diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index c042d383b..bc51f4831 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: pnpm install
       - run: pnpm dev:prepare
       - run: pnpm lint
+      - run: pnpm test
       - run: pnpm build
       - run: pnpm dev:build
       - name: Release Edge
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 4d27c6c1b..f5b05c6fc 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ node_modules
 .nuxt
 *.log
 cache/
-dist/
+dist
 .DS_Store
 coverage
 sw.*
diff --git a/.nuxtrc b/.nuxtrc
index 8ca389fa5..4535d9438 100644
--- a/.nuxtrc
+++ b/.nuxtrc
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-imports.autoImport=false
+modules[]=nuxt-vitest
+modules[]=@nuxt/image-edge
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 4cc6f6e71..7cabbd6a2 100755
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
     "lint": "eslint --ext .ts --ext .vue .",
     "prepack": "pnpm build",
     "release": "pnpm test && standard-version && git push --follow-tags && npm publish",
-    "test": "pnpm lint"
+    "test": "nuxi prepare playground && pnpm vitest run"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@nuxt/kit": "^3.5.1",
@@ -35,14 +35,22 @@
     "ufo": "^1.1.2"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@nuxt/image-edge": "link:.",
     "@nuxt/module-builder": "0.4.0",
+    "@nuxt/test-utils": "^3.5.1",
     "@nuxtjs/eslint-config-typescript": "^12.0.0",
     "@types/node": "^18.16.15",
+    "@vitest/coverage-c8": "^0.30.1",
+    "@vue/test-utils": "^2.3.2",
     "eslint": "8.41.0",
+    "globby": "^13.1.4",
     "jiti": "1.18.2",
     "nuxt": "^3.5.1",
+    "nuxt-vitest": "^0.7.1",
+    "playwright": "^1.34.3",
     "standard-version": "latest",
-    "typescript": "5.0.4"
+    "typescript": "5.0.4",
+    "vitest": "^0.30.1"
   },
   "optionalDependencies": {
     "ipx": "1.1.0"
diff --git a/playground/pages/provider/[provider].vue b/playground/pages/provider/[provider].vue
index 6fc003312..4d8793e57 100644
--- a/playground/pages/provider/[provider].vue
+++ b/playground/pages/provider/[provider].vue
@@ -13,25 +13,24 @@
   </div>
 </template>
 
-<script lang="ts">
+<script setup lang="ts">
 import { providers } from '../../providers'
 
-export default {
+definePageMeta({
   validate ({ params }) {
     return Boolean(providers.find(p => p.name === params.provider))
-  },
-  computed: {
-    providers: () => providers,
-    provider () {
-      const providerName = this.$route.params.provider || 'default'
-      const p = providers.find(p => p.name === providerName)
-      if (!p) {
-        return null
-      }
-      return p
-    }
   }
-}
+})
+
+const route = useRoute()
+const provider = computed(() => {
+  const providerName = route.params.provider || 'default'
+  const p = providers.find(p => p.name === providerName)
+  if (!p) {
+    return null
+  }
+  return p
+})
 </script>
 
 <style scoped>
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 2f79329d8..d1ffbcb6a 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -40,30 +40,54 @@ importers:
         specifier: 1.1.0
         version: 1.1.0
     devDependencies:
+      '@nuxt/image-edge':
+        specifier: 'link:'
+        version: 'link:'
       '@nuxt/module-builder':
         specifier: 0.4.0
         version: 0.4.0(@nuxt/kit@3.5.1)(nuxi@3.5.1)
+      '@nuxt/test-utils':
+        specifier: ^3.5.1
+        version: 3.5.1(playwright@1.34.3)(rollup@3.23.0)(vitest@0.30.1)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@nuxtjs/eslint-config-typescript':
         specifier: ^12.0.0
         version: 12.0.0(eslint@8.41.0)(typescript@5.0.4)
       '@types/node':
         specifier: ^18.16.15
         version: 18.16.15
+      '@vitest/coverage-c8':
+        specifier: ^0.30.1
+        version: 0.30.1(vitest@0.30.1)
+      '@vue/test-utils':
+        specifier: ^2.3.2
+        version: 2.3.2(vue@3.3.4)
       eslint:
         specifier: 8.41.0
         version: 8.41.0
+      globby:
+        specifier: ^13.1.4
+        version: 13.1.4
       jiti:
         specifier: 1.18.2
         version: 1.18.2
       nuxt:
         specifier: ^3.5.1
         version: 3.5.1(@types/node@18.16.15)(eslint@8.41.0)(rollup@3.23.0)(typescript@5.0.4)
+      nuxt-vitest:
+        specifier: ^0.7.1
+        version: 0.7.1(@vitejs/plugin-vue-jsx@3.0.1)(@vitejs/plugin-vue@4.2.3)(rollup@3.23.0)(vite@4.3.8)(vitest@0.30.1)(vue-router@4.2.1)(vue@3.3.4)
+      playwright:
+        specifier: ^1.34.3
+        version: 1.34.3
       standard-version:
         specifier: latest
         version: 9.5.0
       typescript:
         specifier: 5.0.4
         version: 5.0.4
+      vitest:
+        specifier: ^0.30.1
+        version: 0.30.1(playwright@1.34.3)
 
   example:
     devDependencies:
@@ -371,6 +395,10 @@ packages:
       '@babel/helper-validator-identifier': 7.19.1
       to-fast-properties: 2.0.0
 
+  /@bcoe/v8-coverage@0.2.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-0hYQ8SB4Db5zvZB4axdMHGwEaQjkZzFjQiN9LVYvIFB2nSUHW9tYpxWriPrWDASIxiaXax83REcLxuSdnGPZtw==}
+    dev: true
+
   /@cloudflare/kv-asset-handler@0.3.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-9CB/MKf/wdvbfkUdfrj+OkEwZ5b7rws0eogJ4293h+7b6KX5toPwym+VQKmILafNB9YiehqY0DlNrDcDhdWHSQ==}
     dependencies:
@@ -641,6 +669,11 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Sx1pU8EM64o2BrqNpEO1CNLtKQwyhuXuqyfH7oGKCk+1a33d2r5saW8zNwm3j6BTExtjrv2BxTgzzkMwts6vGg==}
     dev: true
 
+  /@istanbuljs/schema@0.1.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ZXRY4jNvVgSVQ8DL3LTcakaAtXwTVUxE81hslsyD2AtoXW/wVob10HkOJ1X/pAlcI7D+2YoZKg5do8G/w6RYgA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+    dev: true
+
   /@jridgewell/gen-mapping@0.1.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-sQXCasFk+U8lWYEe66WxRDOE9PjVz4vSM51fTu3Hw+ClTpUSQb718772vH3pyS5pShp6lvQM7SxgIDXXXmOX7w==}
     engines: {node: '>=6.0.0'}
@@ -818,6 +851,39 @@ packages:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
 
