"p2: {p2:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"p2: {p2:?}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:75 -msgid "" -"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a " +#~ "way to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default " +#~ "implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se os alunos perguntarem sobre `derive`, basta dizer que isto é uma forma " +#~ "de gerar código em Rust em tempo de compilação. Nesse caso, as " +#~ "implementações padrão dos traits `Copy` e `Clone` são geradas." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:99 -msgid "\"{thought}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:104 #, fuzzy -msgid "Link Checker" -msgstr "Verificador de links _multi-threads_" +#~ msgid "\"&p.0: {:p}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"&p3.0: {:p}\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:106 #, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "\"&p3.0: {:p}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:" +#~ msgstr "Um valor emprestado tem um _tempo de vida_ (_lifetime_):" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O tempo de vida pode ser implícito: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> " +#~ "Point`." + +#~ msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tempos de vida também podem ser explícitos: `&'a Point`, `&'documento " +#~ "str`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the " +#~ "lifetime `a`\"." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Leia `&'a Point` como \"um `Point` emprestado que é válido por pelo menos " +#~ "o tempo de vida `a`\"." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a " +#~ "lifetime yourself." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tempos de vida são sempre inferidos pelo compilador: você não pode " +#~ "atribuir um tempo de vida você mesmo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed " +#~ "value:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Além de emprestar seus argumentos, uma função pode retornar um valor " +#~ "emprestado:" + +#~ msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler." +#~ msgstr "`'a` é um parâmetro genérico, ele é inferido pelo compilador." + +#~ msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name." +#~ msgstr "Os tempos de vida começam com `'` e `'a` é um name padrão típico." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A parte _pelo menos_ é importante quando os parâmetros estão em escopos " +#~ "diferentes." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), " +#~ "resulting in the following code:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mova a declaração de `p2` e `p3` para um novo escopo (`{ ... }`), " +#~ "resultando no seguinte código:" + +#~ msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`." +#~ msgstr "Note como isto não compila uma vez que `p3` vive mais que `p2`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn " +#~ "left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will " +#~ "not compile because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` " +#~ "is unclear." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Reinicie o espaço de trabalho e altere a assinatura da função para `fn " +#~ "left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. Isso não " +#~ "será compilado porque a relação entre os tempos de vida `'a` e `'b` não é " +#~ "clara." + +#~ msgid "Another way to explain it:" +#~ msgstr "Outra forma de explicar:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function " +#~ "returns another reference." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Duas referências a dois valores são emprestadas por uma função e a função " +#~ "retorna outra referência." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global " +#~ "variable)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ela deve ter vindo de uma dessas duas entradas (ou de uma variável " +#~ "global)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the " +#~ "returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the " +#~ "reference came from." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "De qual? O compilador precisa saber, de forma que no local da chamada a " +#~ "referência retornada não seja usada por mais tempo do que uma variável de " +#~ "onde veio a referência." + +#~ msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 1: Exercícios da Tarde" + +#~ msgid "We will look at two things:" +#~ msgstr "Nós iremos ver duas coisas:" + +#~ msgid "A small book library," +#~ msgstr "Uma pequena biblioteca literária," + +#~ msgid "Iterators and ownership (hard)." +#~ msgstr "Iteradores e _ownership_ (difícil)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec` type tomorrow. For " +#~ "now, you just need to know part of its API:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Nós iremos aprender muito mais sobre _structs_ e o tipo `Vec` amanhã. " +#~ "Por hora, você só precisa conhecer parte de sua API:" + +#~ msgid "\"middle value: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"valor do meio: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"item: {item}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"item: {item}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to " +#~ " and update the types to make it compile:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Use isto para modelar uma coleção de livros de uma biblioteca. Copie o " +#~ "código abaixo para e atualize os tipos para " +#~ "compilar:" + +#~ msgid "// This is a constructor, used below.\n" +#~ msgstr "// Este é um construtor, utilizado abaixo.\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n" +#~ "// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n" +#~ "//\n" +#~ "// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n" +#~ "// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n" +#~ "// - `self` for unique access by value.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Implemente os métodos abaixo. Atualize o parâmetro `self` para\n" +#~ "// indicar o nível requerido de ownership sobre o objeto:\n" +#~ "//\n" +#~ "// - `&self` para acesso compartilhado de apenas leitura,\n" +#~ "// - `&mut self` para acesso mutável exclusivo,\n" +#~ "// - `self` para acesso exclusivo por valor.\n" + +#~ msgid "\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Inicialize e retorne um valor `Biblioteca`\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "//fn len(self) -> usize {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "//fn tamanho(self) -> usize {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Retorne o tamanho de `self.livros`\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "//fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "//fn esta_vazia(self) -> bool {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Retorne `true` se `self.livros` for vazio\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "//fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "//fn adicionar_livro(self, book: Livro) {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Adicione um novo livro em `self.livros`\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "//fn print_books(self) {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and " +#~ "year\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "//fn imprimir_livros(self) {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Itere sobre `self.livros` e sobre o título e ano de " +#~ "cada livro\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "//fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "//fn livro_mais_antigo(self) -> Option<&Livro> {\n" +#~ " // todo!