diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yaml b/.github/workflows/build.yaml
index 1821104..1f580f4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yaml
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup rust
         run: |
           rustup set profile minimal
-          rustup toolchain install nightly-2023-04-17
-          rustup default nightly-2023-04-17
+          rustup toolchain install nightly-2023-06-25
+          rustup default nightly-2023-06-25
 
       - name: Build tests and copy binaries to a separate dir
         shell: bash
         run: |
           mkdir artifacts
           CARGO_TARGET_DIR=./build \
-          cargo +nightly-2023-04-17 test --no-run --release --message-format=json -q \
+          cargo +nightly-2023-06-25 test --no-run --release --message-format=json -q \
           | jq -r 'select(.executable != null) | .executable' \
           | while read binary; do
             cp "$binary" artifacts/
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 5890e5c..93626d5 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@
 # will have compiled files and executables
 /target/
 
-# Remove Cargo.lock from gitignore if creating an executable, leave it for libraries
-# More information here https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/guide/cargo-toml-vs-cargo-lock.html
-Cargo.lock
-
 # These are backup files generated by rustfmt
 **/*.rs.bk
 
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98432fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,1090 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "aho-corasick"
+version = "1.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b2969dcb958b36655471fc61f7e416fa76033bdd4bfed0678d8fee1e2d07a1f0"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anes"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "atty"
+version = "0.2.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d9b39be18770d11421cdb1b9947a45dd3f37e93092cbf377614828a319d5fee8"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi",
+ "libc",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bindgen"
+version = "0.69.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a00dc851838a2120612785d195287475a3ac45514741da670b735818822129a0"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.4.2",
+ "cexpr",
+ "clang-sys",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "lazycell",
+ "log",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "regex",
+ "rustc-hash",
+ "shlex",
+ "syn",
+ "which",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "1.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "2.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ed570934406eb16438a4e976b1b4500774099c13b8cb96eec99f620f05090ddf"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bumpalo"
+version = "3.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7f30e7476521f6f8af1a1c4c0b8cc94f0bee37d91763d0ca2665f299b6cd8aec"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cast"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cexpr"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6fac387a98bb7c37292057cffc56d62ecb629900026402633ae9160df93a8766"
+dependencies = [
+ "nom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg-if"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42e69ffd6f0917f5c029256a24d0161db17cea3997d185db0d35926308770f0e"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "ciborium-ll",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-io"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "05afea1e0a06c9be33d539b876f1ce3692f4afea2cb41f740e7743225ed1c757"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-ll"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57663b653d948a338bfb3eeba9bb2fd5fcfaecb9e199e87e1eda4d9e8b240fd9"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "half",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clang-sys"
+version = "1.7.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "67523a3b4be3ce1989d607a828d036249522dd9c1c8de7f4dd2dae43a37369d1"
+dependencies = [
+ "glob",
+ "libc",
+ "libloading",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap"
+version = "3.2.25"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ea181bf566f71cb9a5d17a59e1871af638180a18fb0035c92ae62b705207123"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "clap_lex",
+ "indexmap",
+ "textwrap",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_lex"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2850f2f5a82cbf437dd5af4d49848fbdfc27c157c3d010345776f952765261c5"
+dependencies = [
+ "os_str_bytes",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e7c76e09c1aae2bc52b3d2f29e13c6572553b30c4aa1b8a49fd70de6412654cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "anes",
+ "atty",
+ "cast",
+ "ciborium",
+ "clap",
+ "criterion-plot",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "num-traits",
+ "oorandom",
+ "plotters",
+ "rayon",
+ "regex",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "tinytemplate",
+ "walkdir",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion-cuda"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
+ "cudart",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion-plot"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "cast",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-deque"
+version = "0.8.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "613f8cc01fe9cf1a3eb3d7f488fd2fa8388403e97039e2f73692932e291a770d"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-epoch",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-epoch"
+version = "0.9.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b82ac4a3c2ca9c3460964f020e1402edd5753411d7737aa39c3714ad1b5420e"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-utils"