+  /@nuxt/test-utils@3.5.1(playwright@1.34.3)(rollup@3.23.0)(vitest@0.30.1)(vue@3.3.4):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-51kTBRGRX+T4uPbKjrPUaosNUH/Kr79K3YxqT33ZRNvNtcRTLfxLmAf67+vOco3ZcD/Lf+eyEIFm+qBft/aHLw==}
+    engines: {node: ^14.18.0 || >=16.10.0}
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@jest/globals': ^29.5.0
+      playwright: ^1.34.0
+      vitest: ^0.31.1
+      vue: ^3.3.4
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      '@jest/globals':
+        optional: true
+      playwright:
+        optional: true
+      vitest:
+        optional: true
+    dependencies:
+      '@nuxt/kit': 3.5.1(rollup@3.23.0)
+      '@nuxt/schema': 3.5.1(rollup@3.23.0)
+      consola: 3.1.0
+      defu: 6.1.2
+      execa: 7.1.1
+      get-port-please: 3.0.1
+      ofetch: 1.0.1
+      pathe: 1.1.0
+      playwright: 1.34.3
+      ufo: 1.1.2
+      vitest: 0.30.1(playwright@1.34.3)
+      vue: 3.3.4
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - rollup
+      - supports-color
+    dev: true
+
   /@nuxt/ui-templates@1.1.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-PjVETP7+iZXAs5Q8O4ivl4t6qjWZMZqwiTVogUXHoHGZZcw7GZW3u3tzfYfE1HbzyYJfr236IXqQ02MeR8Fz2w==}
     dev: true
@@ -933,6 +999,10 @@ packages:
       tslib: 2.4.1
     dev: true
 
+  /@polka/url@1.0.0-next.21:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-a5Sab1C4/icpTZVzZc5Ghpz88yQtGOyNqYXcZgOssB2uuAr+wF/MvN6bgtW32q7HHrvBki+BsZ0OuNv6EV3K9g==}
+    dev: true
+
   /@rollup/plugin-alias@5.0.0(rollup@3.23.0):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-l9hY5chSCjuFRPsnRm16twWBiSApl2uYFLsepQYwtBuAxNMQ/1dJqADld40P0Jkqm65GRTLy/AC6hnpVebtLsA==}
     engines: {node: '>=14.0.0'}
@@ -1078,6 +1148,16 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=10.13.0'}
     dev: true
 
+  /@types/chai-subset@1.3.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-frBecisrNGz+F4T6bcc+NLeolfiojh5FxW2klu669+8BARtyQv2C/GkNW6FUodVe4BroGMP/wER/YDGc7rEllw==}
+    dependencies:
+      '@types/chai': 4.3.5
+    dev: true
+
+  /@types/chai@4.3.5:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-mEo1sAde+UCE6b2hxn332f1g1E8WfYRu6p5SvTKr2ZKC1f7gFJXk4h5PyGP9Dt6gCaG8y8XhwnXWC6Iy2cmBng==}
+    dev: true
+
   /@types/estree@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-WulqXMDUTYAXCjZnk6JtIHPigp55cVtDgDrO2gHRwhyJto21+1zbVCtOYB2L1F9w4qCQ0rOGWBnBe0FNTiEJIQ==}
 
@@ -1087,6 +1167,10 @@ packages:
       '@types/node': 18.16.15
     dev: true
 
+  /@types/istanbul-lib-coverage@2.0.4:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-z/QT1XN4K4KYuslS23k62yDIDLwLFkzxOuMplDtObz0+y7VqJCaO2o+SPwHCvLFZh7xazvvoor2tA/hPz9ee7g==}
+    dev: true
+
   /@types/json-schema@7.0.11:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wOuvG1SN4Us4rez+tylwwwCV1psiNVOkJeM3AUWUNWg/jDQY2+HE/444y5gc+jBmRqASOm2Oeh5c1axHobwRKQ==}
     dev: true
@@ -1331,6 +1415,68 @@ packages:
       vue: 3.3.4
     dev: true
 
+  /@vitest/coverage-c8@0.30.1(vitest@0.30.1):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/Wa3dtSuckpdngAmiCwowaEXXgJkqPrtfvrs9HTB9QoEfNbZWPu4E4cjEn4lJZb4qcGf4fxFtUA2f9DnDNAzBA==}
+    peerDependencies:
+      vitest: '>=0.30.0 <1'
+    dependencies:
+      c8: 7.13.0
+      picocolors: 1.0.0
+      std-env: 3.3.3
+      vitest: 0.30.1(playwright@1.34.3)
+    dev: true
+
+  /@vitest/expect@0.30.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-c3kbEtN8XXJSeN81iDGq29bUzSjQhjES2WR3aColsS4lPGbivwLtas4DNUe0jD9gg/FYGIteqOenfU95EFituw==}
+    dependencies:
+      '@vitest/spy': 0.30.1
+      '@vitest/utils': 0.30.1
+      chai: 4.3.7
+    dev: true
+
+  /@vitest/runner@0.30.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-W62kT/8i0TF1UBCNMRtRMOBWJKRnNyv9RrjIgdUryEe0wNpGZvvwPDLuzYdxvgSckzjp54DSpv1xUbv4BQ0qVA==}
+    dependencies:
+      '@vitest/utils': 0.30.1
+      concordance: 5.0.4
+      p-limit: 4.0.0
+      pathe: 1.1.0
+    dev: true
+
+  /@vitest/snapshot@0.30.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-fJZqKrE99zo27uoZA/azgWyWbFvM1rw2APS05yB0JaLwUIg9aUtvvnBf4q7JWhEcAHmSwbrxKFgyBUga6tq9Tw==}
+    dependencies:
+      magic-string: 0.30.0
+      pathe: 1.1.0
+      pretty-format: 27.5.1
+    dev: true
+
+  /@vitest/spy@0.30.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-YfJeIf37GvTZe04ZKxzJfnNNuNSmTEGnla2OdL60C8od16f3zOfv9q9K0nNii0NfjDJRt/CVN/POuY5/zTS+BA==}
+    dependencies:
+      tinyspy: 2.1.0
+    dev: true
+
+  /@vitest/ui@0.30.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Izz4ElDmdvX02KImSC2nCJI6CsGo9aETbKqxli55M0rbbPPAMtF0zDcJIqgEP5V6Y+4Ysf6wvsjLbLCTnaBvKw==}
+    dependencies:
+      '@vitest/utils': 0.30.1
+      fast-glob: 3.2.12
+      fflate: 0.7.4
+      flatted: 3.2.7
+      pathe: 1.1.0
+      picocolors: 1.0.0
+      sirv: 2.0.3
+    dev: true
+
+  /@vitest/utils@0.30.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/c8Xv2zUVc+rnNt84QF0Y0zkfxnaGhp87K2dYJMLtLOIckPzuxLVzAtFCicGFdB4NeBHNzTRr1tNn7rCtQcWFA==}
+    dependencies:
+      concordance: 5.0.4
+      loupe: 2.3.6
+      pretty-format: 27.5.1
+    dev: true
+
   /@vue-macros/common@1.3.1(rollup@3.23.0)(vue@3.3.4):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Lc5aP/8HNJD1XrnvpeNuWcCf82bZdR3auN/chA1b/1rKZgSnmQkH9f33tKO9qLwXSy+u4hpCi8Rw+oUuF1KCeg==}
     engines: {node: '>=14.19.0'}
@@ -1458,6 +1604,18 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-7OjdcV8vQ74eiz1TZLzZP4JwqM5fA94K6yntPS5Z25r9HDuGNzaGdgvwKYq6S+MxwF0TFRwe50fIR/MYnakdkQ==}
     dev: true
 