(\"Retorne uma referência para o livro mais antigo (se " +#~ "houver)\")\n" +#~ " //}\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n" +#~ "// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n" +#~ "// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n" +#~ "// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Isto demonstra o comportamento esperado. Descomente o código abaixo e\n" +#~ "// implemente os métodos que faltam. Você precisará atualizar as\n" +#~ "// assinaturas dos métodos, incluindo o parâmetro \"self\"! Você talvez\n" +#~ "// precise atualizar as atribuições de variável dentro de `main()`.\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "//println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library." +#~ "is_empty());\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n" +#~ " //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", " +#~ "1865));\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> " +#~ "{}\", library.is_empty());\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //library.print_books();\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //match library.oldest_book() {\n" +#~ " // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n" +#~ " // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n" +#~ " //}\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n" +#~ " //library.print_books();\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "//println!(\"A biblioteca está vazia: biblioteca.esta_vazia() -> {}\", " +#~ "biblioteca.esta_vazia());\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //biblioteca.adicionar_livro(Livro::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", " +#~ "1954));\n" +#~ " //biblioteca.adicionar_livro(Livro::new(\"Alice's Adventures in " +#~ "Wonderland\", 1865));\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //println!(\"The biblioteca não está mais vazia: biblioteca." +#~ "esta_vazia() -> {}\", biblioteca.esta_vazia());\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //biblioteca.imprimir_livros();\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //match biblioteca.livro_mais_antigo() {\n" +#~ " // Some(livro) => println!(\"O livro mais antigo é {}\", livro." +#~ "titulo),\n" +#~ " // None => println!(\"A biblioteca está vazia!\"),\n" +#~ " //}\n" +#~ " //\n" +#~ " //println!(\"The biblioteca tem {} livros\", biblioteca.tamanho());\n" +#~ " //biblioteca.imprimir_livros();\n" + +#~ msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" +#~ msgstr "[Soluções](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the " +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) traits." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O modelo de _ownership_ do Rust afeta muitas APIs. Um exemplo disso são " +#~ "os _traits_ [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait." +#~ "Iterator.html) e [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/" +#~ "trait.IntoIterator.html)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. " +#~ "The `Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get " +#~ "`None` back:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Os _traits_ são como interfaces: eles descrevem o comportamento (métodos) " +#~ "para um tipo. O _trait_ `Iterator` simplesmente diz que você pode chamar " +#~ "`next` até obter `None` como retorno:" + +#~ msgid "You use this trait like this:" +#~ msgstr "Você usa esse _trait_ da seguinte forma:" + +#~ msgid "\"v[0]: {:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"v[0]: {:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"v[1]: {:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"v[1]: {:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"v[2]: {:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"v[2]: {:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"No more items: {:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Sem mais itens: {:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:" +#~ msgstr "Qual é o tipo retornado pelo iterador? Teste sua resposta aqui:" + +#~ msgid "\"v0: {v0:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"v0: {v0:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "Why is this type used?" +#~ msgstr "Por que esse tipo?" + +#~ msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?" +#~ msgstr "Como antes, qual é o tipo retornado pelo iterador?" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` " +#~ "loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the " +#~ "resulting iterator:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Agora que conhecemos `Iterator` e `IntoIterator`, podemos construir loops " +#~ "`for`. Eles chamam `into_iter()` em uma expressão e itera sobre o " +#~ "iterador resultante:" + +#~ msgid "\"word: {word}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"palavra: {word}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator for &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl " +#~ "IntoIterator for Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec." +#~ "html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Experimente com o código acima e depois consulte a documentação para " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator para &Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) e " +#~ "[`impl IntoIterator para Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" +#~ "struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) para verificar " +#~ "suas respostas." + +#~ msgid "Structs, enums, methods." +#~ msgstr "Estruturas (structs), enumerações (enums), métodos (methods)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, " +#~ "and `continue`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Construtos de fluxo de controle: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, " +#~ "`break`, e `continue`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " +#~ "`Rc` and `Arc`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A Biblioteca Padrão: `String`, `Option` e `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, " +#~ "`Rc` e `Arc`." + +#~ msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Módulos: visibilidade, caminhos (paths), e hierarquia do sistema de " +#~ "arquivos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following " +#~ "slides." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Os métodos são definidos em um bloco _`impl`_, que veremos nos próximos " +#~ "slides." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is " +#~ "interchangeable with the struct type name" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A função `new` poderia ser escrita utilizando `Self` como tipo, já que " +#~ "ele é intercambiável com o nome da _struct_" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use " +#~ "the default values for the other fields." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Implemente a _trait_ `Default` (Padrão) para a _struct_. Defina alguns " +#~ "campos e utilize valores padrão para os demais." + +#~ msgid "\"Bot\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Robô\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Sam\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Sam\"" + +#~ msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block." +#~ msgstr "Métodos são definidos no bloco `impl`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note " +#~ "that the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Use a sintaxe de atualização de estruturas para definir uma nova `struct` " +#~ "usando `peter`. Note que a variável `peter` não será mais acessível após." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Utilize `{:#?