+version = "0.8.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "248e3bacc7dc6baa3b21e405ee045c3047101a49145e7e9eca583ab4c2ca5345"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crunchy"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7a81dae078cea95a014a339291cec439d2f232ebe854a9d672b796c6afafa9b7"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cudart"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.4.2",
+ "cudart-sys",
+ "serial_test",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cudart-sys"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "bindgen",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "dashmap"
+version = "5.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "978747c1d849a7d2ee5e8adc0159961c48fb7e5db2f06af6723b80123bb53856"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.3",
+ "lock_api",
+ "once_cell",
+ "parking_lot_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "either"
+version = "1.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a26ae43d7bcc3b814de94796a5e736d4029efb0ee900c12e2d54c993ad1a1e07"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "errno"
+version = "0.3.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "645c6916888f6cb6350d2550b80fb63e734897a8498abe35cfb732b6487804b0"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-executor",
+ "futures-io",
+ "futures-sink",
+ "futures-task",
+ "futures-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-channel"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eac8f7d7865dcb88bd4373ab671c8cf4508703796caa2b1985a9ca867b3fcb78"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-sink",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-core"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dfc6580bb841c5a68e9ef15c77ccc837b40a7504914d52e47b8b0e9bbda25a1d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-executor"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a576fc72ae164fca6b9db127eaa9a9dda0d61316034f33a0a0d4eda41f02b01d"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-task",
+ "futures-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-io"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a44623e20b9681a318efdd71c299b6b222ed6f231972bfe2f224ebad6311f0c1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-sink"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9fb8e00e87438d937621c1c6269e53f536c14d3fbd6a042bb24879e57d474fb5"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-task"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "38d84fa142264698cdce1a9f9172cf383a0c82de1bddcf3092901442c4097004"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-util"
+version = "0.3.30"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3d6401deb83407ab3da39eba7e33987a73c3df0c82b4bb5813ee871c19c41d48"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-io",
+ "futures-sink",
+ "futures-task",
+ "memchr",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "pin-utils",
+ "slab",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "glob"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "half"
+version = "2.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bc52e53916c08643f1b56ec082790d1e86a32e58dc5268f897f313fbae7b4872"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crunchy",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.12.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.14.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "290f1a1d9242c78d09ce40a5e87e7554ee637af1351968159f4952f028f75604"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hermit-abi"
+version = "0.1.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "62b467343b94ba476dcb2500d242dadbb39557df889310ac77c5d99100aaac33"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "home"
+version = "0.5.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "indexmap"
+version = "1.9.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bd070e393353796e801d209ad339e89596eb4c8d430d18ede6a1cced8fafbd99"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "hashbrown 0.12.3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.10.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b0fd2260e829bddf4cb6ea802289de2f86d6a7a690192fbe91b3f46e0f2c8473"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba291022dbbd398a455acf126c1e341954079855bc60dfdda641363bd6922569"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itoa"
+version = "1.0.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b1a46d1a171d865aa5f83f92695765caa047a9b4cbae2cbf37dbd613a793fd4c"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "js-sys"
+version = "0.3.68"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "406cda4b368d531c842222cf9d2600a9a4acce8d29423695379c6868a143a9ee"
+dependencies = [
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lazy_static"
+version = "1.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lazycell"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "830d08ce1d1d941e6b30645f1a0eb5643013d835ce3779a5fc208261dbe10f55"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libc"
+version = "0.2.153"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libloading"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c571b676ddfc9a8c12f1f3d3085a7b163966a8fd8098a90640953ce5f6170161"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "linux-raw-sys"
+version = "0.4.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "01cda141df6706de531b6c46c3a33ecca755538219bd484262fa09410c13539c"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lock_api"
+version = "0.4.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3c168f8615b12bc01f9c17e2eb0cc07dcae1940121185446edc3744920e8ef45"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "scopeguard",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "log"
+version = "0.4.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b5e6163cb8c49088c2c36f57875e58ccd8c87c7427f7fbd50ea6710b2f3f2e8f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "memchr"