+  /@vue/test-utils@2.3.2(vue@3.3.4):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-hJnVaYhbrIm0yBS0+e1Y0Sj85cMyAi+PAbK4JHqMRUZ6S622Goa+G7QzkRSyvCteG8wop7tipuEbHoZo26wsSA==}
+    peerDependencies:
+      vue: ^3.0.1
+    dependencies:
+      js-beautify: 1.14.6
+      vue: 3.3.4
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@vue/compiler-dom': 3.3.4
+      '@vue/server-renderer': 3.3.4(vue@3.3.4)
+    dev: true
+
   /JSONStream@1.3.5:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-E+iruNOY8VV9s4JEbe1aNEm6MiszPRr/UfcHMz0TQh1BXSxHK+ASV1R6W4HpjBhSeS+54PIsAMCBmwD06LLsqQ==}
     hasBin: true
@@ -1478,6 +1636,11 @@ packages:
       acorn: 8.8.2
     dev: true
 
+  /acorn-walk@8.2.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-k+iyHEuPgSw6SbuDpGQM+06HQUa04DZ3o+F6CSzXMvvI5KMvnaEqXe+YVe555R9nn6GPt404fos4wcgpw12SDA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=0.4.0'}
+    dev: true
+
   /acorn@8.8.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-xjIYgE8HBrkpd/sJqOGNspf8uHG+NOHGOw6a/Urj8taM2EXfdNAH2oFcPeIFfsv3+kz/mJrS5VuMqbNLjCa2vw==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.4.0'}
@@ -1546,6 +1709,11 @@ packages:
       color-convert: 2.0.1
     dev: true
 
+  /ansi-styles@5.2.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Cxwpt2SfTzTtXcfOlzGEee8O+c+MmUgGrNiBcXnuWxuFJHe6a5Hz7qwhwe5OgaSYI0IJvkLqWX1ASG+cJOkEiA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10'}
+    dev: true
+
   /ansi-styles@6.2.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-bN798gFfQX+viw3R7yrGWRqnrN2oRkEkUjjl4JNn4E8GxxbjtG3FbrEIIY3l8/hrwUwIeCZvi4QuOTP4MErVug==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
@@ -1641,6 +1809,10 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
     dev: true
 
+  /assertion-error@1.1.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-jgsaNduz+ndvGyFt3uSuWqvy4lCnIJiovtouQN5JZHOKCS2QuhEdbcQHFhVksz2N2U9hXJo8odG7ETyWlEeuDw==}
+    dev: true
+
   /ast-walker-scope@0.4.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Ro3nmapMxi/remlJdzFH0tiA7A59KDbxVoLlKWaLDrPELiftb9b8w+CCyWRM+sXZH5KHRAgv8feedW6mihvCHA==}
     engines: {node: '>=14.19.0'}
@@ -1705,6 +1877,10 @@ packages:
       readable-stream: 3.6.0
     dev: true
 
+  /blueimp-md5@2.19.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-DRQrD6gJyy8FbiE4s+bDoXS9hiW3Vbx5uCdwvcCf3zLHL+Iv7LtGHLpr+GZV8rHG8tK766FGYBwRbu8pELTt+w==}
+    dev: true
+
   /boolbase@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-JZOSA7Mo9sNGB8+UjSgzdLtokWAky1zbztM3WRLCbZ70/3cTANmQmOdR7y2g+J0e2WXywy1yS468tY+IruqEww==}
     dev: true
@@ -1794,6 +1970,25 @@ packages:
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
 
+  /c8@7.13.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/NL4hQTv1gBL6J6ei80zu3IiTrmePDKXKXOTLpHvcIWZTVYQlDhVWjjWvkhICylE8EwwnMVzDZugCvdx0/DIIA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10.12.0'}
+    hasBin: true
+    dependencies:
+      '@bcoe/v8-coverage': 0.2.3
+      '@istanbuljs/schema': 0.1.3
+      find-up: 5.0.0
+      foreground-child: 2.0.0
+      istanbul-lib-coverage: 3.2.0
+      istanbul-lib-report: 3.0.0
+      istanbul-reports: 3.1.5
+      rimraf: 3.0.2
+      test-exclude: 6.0.0
+      v8-to-istanbul: 9.1.0
+      yargs: 16.2.0
+      yargs-parser: 20.2.9
+    dev: true
+
   /cac@6.7.14:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-b6Ilus+c3RrdDk+JhLKUAQfzzgLEPy6wcXqS7f/xe1EETvsDP6GORG7SFuOs6cID5YkqchW/LXZbX5bc8j7ZcQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
@@ -1842,6 +2037,19 @@ packages:
   /caniuse-lite@1.0.30001469:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Rcp7221ScNqQPP3W+lVOYDyjdR6dC+neEQCttoNr5bAyz54AboB4iwpnWgyi8P4YUsPybVzT4LgWiBbI3drL4g==}
 
+  /chai@4.3.7:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-HLnAzZ2iupm25PlN0xFreAlBA5zaBSv3og0DdeGA4Ar6h6rJ3A0rolRUKJhSF2V10GZKDgWF/VmAEsNWjCRB+A==}
+    engines: {node: '>=4'}
+    dependencies:
+      assertion-error: 1.1.0
+      check-error: 1.0.2
+      deep-eql: 4.1.3
+      get-func-name: 2.0.0
+      loupe: 2.3.6
+      pathval: 1.1.1
+      type-detect: 4.0.8
+    dev: true
+
   /chalk@2.4.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Mti+f9lpJNcwF4tWV8/OrTTtF1gZi+f8FqlyAdouralcFWFQWF2+NgCHShjkCb+IFBLq9buZwE1xckQU4peSuQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
@@ -1867,6 +2075,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-mT8iDcrh03qDGRRmoA2hmBJnxpllMR+0/0qlzjqZES6NdiWDcZkCNAk4rPFZ9Q85r27unkiNNg8ZOiwZXBHwcA==}
     dev: true
 
+  /check-error@1.0.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-BrgHpW9NURQgzoNyjfq0Wu6VFO6D7IZEmJNdtgNqpzGG8RuNFHt2jQxWlAs4HMe119chBnv+34syEZtc6IhLtA==}
+    dev: true
+
   /chokidar@3.5.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Dr3sfKRP6oTcjf2JmUmFJfeVMvXBdegxB0iVQ5eb2V10uFJUCAS8OByZdVAyVb8xXNz3GjjTgj9kLWsZTqE6kw==}
     engines: {node: '>= 8.10.0'}
@@ -2056,6 +2268,27 @@ packages:
       typedarray: 0.0.6
     dev: true
 