}` para imprimir _structs_ utilizando a representação de " +#~ "depuração (`Debug`)." + +#~ msgid "// Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n" +#~ msgstr "// Implementação baseada em https://xkcd.com/221/\n" + +#~ msgid "// Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Escolhido por uma rolagem de dados justa. Garantido ser aleatório.\n" + +#~ msgid "\"You got: {:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Você tirou: {:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and " +#~ "`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Esta página oferece um tipo de _enum_ `MoedaJogada` com duas variantes " +#~ "`Cara` e `Coroa`. Você pode observar o _namespace_ ao usar variantes." + +#~ msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Em ambos, as funções associadas são definidas dentro de um bloco `impl`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then " +#~ "use the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode definir enums mais ricos onde as variantes carregam dados. Você " +#~ "pode então usar a instrução `match` (corresponder) para extrair os dados " +#~ "de cada variante:" + +#~ msgid "// Variant without payload\n" +#~ msgstr "// Variante sem conteúdo\n" + +#~ msgid "\"page loaded\"" +#~ msgstr "\"página carregada\"" + +#~ msgid "\"pressed '{c}'\"" +#~ msgstr "\"pressionou '{c}'\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There " +#~ "is no fall-through like in C or C++." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A expressão é comparada com os padrões de cima a baixo. Não existe _fall-" +#~ "through_ como em C ou C++." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the " +#~ "match arm which was executed." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A expressão _match_ possui um valor. O valor é o da última expressão " +#~ "executada em um \"braço\" do _match_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run " +#~ "the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Começando do topo, nós procuramos qual padrão corresponde ao valor, e " +#~ "então executamos o código após a flecha. Quando uma correspondência é " +#~ "encontrada, nós paramos. " + +#~ msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`." +#~ msgstr "`match` inspeciona um campo discriminant escondido na `enum`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::" +#~ "discriminant()`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "É possível recuperar o discriminante chamando `std::mem::discriminant()`" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs " +#~ "where comparing field values doesn't affect equality." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Isso é útil, por exemplo, ao implementar `PartialEq` para _structs_ nas " +#~ "quais comparar valores de campos não afeta a igualdade." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::" +#~ "Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined " +#~ "version cannot implement traits, for example." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`WebEvent::Click { ... }` não é exatamente o mesmo que `WebEvent::" +#~ "Click(Click)` com uma `struct Click { ... }` _top-level_. A versão no " +#~ "próprio local (_inline_) não permite implementar _traits_, por exemplo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into " +#~ "account:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Enums, em Rust, são agrupados de maneira compacta, levando em " +#~ "consideração restrições devido ao alinhamento:" + +#~ msgid "\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{}: tamanho {} bytes, alinhamento: {} bytes\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum " +#~ "variant." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Internamente Rust utiliza um campo (discriminante) para saber qual a " +#~ "variante da _enum_." + +#~ msgid "// 0\n" +#~ msgstr "// 0\n" + +#~ msgid "// 10001\n" +#~ msgstr "// 10001\n" + +#~ msgid "\"A: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"A: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"B: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"B: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"C: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"C: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "Try out other types such as" +#~ msgstr "Tente outros tipos como" + +#~ msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes," +#~ msgstr "`dbg_size!(bool)`: tamanho 1 bytes, alinhamento: 1 bytes," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(Option)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche " +#~ "optimization, see below)," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(Option)`: tamanho 1 bytes, alinhamento: 1 bytes " +#~ "(otimização de nicho, seja abaixo)," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine)," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: tamanho 8 bytes, alinhamento: 8 bytes (em uma máquina " +#~ "de 64-bits)," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer " +#~ "optimization, see below)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: tamanho 8 bytes, alinhamento: 8 bytes " +#~ "(otimização de ponteiro nulo, veja abaixo)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum " +#~ "discriminant." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Otimização de nicho: Rust vai mesclar padrões de bits não utilizados na " +#~ "discriminante da _enum_." + +#~ msgid "\"- {}: {:#x}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"- {}: {:#x}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n" +#~ " // representation of types.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// TOTALMENTE INSEGURO. Rust não oferece nenhuma garantia sobre a\n" +#~ " // representação dos tipos em bits.\n" + +#~ msgid "\"Bitwise representation of bool\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Representação em bits de booleano\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Bitwise representation of Option\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Representação em bits de Option\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Bitwise representation of Option>\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Representação em bits de Option>\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Representação em bits de Option<&i32>\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain " +#~ "more than 256 `Option`s together." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Exemplo mais complexo caso queira demonstrar o que acontece ao encadear " +#~ "mais de 256 `Option`s de uma vez." + +#~ msgid "\"1000\"" +#~ msgstr "\"1000\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" " +#~ "signs.\n" +#~ "// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "// Macro que envolve um valor em 2^n Some() no qual n é o número de " +#~ "\"@\".\n" +#~ "// É preciso aumentar o limite de recursão para aplicar essa macro.\n" + +#~ msgid "\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Representação em bits de uma sequência de 128 Option's.\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Representação em bits de uma sequência de 256 Option's.\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Representação em bits de uma sequência de 257 Option's.\"" + +#~ msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next." +#~ msgstr "Descreveremos a distinção entre os receptores de método a seguir." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". " +#~ "These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker " +#~ "rules, and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a " +#~ "struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method " +#~ "on it." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Considere enfatizar \"compartilhado e imutável\" e \"único e mutável\". " +#~ "Essas restrições sempre vêm juntos no Rust devido às regras do _Borrow " +#~ "Checker_ (verificador de empréstimo), e `self` não é uma exceção. Não " +#~ "será possível referenciar uma _struct_ de vários locais e chamar um " +#~ "método mutável (`&mut self`) nela." + +#~ msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver." +#~ msgstr "Todos os quatro métodos aqui usam um receptor de método diferente." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the " +#~ "variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode apontar como isso muda o que a função pode fazer com os valores " +#~ "das variáveis e se/como ela pode ser usada novamente na `main`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` " +#~ "twice." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode mostrar o erro que aparece ao tentar chamar `encerrar` duas " +#~ "vezes." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static " +#~ "functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables " +#~ "automatic referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust " +#~ "automatically adds in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches " +#~ "the method signature." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Observe que, embora os receptores do método sejam diferentes, as funções " +#~ "não estáticas são chamadas da mesma maneira no corpo principal. Rust " +#~ "permite referenciar e desreferenciar automaticamente ao chamar métodos. " +#~ "Rust adiciona automaticamente `&`, `*`, `muts` para que esse objeto " +#~ "corresponda à assinatura do método." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated " +#~ "over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode apontar que `imprimir_voltas` está usando um vetor e iterando " +#~ "sobre ele. Descreveremos os vetores com mais detalhes à tarde. " + +#~ msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value." +#~ msgstr "O padrão `_` é um padrão curinga que corresponde a qualquer valor." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a " +#~ "wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Pode ser útil mostrar como funciona a vinculação, por exemplo, " +#~ "substituindo um caractere curinga por uma variável ou removendo as aspas " +#~ "ao redor de `q`." + +#~ msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference." +#~ msgstr "Você pode demonstrar correspondência em uma referência." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable " +#~ "patterns, as the term can show up in error messages." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Este pode ser um bom momento para trazer à tona o conceito de padrões " +#~ "irrefutáveis, já que o termo pode aparecer em mensagens de erro." + +#~ msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:" +#~ msgstr "Você também pode desestruturar `structs`:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of " +#~ "fixed length." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Desestruturar _slices_ de tamanho desconhecido é possível utilizando " +#~ "padrões de tamanho fixo." + +#~ msgid "\"Tell me about {slice:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Fale-me sobre {slice:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary " +#~ "Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Ao verificar uma correspondência, você pode adicionar uma guarda " +#~ "(_guard_) para um padrão. É uma expressão Booleana arbitrária que será " +#~ "executada se o padrão corresponder:" + +#~ msgid "\"Tell me about {pair:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Fale-me sobre {pair:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"These are twins\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Estes são gêmeos\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"" + +#~ msgid "\"The first one is odd\"" +#~ msgstr "\"O primeiro é ímpar\"" + +#~ msgid "\"No correlation...\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Sem correlação...\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode usar as variáveis definidas no padrão em sua expressão `if`." + +#~ msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 2: Exercícios Matinais" + +#~ msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:" +#~ msgstr "Veremos a implementação de métodos em dois contextos:" + +#~ msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics." +#~ msgstr "Uma _struct_ simples que guarda estatísticas de saúde." + +#~ msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library." +#~ msgstr "Várias _structs_ e _enums_ para uma biblioteca de desenho." + +#~ msgid "Polygon Struct" +#~ msgstr "_Struct_ para Polígono" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the " +#~ "code below to and fill in the missing " +#~ "methods to make the tests pass:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vamos criar um _struct_ `Polygon` que contém alguns `Points`. Copie o " +#~ "código abaixo em e preencha os métodos que " +#~ "faltam para fazer os testes passarem:" + +#~ msgid "// add fields\n" +#~ msgstr "// adicione atributos\n" + +#~ msgid "// add methods\n" +#~ msgstr "// adicione métodos\n" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the " +#~ "key part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to " +#~ "modify the tests." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Como as assinaturas dos métodos estão faltando nas declarações do " +#~ "problema, a parte principal do exercício é especificá-las corretamente. " +#~ "Não é preciso modificar os testes." + +#~ msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:" +#~ msgstr "Outras partes interessante do exercício:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes " +#~ "don't borrow their arguments." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Derive um _trait_ `Copy` para algumas _structs_, já que em testes os " +#~ "métodos às vezes não emprestam seus argumentos." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be " +#~ "addable via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Descubra que o trait `Add` deve ser implementado para que dois objetos " +#~ "sejam adicionados via \"+\". Note que nós não discutimos _generics_ até o " +#~ "Dia 3." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to " +#~ "conditionally evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value " +#~ "which then becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow " +#~ "expressions work similarly in Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Como vimos, `if` é uma expressão em Rust. É usado para avaliar " +#~ "condicionalmente um de dois blocos, mas os blocos podem ter um valor que " +#~ "então se torna o valor da expressão `if`. Outras expressões de controle " +#~ "de fluxo funcionam de forma semelhante em Rust." + +#~ msgid "\"w: {w}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"w: {w}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"z: {z}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"z: {z}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is " +#~ "the return value:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A mesma regra é usada para funções: o valor do corpo da função é o valor " +#~ "de retorno:" + +#~ msgid "\"doubled: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"dobrado: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in " +#~ "Rust. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O objetivo deste slide é mostrar que os blocos têm um tipo e um valor em " +#~ "Rust." + +#~ msgid "\"Program name: {value}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Nome do programa: {value}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Missing name?\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Falta o nome?