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Day 29: Owner vs Authority in Solana

Day 29 of RareSkills Solana Course.

Setup

  1. Configure Solana to run on localhost: solana config set --url localhost
  2. Run the test validator node on another terminal: solana-test-validator --reset
  3. Run Solana logs on another terminal: solana logs
  4. Build Anchor program: anchor build
  5. Sync program_id with Anchor key: anchor keys sync
  6. Run tests: anchor test --skip-local-validator

Notes

Solana Accounts

  • All Solana accounts have the following:
    • Public Key
    • Lamport Balance
    • Owner
    • Executable (boolean)
    • Rent Epoch (ignored for rent-exempt accounts)
    • Data
  • To see a Solana account, run the following:
    • solana address (to get the wallet address)
    • solana account <wallet address>
    Public Key: Ga6VV426xwCaN1J7yT7qr4ysyLhhJ5w3agUGMTexrZwL
Balance: 499999995.774382591 SOL
Owner: 11111111111111111111111111111111
Executable: false
Rent Epoch: 18446744073709551615
  • The owner of wallet addresses is the system program.
  • To transfer out SOL from our account:
    • We send a signed transaction to the system program to transfer SOL.
    • The system program verifies we own the private key to the account.
    • Then, the system program updates the balance on our behalf.
  • Only the system program can modify the SOL balance of an account.

Owner

  • Only programs can write data to accounts they own.
  • The owner of an account is always a program.
  • The owner of all Solana programs is BPFLoaderUpgradeable111…111.

Authority

  • An Authority is an address from which a program will accept instructions if it sees a valid signature.
  • An Authority cannot modify an account directly.
  • Authority is not a field that Solana accounts hold.
  • The Authority is stored in the ProgramData address where the bytecode of the program is stored.

Owner vs Authority

  • An owner of an account is a program.
  • An authority is a wallet.
  • For writing data to an account:
    • An authority sends a transaction to the program
    • then that program can write to the account.

Following the tutorial to view where the "Authority" and the bytecode is stored

Here are the pre-defined addresses at the time of deploying a program locally using Anchor.

Base58 Addresses:

  • Solana Wallet Address (Authority): "Ga6VV426xwCaN1J7yT7qr4ysyLhhJ5w3agUGMTexrZwL"
  • Solana Program Address: "2CP2vQejbXmYgTknYjsBiC3Tkz5rc6kDwRrqUcRiKPoN"
  • Solana ProgramData Address: "Td763Uyr6rpyS2Sj7fk8MVsFC1amE83zYAW4KARoj45"

Hex Addresses:

  • Solana Wallet Address (Authority): "e759aded0fb89d0320607a3b8ad40d39acb0aa4a0d0e18917a0065eb9d408687"
  • Solana ProgramData Address hex: "06d1eccec4ca2207aaad32b24dd0b74358539fcfd99719a44b110ad10d6ff2ea"

NOTE: To convert a base58 address to hex, use the following code snippet:

import bs58 from "bs58";

const solanaAddress = "Ga6VV426xwCaN1J7yT7qr4ysyLhhJ5w3agUGMTexrZwL";
const solanaAddressBytes = bs58.decode(solanaAddress);
const solanaAddressHex = Buffer.from(solanaAddressBytes).toString("hex");
console.log(`Solana address hex: "${solanaAddressHex}"`);

To view the program:

  • solana account 2CP2vQejbXmYgTknYjsBiC3Tkz5rc6kDwRrqUcRiKPoN

The "ProgramData Address" is stored as a hex value, starting with "06".

Public Key: 2CP2vQejbXmYgTknYjsBiC3Tkz5rc6kDwRrqUcRiKPoN
Balance: 0.00114144 SOL
Owner: BPFLoaderUpgradeab1e11111111111111111111111
Executable: false
Rent Epoch: 18446744073709551615
Length: 36 (0x24) bytes
0000:   02 00 00 00  06 d1 ec ce  c4 ca 22 07  aa ad 32 b2   .........."...2.
0010:   4d d0 b7 43  58 53 9f cf  d9 97 19 a4  4b 11 0a d1   M..CXS......K...
0020:   0d 6f f2 ea

To return the "Authority" of the program:

  • solana program show 2CP2vQejbXmYgTknYjsBiC3Tkz5rc6kDwRrqUcRiKPoN

The "Authority" of the program is equal to the "Solana Wallet Address".

Program Id: 2CP2vQejbXmYgTknYjsBiC3Tkz5rc6kDwRrqUcRiKPoN
Owner: BPFLoaderUpgradeab1e11111111111111111111111
ProgramData Address: Td763Uyr6rpyS2Sj7fk8MVsFC1amE83zYAW4KARoj45
Authority: Ga6VV426xwCaN1J7yT7qr4ysyLhhJ5w3agUGMTexrZwL
Last Deployed In Slot: 22907
Data Length: 196528 (0x2ffb0) bytes
Balance: 1.36903896 SOL

To view the "ProgramData Address" data:

  • solana account Td763Uyr6rpyS2Sj7fk8MVsFC1amE83zYAW4KARoj45 > tempfile
  • head -n 10 tempfile

The "Authority" of the program is stored as a hex, starting with "e7".

Public Key: Td763Uyr6rpyS2Sj7fk8MVsFC1amE83zYAW4KARoj45
Balance: 1.36903896 SOL
Owner: BPFLoaderUpgradeab1e11111111111111111111111
Executable: false
Rent Epoch: 18446744073709551615
Length: 196573 (0x2ffdd) bytes
0000:   03 00 00 00  7b 59 00 00  00 00 00 00  01 e7 59 ad   ....{Y........Y.
0010:   ed 0f b8 9d  03 20 60 7a  3b 8a d4 0d  39 ac b0 aa   ..... `z;...9...
0020:   4a 0d 0e 18  91 7a 00 65  eb 9d 40 86  87 7f 45 4c   [email protected]

References