+  /concordance@5.0.4:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-OAcsnTEYu1ARJqWVGwf4zh4JDfHZEaSNlNccFmt8YjB2l/n19/PF2viLINHc57vO4FKIAFl2FWASIGZZWZ2Kxw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10.18.0 <11 || >=12.14.0 <13 || >=14'}
+    dependencies:
+      date-time: 3.1.0
+      esutils: 2.0.3
+      fast-diff: 1.3.0
+      js-string-escape: 1.0.1
+      lodash: 4.17.21
+      md5-hex: 3.0.1
+      semver: 7.5.1
+      well-known-symbols: 2.0.0
+    dev: true
+
+  /config-chain@1.1.13:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-qj+f8APARXHrM0hraqXYb2/bOVSV4PvJQlNZ/DVj0QrmNM2q2euizkeuVckQ57J+W0mRH6Hvi+k50M4Jul2VRQ==}
+    dependencies:
+      ini: 1.3.8
+      proto-list: 1.2.4
+    dev: true
+
   /consola@3.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-rrrJE6rP0qzl/Srg+C9x/AE5Kxfux7reVm1Wh0wCjuXvih6DqZgqDZe8auTD28fzJ9TF0mHlSDrPpWlujQRo1Q==}
 
@@ -2303,6 +2536,10 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>= 6'}
     dev: true
 
+  /css.escape@1.5.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-YUifsXXuknHlUsmlgyY0PKzgPOr7/FjCePfHNt0jxm83wHZi44VDMQ7/fGNkjY3/jV1MC+1CmZbaHzugyeRtpg==}
+    dev: true
+
   /cssesc@3.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/Tb/JcjK111nNScGob5MNtsntNM1aCNUDipB/TkwZFhyDrrE47SOx/18wF2bbjgc3ZzCSKW1T5nt5EbFoAz/Vg==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
@@ -2397,6 +2634,13 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>= 12'}
     dev: true
 
+  /date-time@3.1.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-uqCUKXE5q1PNBXjPqvwhwJf9SwMoAHBgWJ6DcrnS5o+W2JOiIILl0JEdVD8SGujrNS02GGxgwAg2PN2zONgtjg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6'}
+    dependencies:
+      time-zone: 1.0.0
+    dev: true
+
   /dateformat@3.0.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-jyCETtSl3VMZMWeRo7iY1FL19ges1t55hMo5yaam4Jrsm5EPL89UQkoQRyiI+Yf4k8r2ZpdngkV8hr1lIdjb3Q==}
     dev: true
@@ -2455,6 +2699,13 @@ packages:
     dev: false
     optional: true
 
+  /deep-eql@4.1.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-WaEtAOpRA1MQ0eohqZjpGD8zdI0Ovsm8mmFhaDN8dvDZzyoUMcYDnf5Y6iu7HTXxf8JDS23qWa4a+hKCDyOPzw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6'}
+    dependencies:
+      type-detect: 4.0.8
+    dev: true
+
   /deep-extend@0.6.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-LOHxIOaPYdHlJRtCQfDIVZtfw/ufM8+rVj649RIHzcm/vGwQRXFt6OPqIFWsm2XEMrNIEtWR64sY1LEKD2vAOA==}
     engines: {node: '>=4.0.0'}
@@ -2557,7 +2808,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       domelementtype: 2.3.0
       domhandler: 5.0.3
-      entities: 4.4.0
+      entities: 4.5.0
     dev: true
 
   /domelementtype@2.3.0:
@@ -2613,6 +2864,16 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-I88TYZWc9XiYHRQ4/3c5rjjfgkjhLyW2luGIheGERbNQ6OY7yTybanSpDXZa8y7VUP9YmDcYa+eyq4ca7iLqWA==}
     dev: true
 
+  /editorconfig@0.15.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-M9wIMFx96vq0R4F+gRpY3o2exzb8hEj/n9S8unZtHSvYjibBp/iMufSzvmOcV/laG0ZtuTVGtiJggPOSW2r93g==}
+    hasBin: true
+    dependencies:
+      commander: 2.20.3
+      lru-cache: 4.1.5
+      semver: 5.7.1
+      sigmund: 1.0.1
+    dev: true
+
   /ee-first@1.1.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-WMwm9LhRUo+WUaRN+vRuETqG89IgZphVSNkdFgeb6sS/E4OrDIN7t48CAewSHXc6C8lefD8KKfr5vY61brQlow==}
     dev: true
@@ -2654,8 +2915,8 @@ packages:
       tapable: 2.2.1
     dev: true
 
-  /entities@4.4.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-oYp7156SP8LkeGD0GF85ad1X9Ai79WtRsZ2gxJqtBuzH+98YUV6jkHEKlZkMbcrjJjIVJNIDP/3WL9wQkoPbWA==}
+  /entities@4.5.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-V0hjH4dGPh9Ao5p0MoRY6BVqtwCjhz6vI5LT8AJ55H+4g9/4vbHx1I54fS0XuclLhDHArPQCiMjDxjaL8fPxhw==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.12'}
     dev: true
 
@@ -3182,6 +3443,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-f3qQ9oQy9j2AhBe/H9VC91wLmKBCCU/gDOnKNAYG5hswO7BLKj09Hc5HYNz9cGI++xlpDCIgDaitVs03ATR84Q==}
     dev: true
 
+  /fast-diff@1.3.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-VxPP4NqbUjj6MaAOafWeUn2cXWLcCtljklUtZf0Ind4XQ+QPtmA0b18zZy0jIQx+ExRVCR/ZQpBmik5lXshNsw==}
+    dev: true
+
   /fast-glob@3.2.12:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-DVj4CQIYYow0BlaelwK1pHl5n5cRSJfM60UA0zK891sVInoPri2Ekj7+e1CT3/3qxXenpI+nBBmQAcJPJgaj4w==}
     engines: {node: '>=8.6.0'}
@@ -3213,6 +3478,10 @@ packages:
       web-streams-polyfill: 3.2.1
     dev: true
 
+  /fflate@0.7.4:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-5u2V/CDW15QM1XbbgS+0DfPxVB+jUKhWEKuuFuHncbk3tEEqzmoXL+2KyOFuKGqOnmdIy0/davWF1CkuwtibCw==}
+    dev: true
+
   /figures@3.2.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-yaduQFRKLXYOGgEn6AZau90j3ggSOyiqXU0F9JZfeXYhNa+Jk4X+s45A2zg5jns87GAFa34BBm2kXw4XpNcbdg==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
@@ -3301,6 +3570,14 @@ packages:
         optional: true
     dev: true
 
+  /foreground-child@2.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-dCIq9FpEcyQyXKCkyzmlPTFNgrCzPudOe+mhvJU5zAtlBnGVy2yKxtfsxK2tQBThwq225jcvBjpw1Gr40uzZCA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8.0.0'}
+    dependencies:
+      cross-spawn: 7.0.3
+      signal-exit: 3.0.7
+    dev: true
+
   /formdata-polyfill@4.0.10:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-buewHzMvYL29jdeQTVILecSaZKnt/RJWjoZCF5OW60Z67/GmSLBkOFM7qh1PI3zFNtJbaZL5eQu1vLfazOwj4g==}
     engines: {node: '>=12.20.0'}
@@ -3397,6 +3674,10 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: 6.* || 8.* || >= 10.*}
     dev: true
 