+version = "2.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "523dc4f511e55ab87b694dc30d0f820d60906ef06413f93d4d7a1385599cc149"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "minimal-lexical"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "nom"
+version = "7.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d273983c5a657a70a3e8f2a01329822f3b8c8172b73826411a55751e404a0a4a"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "minimal-lexical",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-traits"
+version = "0.2.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "da0df0e5185db44f69b44f26786fe401b6c293d1907744beaa7fa62b2e5a517a"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "once_cell"
+version = "1.19.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "oorandom"
+version = "11.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0ab1bc2a289d34bd04a330323ac98a1b4bc82c9d9fcb1e66b63caa84da26b575"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "os_str_bytes"
+version = "6.6.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e2355d85b9a3786f481747ced0e0ff2ba35213a1f9bd406ed906554d7af805a1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "parking_lot"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3742b2c103b9f06bc9fff0a37ff4912935851bee6d36f3c02bcc755bcfec228f"
+dependencies = [
+ "lock_api",
+ "parking_lot_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "parking_lot_core"
+version = "0.9.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4c42a9226546d68acdd9c0a280d17ce19bfe27a46bf68784e4066115788d008e"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "redox_syscall",
+ "smallvec",
+ "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-project-lite"
+version = "0.2.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8afb450f006bf6385ca15ef45d71d2288452bc3683ce2e2cacc0d18e4be60b58"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-utils"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters"
+version = "0.3.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d2c224ba00d7cadd4d5c660deaf2098e5e80e07846537c51f9cfa4be50c1fd45"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+ "plotters-backend",
+ "plotters-svg",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters-backend"
+version = "0.3.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9e76628b4d3a7581389a35d5b6e2139607ad7c75b17aed325f210aa91f4a9609"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters-svg"
+version = "0.3.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "38f6d39893cca0701371e3c27294f09797214b86f1fb951b89ade8ec04e2abab"
+dependencies = [
+ "plotters-backend",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "prettyplease"
+version = "0.2.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a41cf62165e97c7f814d2221421dbb9afcbcdb0a88068e5ea206e19951c2cbb5"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.78"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e2422ad645d89c99f8f3e6b88a9fdeca7fabeac836b1002371c4367c8f984aae"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.35"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "291ec9ab5efd934aaf503a6466c5d5251535d108ee747472c3977cc5acc868ef"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rayon"
+version = "1.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fa7237101a77a10773db45d62004a272517633fbcc3df19d96455ede1122e051"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+ "rayon-core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rayon-core"
+version = "1.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1465873a3dfdaa8ae7cb14b4383657caab0b3e8a0aa9ae8e04b044854c8dfce2"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-deque",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "redox_syscall"
+version = "0.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4722d768eff46b75989dd134e5c353f0d6296e5aaa3132e776cbdb56be7731aa"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex"
+version = "1.10.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b62dbe01f0b06f9d8dc7d49e05a0785f153b00b2c227856282f671e0318c9b15"
+dependencies = [
+ "aho-corasick",
+ "memchr",
+ "regex-automata",
+ "regex-syntax",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-automata"
+version = "0.4.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5bb987efffd3c6d0d8f5f89510bb458559eab11e4f869acb20bf845e016259cd"
+dependencies = [
+ "aho-corasick",
+ "memchr",
+ "regex-syntax",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-syntax"
+version = "0.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c08c74e62047bb2de4ff487b251e4a92e24f48745648451635cec7d591162d9f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-hash"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustix"
+version = "0.38.31"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ea3e1a662af26cd7a3ba09c0297a31af215563ecf42817c98df621387f4e949"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.4.2",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ryu"
+version = "1.0.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f98d2aa92eebf49b69786be48e4477826b256916e84a57ff2a4f21923b48eb4c"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "same-file"
+version = "1.0.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "93fc1dc3aaa9bfed95e02e6eadabb4baf7e3078b0bd1b4d7b6b0b68378900502"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "scopeguard"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde"
+version = "1.0.196"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "870026e60fa08c69f064aa766c10f10b1d62db9ccd4d0abb206472bee0ce3b32"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_derive"
+version = "1.0.196"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "33c85360c95e7d137454dc81d9a4ed2b8efd8fbe19cee57357b32b9771fccb67"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_json"
+version = "1.0.113"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "69801b70b1c3dac963ecb03a364ba0ceda9cf60c71cfe475e99864759c8b8a79"
+dependencies = [