\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on " +#~ "patterns in Rust." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Consulte [correspondência de padrões (_pattern matching_)](../pattern-" +#~ "matching.md) para obter mais detalhes sobre padrões em Rust." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-" +#~ "example/flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a " +#~ "destructuring assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is " +#~ "required to abort normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/" +#~ "`continue`):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Desde 1.65, uma construção [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-" +#~ "example/flow_control/let_else) semelhante permite fazer uma atribuição de " +#~ "desestruturação, ou se falhar, ter um bloco de ramificação sem retorno " +#~ "(`panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):" + +#~ msgid "\"foo bar\"" +#~ msgstr "\"foo bar\"" + +#~ msgid "`for` loops" +#~ msgstr "Loops (Laços) `for`" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is " +#~ "closely related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It " +#~ "will automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate " +#~ "over it:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O loop `for` está intimamente relacionado com o [loop `while let`](while-" +#~ "let-expressions.md). Ele chamará automaticamente `into_iter()` na " +#~ "expressão e, em seguida, iterará sobre ela:" + +#~ msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual." +#~ msgstr "Aqui você pode usar `break` e `continue` como de costume." + +#~ msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A iteração de índice não é uma sintaxe especial no Rust apenas para esse " +#~ "caso." + +#~ msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`(0..10)` é um _range_ (intervalo) que implementa um trait `Iterator`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every " +#~ "other element. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`step_by` é um método que retorna outro `Iterator` que pula outros " +#~ "elementos alternadamente." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change " +#~ "vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Modifique os elementos no vetor e explique os erros de compilação. Altere " +#~ "o vetor `v` para ser mutável e o loop `for` para `for x in v.iter_mut()`." + +#~ msgid "`loop` expressions" +#~ msgstr "Expressões `loop`" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/" +#~ "expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Finalmente, há uma [palavra-chave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" +#~ "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) que cria um loop " +#~ "infinito." + +#~ msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:" +#~ msgstr "Aqui você deve usar `break` ou `return` para parar o loop:" + +#~ msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Interrompa o `loop` com um valor (por exemplo, `break 8`) e imprima-o." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +#~ "match-expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. " +#~ "In that sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A [palavra-chave `match`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" +#~ "match-expr.html) é usada para corresponder um valor a um ou mais padrões. " +#~ "Nesse sentido, funciona como uma série de expressões `if let`:" + +#~ msgid "\"Will do cat things\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Vai fazer coisas de gato\"" + +#~ msgid "\"ls\"" +#~ msgstr "\"ls\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Will ls some files\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Vou ls alguns arquivos\"" + +#~ msgid "\"mv\"" +#~ msgstr "\"mv\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Let's move some files\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Vamos mover alguns arquivos\"" + +#~ msgid "\"rm\"" +#~ msgstr "\"rm\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Uh, dangerous!\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Uh, perigoso!\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Hmm, no program name?\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Hmm, nenhum nome de programa?\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Unknown program name!\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Nome de programa desconhecido!\"" + +#~ msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Salve o resultado de uma expressão de correspondência `match` em uma " +#~ "variável e imprima-a." + +#~ msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error." +#~ msgstr "Remova `.as_deref()` e explique o erro gerado." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option`, but we cannot " +#~ "match against `String`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`std::env::Args().next()` retorna um `Option<&String>`, porém `match` não " +#~ "funciona com o tipo `String`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`as_deref()` transforms an `Option` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our " +#~ "case, this turns `Option` into `Option<&str>`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`as_deref()` transforma um `Option` em `Option<&T::Target>`. Em nosso " +#~ "caso, isso transforma um `Option` em `Option<&str>`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside " +#~ "`Option`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Agora podemos usar a correspondência de padrões em um `&str` dentro de " +#~ "`Option`." + +#~ msgid "The common vocabulary types include:" +#~ msgstr "Os tipos de vocabulário comuns incluem:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional " +#~ "values and [error handling](error-handling.md)." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Option` e `Result`](std/option-result.md): tipos usados para valores " +#~ "opcionais e [tratamento de erro](error-handling.md)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`String`](std/string.md): o tipo de string padrão usado para dados " +#~ "_owned_." + +#~ msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector." +#~ msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): um vetor extensível padrão." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing " +#~ "algorithm." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): um tipo de mapa de hash com um algoritmo de " +#~ "hash configurável." + +#~ msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Box`](std/box.md): um ponteiro _owned_ para dados alocados em heap." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated " +#~ "data." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Rc`](std/rc.md): um ponteiro de contagem de referência compartilhado " +#~ "para dados alocados em heap." + +#~ msgid "`Option` and `Result`" +#~ msgstr "`Option` e `Result`" + +#~ msgid "The types represent optional data:" +#~ msgstr "Os tipos representam dados opcionais:" + +#~ msgid "\"first: {first:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"primeiro: {first:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"idx: {idx:?}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"ind: {idx:?}\"" + +#~ msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Option<&T>` não tem nenhum custo adicional de espaço em comparação com " +#~ "`&T`." + +#~ msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result`." +#~ msgstr "`binary_search` retorna `Result`." + +#~ msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Se encontrado, `Result::Ok` contém o índice onde o elemento foi " +#~ "encontrado." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should " +#~ "be inserted." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Caso contrário, `Result::Err` contém o índice onde tal elemento deve ser " +#~ "inserido." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v " +#~ "{ *e += 50; }`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Mostre uma iteração sobre um vetor e alterando o valor: `for e in &mut v " +#~ "{ *e += 50; }`" + +#~ msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \"" +#~ msgstr "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` " +#~ "statement thanks to `Deref`. " +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "No exemplo acima, você pode até remover o `*` na instrução `println!` " +#~ "graças ao `Deref`. " + +#~ msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures" +#~ msgstr "`Box` com Estruturas de Dados Recursivas" + +#~ msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 2: Exercícios da Tarde" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators." +#~ msgstr "Os exercícios desta tarde se concentrarão em strings e iteradores." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:138 -msgid "// ANCHOR: visit_page\n" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Copy the code below to and implement the " +#~ "function." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Copie o código abaixo para e implemente as " +#~ "funções:" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:177 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: visit_page\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web " +#~ "server. The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which " +#~ "are matched against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a " +#~ "wildcard character which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Neste exercício, você irá implementar um componente de roteamento de um " +#~ "servidor web. O servidor está configurado com um número de _prefixos de " +#~ "caminhos_ que são comparados com os _caminhos requisitados_. Os prefixos " +#~ "de caminho podem conter um caractere curinga que corresponde a um " +#~ "segmento completo. Veja os testes unitários abaixo." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:195 -msgid "" -"/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishers\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editores\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:203 -msgid "" -"/// Mark the given page as visited, returning true if it had already\n" -" /// been visited.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishers/abc-123\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editores/abc-123\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:229 -msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishers/abc/books\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editores/abc/livros\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:270 -msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"/v1\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:288 -msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishersBooks\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editoresLivros\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise" -msgstr "Dia 1 Exercícios da Tarde" +#~ msgid "\"/v1/parent/publishers\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/pai/editores\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5 -#, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](dining-philosophers.md))" +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishers/*/books\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editores/*/livros\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:49 -msgid "" -"// Pick up forks...\n" -" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editores/foo/livros\"" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:52 -msgid "" -"// Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n" -" // to transfer to another task\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editores/bar/livros\"" + +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editores/foo/livros/livro1\"" + +#~ msgid "\"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"" +#~ msgstr "\"/v1/editores/foo/livrosPorAutor\"" + +#~ msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Tente declarar uma nova variável `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`." + +#~ msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Arrume o código para permitir pontos que tenham elementos de tipos " +#~ "diferentes." + +#~ msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:" +#~ msgstr "Você pode declarar um tipo genérico em seu bloco `impl`:" + +#~ msgid "// + 10\n" +#~ msgstr "// + 10\n" + +#~ msgid "\"p.x = {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"p.x = {}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O código _genérico_ é transformado em código _não genérico_ de acordo com " +#~ "os tipos usados:" + +#~ msgid "behaves as if you wrote" +#~ msgstr "se comporta como se você tivesse escrito" + +#~ msgid "\"The cat\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Gato\"" + +#~ msgid "// No name, cats won't respond to it anyway.\n" +#~ msgstr "// Sem nomes, gatos não respondem mesmo.\n" + +#~ msgid "\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Quem é? É o {}!\"" + +#~ msgid "\"Hello {}!\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Olá {}!\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements " +#~ "the specified traits for a data structure." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "As macros `derive` do Rust funcionam gerando automaticamente o código que " +#~ "implementa os _traits_ especificados para uma estrutura de dados." + +#~ msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode deixar o compilador derivar uma série de _traits_ tais como:" + +#~ msgid "\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{:?} é\\nigual a {:?}?\\nA resposta é {}!\"" + +#~ msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Traits podem implementar o comportamento em termos de outros métodos de " +#~ "`trait`:" + +#~ msgid "\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{a:?} igual a {b:?}: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"{a:?} diferente de {b:?}: {}\"" + +#~ msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`." +#~ msgstr "Mova o método `not_equals` para um novo _trait_ `NotEquals`." + +#~ msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`." +#~ msgstr "Faça `Equals` um _super trait_ para `NotEquals`." + +#~ msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`." +#~ msgstr "Forneça uma implementação geral de `NotEquals` para `Equals`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super " +#~ "trait for `NotEqual`." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Com a implementação geral, você não precisa mais de `Equals` como um " +#~ "_super trait_ para `NotEqual`." + +#~ msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`impl Trait` permite que você trabalhe com tipos que você não pode nomear." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to " +#~ "explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` " +#~ "type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint " +#~ "that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work " +#~ "for this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely " +#~ "not what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` " +#~ "syntax, we'd need two independent generic parameters." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Este exemplo é ótimo, porque usa `impl Display` duas vezes. Isso ajuda a " +#~ "explicar que nada impõe que, nos dois usos, `impl Display` seja _do " +#~ "mesmo_ tipo. Se usássemos um único `T: Display`, imporia a restrição de " +#~ "que o tipo `T` de entrada e o tipo `T` de retorno são do mesmo tipo. Isso " +#~ "não funcionaria para esta função específica, pois o tipo que esperamos " +#~ "como entrada provavelmente não é o que `format!` retorna. Se quiséssemos " +#~ "fazer o mesmo através da sintaxe `: Display`, precisaríamos de dois " +#~ "parâmetros genéricos independentes." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard " +#~ "library:" +#~ msgstr "Veremos agora os _Traits_ mais comuns da biblioteca padrão do Rust:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) used in `for` loops," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) e " +#~ "[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator." +#~ "html) usados em laços `for`," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and " +#~ "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to " +#~ "convert values," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) e [`Into`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) usados na " +#~ "converção de valores," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO," +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) e [`Write`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) usados em operações " +#~ "de IO," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator " +#~ "overloading, and" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`]" +#~ "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... usado na " +#~ "sobrecarga de operadores," + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " +#~ "used to construct a default instance of a type." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) " +#~ "usado para construir uma instância padrão para um tipo." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Iterator` implements `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " +#~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Iterator` implementa `fn collect(self) -> B where B: " +#~ "FromIterator, Self: Sized`" + +#~ msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." +#~ msgstr "`Add`, `Mul`, ..." + +#~ msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 3: Exercícios matinais" + +#~ msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Vamos projetar uma biblioteca clássica de _traits_ de GUI e objetos de " +#~ "`trait`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the " +#~ "button is pressed." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "`Button`: tem um `rótulo` e uma função de _callback_ que é invocada " +#~ "quando o botão é pressionado." + +#~ msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O tratamento de erros em Rust é feito usando fluxo de controle explícito:" + +#~ msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type," +#~ msgstr "Funções que podem ter erros mostram isso em seu tipo de retorno." + +#~ msgid "There are no exceptions." +#~ msgstr "Não há exceções (_exceptions_)." + +#~ msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding" +#~ msgstr "Capturando a _Resolução_ da Pilha (_Stack Unwinding_)" + +#~ msgid "\"hello!\"" +#~ msgstr "\"olá!\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when " +#~ "errors are expected as part of normal operation:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Já vimos o _enum_ `Result`. Ele é usado amplamente quando os erros são " +#~ "esperados como parte da operação normal:" + +#~ msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`" +#~ msgstr "Propagando Erros com `?`" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you " +#~ "turn the common" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O operador _try_ `?` é usado para retornar erros ao chamador da função. " +#~ "Se ocorrer um erro, este é retornado imediatamente ao chamador como " +#~ "retorno da função." + +#~ msgid "\"Found no username in {filename}\"" +#~ msgstr "\"Nome de usuário não encontrado em {filename}\"" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to " +#~ "implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The " +#~ "`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github." +#~ "com/rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "É uma boa prática para todos os tipos de erro que não precisam ser " +#~ "`no_std` implementar `std::error::Error`, que requer `Debug` e `Display`. " +#~ "O _crate_ `Error` para `core` só está disponível em [nightly](https://" +#~ "github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), então ainda não é totalmente " +#~ "compatível com `no_std`." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where " +#~ "possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In " +#~ "this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement " +#~ "them." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Geralmente é útil para eles implementar `Clone` e `Eq` também quando " +#~ "possível, para tornar mais fácil a vida para testes e consumidores da sua " +#~ "biblioteca. Neste caso, não podemos fazê-lo facilmente, porque `io::" +#~ "Error` não os implementa." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to " +#~ "create an error enum like we did on the previous page:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O _crate_ [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) é uma maneira popular " +#~ "de criar um tipo enumerado (_enum_) de erro, como fizemos na página " +#~ "anterior:" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, " +#~ "and optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) " +#~ "and `From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for " +#~ "structs." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "A _derive macro_ `thiserror` implementa automaticamente `std::error::" +#~ "Error`, e opcionalmente, `Display` (se os atributos `#[error(...)]` forem " +#~ "fornecidos) e `From` (se o atributo `#[from]` for adicionado). Também " +#~ "funciona para _structs_." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries." +#~ msgstr "Não afeta sua API pública, o que a torna boa para bibliotecas." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add " +#~ "contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom " +#~ "error types:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "O `crate` [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) é amplamente usado e pode lhe " +#~ "ajudar a adicionar informações contextuais aos seus erros, permitindo que " +#~ "você tenha menos tipos de erros personalizados:" + +#~ msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:" +#~ msgstr "Marque os testes unitários com `#[test]`:" + +#~ msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests." +#~ msgstr "Use `cargo test` para encontrar e executar os testes unitários." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]" +#~ "(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Testes unitários geralmente são colocados em um módulo aninhado (execute " +#~ "testes no [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):" + +#~ msgid "Useful crates for writing tests" +#~ msgstr "_Crates_ Úteis para Escrever Testes" + +#~ msgid "// Potential data race!\n" +#~ msgstr "// Corrida de dados potencial!\n" + +#~ msgid "Calling External Code" +#~ msgstr "Chamando Código Externo" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. " +#~ "Calling them is thus unsafe:" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Funções de outras linguagens podem violar as garantias do Rust. Logo, " +#~ "chamá-las é inseguro:" + +#~ msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 3: Exercícios da Tarde" + +#~ msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!" +#~ msgstr "Vamos construir um wrapper seguro para ler o conteúdo do diretório!" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of " +#~ "the Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own " +#~ "machine." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para este exercício, nós sugerimos a utilizaçao de um ambiente de " +#~ "desenvolvimento local ao invés do _Playground_. Isto lhe permitirá " +#~ "executar o binário na sua própria máquina." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally." +#~ "md) instructions." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Para começar, siga as instruçoes para [rodar localmente](../../cargo/" +#~ "running-locally.md)." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-" +#~ "afternoon.md) provided." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Depois de ver o exercício, você pode ver a [solução](solutions-afternoon." +#~ "md) fornecida." + +#~ msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages." +#~ msgstr "Você encontrará soluções para os exercícios nas páginas seguintes." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github." +#~ "com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a " +#~ "different or better solution than what is presented here." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Sinta-se à vontade para fazer perguntas sobre as soluções [no GitHub]" +#~ "(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nos informe " +#~ "se você tiver uma solução diferente ou melhor do que a apresentada aqui." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` " +#~ "comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to " +#~ "re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "**Nota:** Ignore os comentários `// ANCHOR: label` e `// ANCHOR_END: " +#~ "label` que você vê nas soluções. Eles estão lá para tornar possível " +#~ "reutilizar partes das soluções como exercícios." + +#~ msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 1 Exercícios matinais" + +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))" +#~ msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](for-loops.md))" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:57 -msgid "// ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Bonus question" +#~ msgstr "Pergunta Bônus" + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a " +#~ "slice-of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus " +#~ "make our function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks " +#~ "down: the return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the " +#~ "data you return." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Isso necessita a utilização de conceitos mais avançados. Pode parecer que " +#~ "poderíamos usar uma slice de slices (`&[&[i32]]`) como o tipo de entrada " +#~ "para `transposta` e, assim, fazer nossa função lidar com qualquer tamanho " +#~ "de matriz. No entanto, isso falha rapidamente: o tipo de retorno não pode " +#~ "ser `&[&[i32]]`, pois ele precisa possuir os dados que você retorna." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "You can attempt to use something like `Vec>`, but this doesn't " +#~ "work out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec>` to " +#~ "`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Você pode tentar usar algo como `Vec>`, mas isso também não " +#~ "funciona muito bem: é difícil converter de `Vec>` para " +#~ "`&[&[i32]] ` então agora você também não pode usar `impressao_formatada` " +#~ "facilmente." + +#~ msgid "" +#~ "Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::" +#~ "convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) " +#~ "trait to abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Assim que chegarmos aos _traits_ and _generics_, podemos usar o _trait_ " +#~ "[`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef." +#~ "html) para abstrair qualquer coisa que pode ser referenciada como um " +#~ "_slice_." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:60 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n" -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "// A line references a slice of items\n" +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "fn impressao_formatada\\(matriz: Matriz) where T: " +#~ "Debug, // Linha referencia uma slice de itens Linha: " +#~ "AsRef\\<\\[T\\]\\>, // Matriz referencia uma slice de linhas Matriz: " +#~ "AsRef\\<\\[Linha\\]\\> { for linha in matriz.as_ref() { println!" +#~ "(\"{:?}\", linha.as_ref()); } }" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:62 -msgid "" -"// The locks are dropped here\n" -" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "" +#~ "In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are " +#~ "of the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "Além disso, o próprio tipo não imporia que as slices filhas tenham o " +#~ "mesmo comprimento, portanto, tal variável poderia conter uma matriz " +#~ "inválida." -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:72 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n" -" // Create forks\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 1 Exercícios da Tarde" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:84 -msgid "" -"// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" -" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" -" // either of them.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Designing a Library" +#~ msgstr "Projetando uma biblioteca" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:98 -msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))" +#~ msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](book-library.md))" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:114 -msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 2 Exercícios matinais" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121 -#, fuzzy -msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))" -msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](luhn.md))" +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))" +#~ msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](points-polygons.md))" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:148 -msgid "// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 2 Exercícios da Tarde" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:155 -msgid "// ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))" +#~ msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](luhn.md))" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:158 -msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))" +#~ msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](strings-iterators.md))" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:162 -msgid "" -"// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" -" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" -" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise" +#~ msgstr "Dia 3 Exercício matinal" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:171 -msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {msg:?}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))" +#~ msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](simple-gui.md))" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:240 -msgid "" -"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n" -" // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises" +#~ msgstr "Dia 3 Exercícios da Tarde" -#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:246 -msgid "\"From server: {}\"" -msgstr "" +#~ msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))" +#~ msgstr "([voltar ao exercício](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"