+  /get-func-name@2.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Hm0ixYtaSZ/V7C8FJrtZIuBBI+iSgL+1Aq82zSu8VQNB4S3Gk8e7Qs3VwBDJAhmRZcFqkl3tQu36g/Foh5I5ig==}
+    dev: true
+
   /get-intrinsic@1.1.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-QJVz1Tj7MS099PevUG5jvnt9tSkXN8K14dxQlikJuPt4uD9hHAHjLyLBiLR5zELelBdD9QNRAXZzsJx0WaDL9A==}
     dependencies:
@@ -3621,6 +3902,17 @@ packages:
       uglify-js: 3.17.4
     dev: true
 
+  /happy-dom@9.20.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-cEUGxStAKrsuUGdw5KJ8PgbZ5u41SP1UgL1E23ncLcMNf/kiQU2VcI8r5/Kc20V18gz4xNYkrj005Ex4xPJsoQ==}
+    dependencies:
+      css.escape: 1.5.1
+      entities: 4.5.0
+      iconv-lite: 0.6.3
+      webidl-conversions: 7.0.0
+      whatwg-encoding: 2.0.0
+      whatwg-mimetype: 3.0.0
+    dev: true
+
   /hard-rejection@2.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-VIZB+ibDhx7ObhAe7OVtoEbuP4h/MuOTHJ+J8h/eBXotJYl0fBgR72xDFCKgIh22OJZIOVNxBMWuhAr10r8HdA==}
     engines: {node: '>=6'}
@@ -3685,6 +3977,10 @@ packages:
       lru-cache: 6.0.0
     dev: true
 
+  /html-escaper@2.0.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-H2iMtd0I4Mt5eYiapRdIDjp+XzelXQ0tFE4JS7YFwFevXXMmOp9myNrUvCg0D6ws8iqkRPBfKHgbwig1SmlLfg==}
+    dev: true
+
   /html-tags@3.2.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-vy7ClnArOZwCnqZgvv+ddgHgJiAFXe3Ge9ML5/mBctVJoUoYPCdxVucOywjDARn6CVoh3dRSFdPHy2sX80L0Wg==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
@@ -3741,6 +4037,13 @@ packages:
       safer-buffer: 2.1.2
     dev: true
 
+  /iconv-lite@0.6.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-4fCk79wshMdzMp2rH06qWrJE4iolqLhCUH+OiuIgU++RB0+94NlDL81atO7GX55uUKueo0txHNtvEyI6D7WdMw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
+    dependencies:
+      safer-buffer: 2.1.2
+    dev: true
+
   /ieee754@1.2.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-dcyqhDvX1C46lXZcVqCpK+FtMRQVdIMN6/Df5js2zouUsqG7I6sFxitIC+7KYK29KdXOLHdu9zL4sFnoVQnqaA==}
 
@@ -4065,10 +4368,48 @@ packages:
   /isexe@2.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-RHxMLp9lnKHGHRng9QFhRCMbYAcVpn69smSGcq3f36xjgVVWThj4qqLbTLlq7Ssj8B+fIQ1EuCEGI2lKsyQeIw==}
 
+  /istanbul-lib-coverage@3.2.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-eOeJ5BHCmHYvQK7xt9GkdHuzuCGS1Y6g9Gvnx3Ym33fz/HpLRYxiS0wHNr+m/MBC8B647Xt608vCDEvhl9c6Mw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+    dev: true
+
+  /istanbul-lib-report@3.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-wcdi+uAKzfiGT2abPpKZ0hSU1rGQjUQnLvtY5MpQ7QCTahD3VODhcu4wcfY1YtkGaDD5yuydOLINXsfbus9ROw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+    dependencies:
+      istanbul-lib-coverage: 3.2.0
+      make-dir: 3.1.0
+      supports-color: 7.2.0
+    dev: true
+
+  /istanbul-reports@3.1.5:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-nUsEMa9pBt/NOHqbcbeJEgqIlY/K7rVWUX6Lql2orY5e9roQOthbR3vtY4zzf2orPELg80fnxxk9zUyPlgwD1w==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+    dependencies:
+      html-escaper: 2.0.2
+      istanbul-lib-report: 3.0.0
+    dev: true
+
   /jiti@1.18.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-QAdOptna2NYiSSpv0O/BwoHBSmz4YhpzJHyi+fnMRTXFjp7B8i/YG5Z8IfusxB1ufjcD2Sre1F3R+nX3fvy7gg==}
     hasBin: true
 
+  /js-beautify@1.14.6:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-GfofQY5zDp+cuHc+gsEXKPpNw2KbPddreEo35O6jT6i0RVK6LhsoYBhq5TvK4/n74wnA0QbK8gGd+jUZwTMKJw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10'}
+    hasBin: true
+    dependencies:
+      config-chain: 1.1.13
+      editorconfig: 0.15.3
+      glob: 8.0.3
+      nopt: 6.0.0
+    dev: true
+
+  /js-string-escape@1.0.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Smw4xcfIQ5LVjAOuJCvN/zIodzA/BBSsluuoSykP+lUvScIi4U6RJLfwHet5cxFnCswUjISV8oAXaqaJDY3chg==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 0.8'}
+    dev: true
+
   /js-tokens@4.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-RdJUflcE3cUzKiMqQgsCu06FPu9UdIJO0beYbPhHN4k6apgJtifcoCtT9bcxOpYBtpD2kCM6Sbzg4CausW/PKQ==}
 
@@ -4304,6 +4645,19 @@ packages:
       is-unicode-supported: 1.3.0
     dev: true
 
+  /loupe@2.3.6:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RaPMZKiMy8/JruncMU5Bt6na1eftNoo++R4Y+N2FrxkDVTrGvcyzFTsaGif4QTeKESheMGegbhw6iUAq+5A8zA==}
+    dependencies:
+      get-func-name: 2.0.0
+    dev: true
+
+  /lru-cache@4.1.5:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-sWZlbEP2OsHNkXrMl5GYk/jKk70MBng6UU4YI/qGDYbgf6YbP4EvmqISbXCoJiRKs+1bSpFHVgQxvJ17F2li5g==}
+    dependencies:
+      pseudomap: 1.0.2
+      yallist: 2.1.2
+    dev: true
+
   /lru-cache@5.1.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-KpNARQA3Iwv+jTA0utUVVbrh+Jlrr1Fv0e56GGzAFOXN7dk/FviaDW8LHmK52DlcH4WP2n6gI8vN1aesBFgo9w==}
     dependencies:
@@ -4357,6 +4711,13 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
     dev: true
 