+ "itoa",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serial_test"
+version = "3.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "953ad9342b3aaca7cb43c45c097dd008d4907070394bd0751a0aa8817e5a018d"
+dependencies = [
+ "dashmap",
+ "futures",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "log",
+ "parking_lot",
+ "serial_test_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serial_test_derive"
+version = "3.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b93fb4adc70021ac1b47f7d45e8cc4169baaa7ea58483bc5b721d19a26202212"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "shlex"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "slab"
+version = "0.4.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8f92a496fb766b417c996b9c5e57daf2f7ad3b0bebe1ccfca4856390e3d3bb67"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "smallvec"
+version = "1.13.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e6ecd384b10a64542d77071bd64bd7b231f4ed5940fba55e98c3de13824cf3d7"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.48"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f3531638e407dfc0814761abb7c00a5b54992b849452a0646b7f65c9f770f3f"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "textwrap"
+version = "0.16.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "222a222a5bfe1bba4a77b45ec488a741b3cb8872e5e499451fd7d0129c9c7c3d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinytemplate"
+version = "1.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be4d6b5f19ff7664e8c98d03e2139cb510db9b0a60b55f8e8709b689d939b6bc"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3354b9ac3fae1ff6755cb6db53683adb661634f67557942dea4facebec0fee4b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "walkdir"
+version = "2.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d71d857dc86794ca4c280d616f7da00d2dbfd8cd788846559a6813e6aa4b54ee"
+dependencies = [
+ "same-file",
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen"
+version = "0.2.91"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c1e124130aee3fb58c5bdd6b639a0509486b0338acaaae0c84a5124b0f588b7f"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "wasm-bindgen-macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
+version = "0.2.91"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c9e7e1900c352b609c8488ad12639a311045f40a35491fb69ba8c12f758af70b"
+dependencies = [
+ "bumpalo",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
+version = "0.2.91"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b30af9e2d358182b5c7449424f017eba305ed32a7010509ede96cdc4696c46ed"
+dependencies = [
+ "quote",
+ "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
+version = "0.2.91"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "642f325be6301eb8107a83d12a8ac6c1e1c54345a7ef1a9261962dfefda09e66"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "wasm-bindgen-backend",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
+version = "0.2.91"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4f186bd2dcf04330886ce82d6f33dd75a7bfcf69ecf5763b89fcde53b6ac9838"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "web-sys"
+version = "0.3.68"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "96565907687f7aceb35bc5fc03770a8a0471d82e479f25832f54a0e3f4b28446"
+dependencies = [
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "which"
+version = "4.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+ "home",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustix",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-util"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f29e6f9198ba0d26b4c9f07dbe6f9ed633e1f3d5b8b414090084349e46a52596"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.48.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "677d2418bec65e3338edb076e806bc1ec15693c5d0104683f2efe857f61056a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-targets"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9a2fa6e2155d7247be68c096456083145c183cbbbc2764150dda45a87197940c"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.48.5",
+ "windows_i686_gnu 0.48.5",
+ "windows_i686_msvc 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.48.5",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-targets"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.0",
+ "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.0",
+ "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.0",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.0",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnu"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnu"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_msvc"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_msvc"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
diff --git a/criterion-cuda/Cargo.toml b/criterion-cuda/Cargo.toml
index 80ada31..097da84 100644
--- a/criterion-cuda/Cargo.toml
+++ b/criterion-cuda/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 
 [dependencies]
-criterion = "^0"
+criterion = "0.4.0"
 cudart = { path = "../cudart" }
diff --git a/cudart-sys/Cargo.toml b/cudart-sys/Cargo.toml
index 419ea6d..d39f656 100644
--- a/cudart-sys/Cargo.toml
+++ b/cudart-sys/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 
 [build-dependencies]
-bindgen = "^0"
-serde_json = "^1"
+bindgen = "*"
+serde_json = "*"
diff --git a/cudart/Cargo.toml b/cudart/Cargo.toml
index 9ebe946..a65f348 100644
--- a/cudart/Cargo.toml
+++ b/cudart/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@ license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 
 [dependencies]
 cudart-sys = { path = "../cudart-sys" }
-bitflags = "^2"
-criterion = "^0"
-paste = "^1"
+bitflags = "*"
+paste = "*"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-serial_test = "^2"
+serial_test = "*"
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b48c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "nightly-2023-06-25"