+  /md5-hex@3.0.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-BUiRtTtV39LIJwinWBjqVsU9xhdnz7/i889V859IBFpuqGAj6LuOvHv5XLbgZ2R7ptJoJaEcxkv88/h25T7Ciw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+    dependencies:
+      blueimp-md5: 2.19.0
+    dev: true
+
   /mdn-data@2.0.28:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-aylIc7Z9y4yzHYAJNuESG3hfhC+0Ibp/MAMiaOZgNv4pmEdFyfZhhhny4MNiAfWdBQ1RQ2mfDWmM1x8SvGyp8g==}
     dev: true
@@ -4539,6 +4900,11 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-tzzskb3bG8LvYGFF/mDTpq3jpI6Q9wc3LEmBaghu+DdCssd1FakN7Bc0hVNmEyGq1bq3RgfkCb3cmQLpNPOroA==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
 
+  /mrmime@1.0.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-hzzEagAgDyoU1Q6yg5uI+AorQgdvMCur3FcKf7NhMKWsaYg+RnbTyHRa/9IlLF9rf455MOCtcqqrQQ83pPP7Uw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10'}
+    dev: true
+
   /ms@2.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Tpp60P6IUJDTuOq/5Z8cdskzJujfwqfOTkrwIwj7IRISpnkJnT6SyJ4PCPnGMoFjC9ddhal5KVIYtAt97ix05A==}
     dev: true
@@ -4727,6 +5093,14 @@ packages:
       abbrev: 1.1.1
     dev: true
 
+  /nopt@6.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ZwLpbTgdhuZUnZzjd7nb1ZV+4DoiC6/sfiVKok72ym/4Tlf+DFdlHYmT2JPmcNNWV6Pi3SDf1kT+A4r9RTuT9g==}
+    engines: {node: ^12.13.0 || ^14.15.0 || >=16.0.0}
+    hasBin: true
+    dependencies:
+      abbrev: 1.1.1
+    dev: true
+
   /normalize-package-data@2.5.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/5CMN3T0R4XTj4DcGaexo+roZSdSFW/0AOOTROrjxzCG1wrWXEsGbRKevjlIL+ZDE4sZlJr5ED4YW0yqmkK+eA==}
     dependencies:
@@ -4791,6 +5165,31 @@ packages:
       fsevents: 2.3.2
     dev: true
 
+  /nuxt-vitest@0.7.1(@vitejs/plugin-vue-jsx@3.0.1)(@vitejs/plugin-vue@4.2.3)(rollup@3.23.0)(vite@4.3.8)(vitest@0.30.1)(vue-router@4.2.1)(vue@3.3.4):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rRNz9B7V1rLdP3fm65qh4O0QUYsvfOjdrn8x0uzK2GJ7Rduwgj9ZNLH1LhBR9UnObdaXfxceTJ4nHYqp4cuWkg==}
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@vitejs/plugin-vue': '*'
+      '@vitejs/plugin-vue-jsx': '*'
+      vite: '*'
+      vitest: ^0.30.0
+    dependencies:
+      '@nuxt/kit': 3.5.1(rollup@3.23.0)
+      '@vitejs/plugin-vue': 4.2.3(vite@4.3.8)(vue@3.3.4)
+      '@vitejs/plugin-vue-jsx': 3.0.1(vite@4.3.8)(vue@3.3.4)
+      '@vitest/ui': 0.30.1
+      get-port-please: 3.0.1
+      perfect-debounce: 1.0.0
+      std-env: 3.3.3
+      vite: 4.3.8(@types/node@18.16.15)
+      vitest: 0.30.1(playwright@1.34.3)
+      vitest-environment-nuxt: 0.7.1(rollup@3.23.0)(vitest@0.30.1)(vue-router@4.2.1)(vue@3.3.4)
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - rollup
+      - supports-color
+      - vue
+      - vue-router
+    dev: true
+
   /nuxt@3.5.1(@types/node@18.16.15)(eslint@8.41.0)(rollup@3.23.0)(typescript@5.0.4):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-MAooC2oqmc4d61MW+rRIbCKmdrIfYj32ilWcG1Se4pZyPTl4H56ELVqy6Wm2MgdKbWHLxH6K0nR13RcLLzLouw==}
     engines: {node: ^14.18.0 || >=16.10.0}
@@ -5032,6 +5431,13 @@ packages:
       yocto-queue: 0.1.0
     dev: true
 
+  /p-limit@4.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-5b0R4txpzjPWVw/cXXUResoD4hb6U/x9BH08L7nw+GN1sezDzPdxeRvpc9c433fZhBan/wusjbCsqwqm4EIBIQ==}
+    engines: {node: ^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0}
+    dependencies:
+      yocto-queue: 1.0.0
+    dev: true
+
   /p-locate@2.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-nQja7m7gSKuewoVRen45CtVfODR3crN3goVQ0DDZ9N3yHxgpkuBhZqsaiotSQRrADUrne346peY7kT3TSACykg==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
@@ -5162,6 +5568,10 @@ packages:
   /pathe@1.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ODbEPR0KKHqECXW1GoxdDb+AZvULmXjVPy4rt+pGo2+TnjJTIPJQSVS6N63n8T2Ip+syHhbn52OewKicV0373w==}
 
+  /pathval@1.1.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Dp6zGqpTdETdR63lehJYPeIOqpiNBNtc7BpWSLrOje7UaIsE5aY92r/AunQA7rsXvet3lrJ3JnZX29UPTKXyKQ==}
+    dev: true
+
   /perfect-debounce@0.1.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-NOT9AcKiDGpnV/HBhI22Str++XWcErO/bALvHCuhv33owZW/CjH8KAFLZDCmu3727sihe0wTxpDhyGc6M8qacQ==}
 
@@ -5193,6 +5603,21 @@ packages:
       mlly: 1.3.0
       pathe: 1.1.0
 
+  /playwright-core@1.34.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-2pWd6G7OHKemc5x1r1rp8aQcpvDh7goMBZlJv6Co5vCNLVcQJdhxRL09SGaY6HcyHH9aT4tiynZabMofVasBYw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14'}
+    hasBin: true
+    dev: true
+
+  /playwright@1.34.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-UOOVE4ZbGfGkP1KVqWTdXOmm8Pw2pBhfbmlqKMkpiRCQjL5W+J+xRQXpgutFr0iM4pWl8g0GyyASMsqjQfFohw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14'}
+    hasBin: true
+    requiresBuild: true
+    dependencies:
+      playwright-core: 1.34.3
+    dev: true
+
   /pluralize@8.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Nc3IT5yHzflTfbjgqWcCPpo7DaKy4FnpB0l/zCAW0Tc7jxAiuqSxHasntB3D7887LSrA93kDJ9IXovxJYxyLCA==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
@@ -5561,6 +5986,15 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0}
     dev: true
 
+  /pretty-format@27.5.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Qb1gy5OrP5+zDf2Bvnzdl3jsTf1qXVMazbvCoKhtKqVs4/YK4ozX4gKQJJVyNe+cajNPn0KoC0MC3FUmaHWEmQ==}
+    engines: {node: ^10.13.0 || ^12.13.0 || ^14.15.0 || >=15.0.0}
+    dependencies:
+      ansi-regex: 5.0.1
+      ansi-styles: 5.2.0
+      react-is: 17.0.2
+    dev: true
+
   /process-nextick-args@2.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-3ouUOpQhtgrbOa17J7+uxOTpITYWaGP7/AhoR3+A+/1e9skrzelGi/dXzEYyvbxubEF6Wn2ypscTKiKJFFn1ag==}
 
@@ -5572,6 +6006,10 @@ packages:
       sisteransi: 1.0.5
     dev: true
 
+  /proto-list@1.2.4:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-vtK/94akxsTMhe0/cbfpR+syPuszcuwhqVjJq26CuNDgFGj682oRBXOP5MJpv2r7JtE8MsiepGIqvvOTBwn2vA==}
+    dev: true
+
   /protocols@2.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/XJ368cyBJ7fzLMwLKv1e4vLxOju2MNAIokcr7meSaNcVbWz/CPcW22cP04mwxOErdA5mwjA8Q6w/cdAQxVn7Q==}
     dev: true
@@ -5579,6 +6017,10 @@ packages:
   /prr@1.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-yPw4Sng1gWghHQWj0B3ZggWUm4qVbPwPFcRG8KyxiU7J2OHFSoEHKS+EZ3fv5l1t9CyCiop6l/ZYeWbrgoQejw==}
 
+  /pseudomap@1.0.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-b/YwNhb8lk1Zz2+bXXpS/LK9OisiZZ1SNsSLxN1x2OXVEhW2Ckr/7mWE5vrC1ZTiJlD9g19jWszTmJsB+oEpFQ==}
+    dev: true
+
   /pump@3.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-LwZy+p3SFs1Pytd/jYct4wpv49HiYCqd9Rlc5ZVdk0V+8Yzv6jR5Blk3TRmPL1ft69TxP0IMZGJ+WPFU2BFhww==}
     dependencies:
@@ -5637,6 +6079,10 @@ packages:
     dev: false
     optional: true
 
+  /react-is@17.0.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-w2GsyukL62IJnlaff/nRegPQR94C/XXamvMWmSHRJ4y7Ts/4ocGRmTHvOs8PSE6pB3dWOrD/nueuU5sduBsQ4w==}
+    dev: true
+
   /read-cache@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Owdv/Ft7IjOgm/i0xvNDZ1LrRANRfew4b2prF3OWMQLxLfu3bS8FVhCsrSCMK4lR56Y9ya+AThoTpDCTxCmpRA==}
     dependencies:
@@ -5980,6 +6426,14 @@ packages:
       object-inspect: 1.12.2
     dev: true
 
+  /siginfo@2.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ybx0WO1/8bSBLEWXZvEd7gMW3Sn3JFlW3TvX1nREbDLRNQNaeNN8WK0meBwPdAaOI7TtRRRJn/Es1zhrrCHu7g==}
+    dev: true
+
+  /sigmund@1.0.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-fCvEXfh6NWpm+YSuY2bpXb/VIihqWA6hLsgboC+0nl71Q7N7o2eaCW8mJa/NLvQhs6jpd3VZV4UiUQlV6+lc8g==}
+    dev: true
+
   /signal-exit@3.0.7:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wnD2ZE+l+SPC/uoS0vXeE9L1+0wuaMqKlfz9AMUo38JsyLSBWSFcHR1Rri62LZc12vLr1gb3jl7iwQhgwpAbGQ==}
 
@@ -6004,6 +6458,15 @@ packages:
     dev: false
     optional: true
 
+  /sirv@2.0.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-O9jm9BsID1P+0HOi81VpXPoDxYP374pkOLzACAoyUQ/3OUVndNpsz6wMnY2z+yOxzbllCKZrM+9QrWsv4THnyA==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 10'}
+    dependencies:
+      '@polka/url': 1.0.0-next.21
+      mrmime: 1.0.1
+      totalist: 3.0.1
+    dev: true
+
   /sisteransi@1.0.5:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-bLGGlR1QxBcynn2d5YmDX4MGjlZvy2MRBDRNHLJ8VI6l6+9FUiyTFNJ0IveOSP0bcXgVDPRcfGqA0pjaqUpfVg==}
     dev: true
@@ -6077,6 +6540,10 @@ packages:
       through: 2.3.8
     dev: true
 
+  /stackback@0.0.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-1XMJE5fQo1jGH6Y/7ebnwPOBEkIEnT4QF32d5R1+VXdXveM0IBMJt8zfaxX1P3QhVwrYe+576+jkANtSS2mBbw==}
+    dev: true
+
   /standard-as-callback@2.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-qoRRSyROncaz1z0mvYqIE4lCd9p2R90i6GxW3uZv5ucSu8tU7B5HXUP1gG8pVZsYNVaXjk8ClXHPttLyxAL48A==}
     dev: true
@@ -6325,6 +6792,15 @@ packages:
       source-map-support: 0.5.21
     dev: true
 
+  /test-exclude@6.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-cAGWPIyOHU6zlmg88jwm7VRyXnMN7iV68OGAbYDk/Mh/xC/pzVPlQtY6ngoIH/5/tciuhGfvESU8GrHrcxD56w==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+    dependencies:
+      '@istanbuljs/schema': 0.1.3
+      glob: 7.2.3
+      minimatch: 3.1.2
+    dev: true
+
   /text-extensions@1.9.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wiBrwC1EhBelW12Zy26JeOUkQ5mRu+5o8rpsJk5+2t+Y5vE7e842qtZDQ2g1NpX/29HdyFeJ4nSIhI47ENSxlQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.10'}
@@ -6351,6 +6827,11 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-w89qg7PI8wAdvX60bMDP+bFoD5Dvhm9oLheFp5O4a2QF0cSBGsBX4qZmadPMvVqlLJBBci+WqGGOAPvcDeNSVg==}
     dev: true
 
+  /time-zone@1.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-TIsDdtKo6+XrPtiTm1ssmMngN1sAhyKnTO2kunQWqNPWIVvCm15Wmw4SWInwTVgJ5u/Tr04+8Ei9TNcw4x4ONA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=4'}
+    dev: true
+
   /tiny-glob@0.2.9:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-g/55ssRPUjShh+xkfx9UPDXqhckHEsHr4Vd9zX55oSdGZc/MD0m3sferOkwWtp98bv+kcVfEHtRJgBVJzelrzg==}
     dependencies:
@@ -6362,6 +6843,20 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-AD5ih2NlSssTCwsMznbvwMZpJ1cbhkGd2uueNxzv2jDlEeZdU04JQfRnggJQ8DrcVBGjAsCKwFBbDlVNtEMlzw==}
     dev: true
 
+  /tinybench@2.5.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-kRwSG8Zx4tjF9ZiyH4bhaebu+EDz1BOx9hOigYHlUW4xxI/wKIUQUqo018UlU4ar6ATPBsaMrdbKZ+tmPdohFA==}
+    dev: true
+
+  /tinypool@0.4.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-2ksntHOKf893wSAH4z/+JbPpi92esw8Gn9N2deXX+B0EO92hexAVI9GIZZPx7P5aYo5KULfeOSt3kMOmSOy6uA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14.0.0'}
+    dev: true
+
+  /tinyspy@2.1.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-7eORpyqImoOvkQJCSkL0d0mB4NHHIFAy4b1u8PHdDa7SjGS2njzl6/lyGoZLm+eyYEtlUmFGE0rFj66SWxZgQQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14.0.0'}
+    dev: true
+
   /tmp@0.0.33:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-jRCJlojKnZ3addtTOjdIqoRuPEKBvNXcGYqzO6zWZX8KfKEpnGY5jfggJQ3EjKuu8D4bJRr0y+cYJFmYbImXGw==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.6.0'}
@@ -6384,6 +6879,11 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=0.6'}
     dev: true
 
+  /totalist@3.0.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-sf4i37nQ2LBx4m3wB74y+ubopq6W/dIzXg0FDGjsYnZHVa1Da8FH853wlL2gtUhg+xJXjfk3kUZS3BRoQeoQBQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6'}
+    dev: true
+
   /tr46@0.0.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-N3WMsuqV66lT30CrXNbEjx4GEwlow3v6rr4mCcv6prnfwhS01rkgyFdjPNBYd9br7LpXV1+Emh01fHnq2Gdgrw==}
     dev: true
@@ -6434,6 +6934,11 @@ packages:
       prelude-ls: 1.2.1
     dev: true
 
+  /type-detect@4.0.8:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-0fr/mIH1dlO+x7TlcMy+bIDqKPsw/70tVyeHW787goQjhmqaZe10uwLujubK9q9Lg6Fiho1KUKDYz0Z7k7g5/g==}
+    engines: {node: '>=4'}
+    dev: true
+
   /type-fest@0.18.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-OIAYXk8+ISY+qTOwkHtKqzAuxchoMiD9Udx+FSGQDuiRR+PJKJHc2NJAXlbhkGwTt/4/nKZxELY1w3ReWOL8mw==}
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
@@ -6711,6 +7216,15 @@ packages:
   /util-deprecate@1.0.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-EPD5q1uXyFxJpCrLnCc1nHnq3gOa6DZBocAIiI2TaSCA7VCJ1UJDMagCzIkXNsUYfD1daK//LTEQ8xiIbrHtcw==}
 
+  /v8-to-istanbul@9.1.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-6z3GW9x8G1gd+JIIgQQQxXuiJtCXeAjp6RaPEPLv62mH3iPHPxV6W3robxtCzNErRo6ZwTmzWhsbNvjyEBKzKA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10.12.0'}
+    dependencies:
+      '@jridgewell/trace-mapping': 0.3.17
+      '@types/istanbul-lib-coverage': 2.0.4
+      convert-source-map: 1.9.0
+    dev: true
+
   /validate-npm-package-license@3.0.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-DpKm2Ui/xN7/HQKCtpZxoRWBhZ9Z0kqtygG8XCgNQ8ZlDnxuQmWhj566j8fN4Cu3/JmbhsDo7fcAJq4s9h27Ew==}
     dependencies:
@@ -6718,6 +7232,27 @@ packages:
       spdx-expression-parse: 3.0.1
     dev: true
 
+  /vite-node@0.30.1(@types/node@18.16.15):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-vTikpU/J7e6LU/8iM3dzBo8ZhEiKZEKRznEMm+mJh95XhWaPrJQraT/QsT2NWmuEf+zgAoMe64PKT7hfZ1Njmg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=v14.18.0'}
+    hasBin: true
+    dependencies:
+      cac: 6.7.14
+      debug: 4.3.4
+      mlly: 1.3.0
+      pathe: 1.1.0
+      picocolors: 1.0.0
+      vite: 4.3.8(@types/node@18.16.15)
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - '@types/node'
+      - less
+      - sass
+      - stylus
+      - sugarss
+      - supports-color
+      - terser
+    dev: true
+
   /vite-node@0.31.1(@types/node@18.16.15):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-BajE/IsNQ6JyizPzu9zRgHrBwczkAs0erQf/JRpgTIESpKvNj9/Gd0vxX905klLkb0I0SJVCKbdrl5c6FnqYKA==}
     engines: {node: '>=v14.18.0'}
@@ -6825,6 +7360,97 @@ packages:
       fsevents: 2.3.2
     dev: true
 
+  /vitest-environment-nuxt@0.7.1(rollup@3.23.0)(vitest@0.30.1)(vue-router@4.2.1)(vue@3.3.4):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-b/BSI9Vg3fycZpMWE34TpWhP3o7HfOiyQf7RUBBfYncZ8yTRqRkO7rhaZmiKdIau44tRBSpqH+EFZzqU0ksHYA==}
+    peerDependencies:
+      vitest: ^0.24.5 || ^0.26.0 || ^0.27.0 || ^0.28.0 || ^0.29.0 || ^0.30.0
+      vue: ^3.2.45
+      vue-router: ^4.0.0
+    dependencies:
+      '@nuxt/kit': 3.5.1(rollup@3.23.0)
+      '@vue/test-utils': 2.3.2(vue@3.3.4)
+      defu: 6.1.2
+      estree-walker: 3.0.3
+      h3: 1.6.6
+      happy-dom: 9.20.1
+      magic-string: 0.30.0
+      ofetch: 1.0.1
+      unenv: 1.5.1
+      vitest: 0.30.1(playwright@1.34.3)
+      vue: 3.3.4
+      vue-router: 4.2.1(vue@3.3.4)
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - rollup
+      - supports-color
+    dev: true
+
+  /vitest@0.30.1(playwright@1.34.3):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-y35WTrSTlTxfMLttgQk4rHcaDkbHQwDP++SNwPb+7H8yb13Q3cu2EixrtHzF27iZ8v0XCciSsLg00RkPAzB/aA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=v14.18.0'}
+    hasBin: true
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@edge-runtime/vm': '*'
+      '@vitest/browser': '*'
+      '@vitest/ui': '*'
+      happy-dom: '*'
+      jsdom: '*'
+      playwright: '*'
+      safaridriver: '*'
+      webdriverio: '*'
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      '@edge-runtime/vm':
+        optional: true
+      '@vitest/browser':
+        optional: true
+      '@vitest/ui':
+        optional: true
+      happy-dom:
+        optional: true
+      jsdom:
+        optional: true
+      playwright:
+        optional: true
+      safaridriver:
+        optional: true
+      webdriverio:
+        optional: true
+    dependencies:
+      '@types/chai': 4.3.5
+      '@types/chai-subset': 1.3.3
+      '@types/node': 18.16.15
+      '@vitest/expect': 0.30.1
+      '@vitest/runner': 0.30.1
+      '@vitest/snapshot': 0.30.1
+      '@vitest/spy': 0.30.1
+      '@vitest/utils': 0.30.1
+      acorn: 8.8.2
+      acorn-walk: 8.2.0
+      cac: 6.7.14
+      chai: 4.3.7
+      concordance: 5.0.4
+      debug: 4.3.4
+      local-pkg: 0.4.3
+      magic-string: 0.30.0
+      pathe: 1.1.0
+      picocolors: 1.0.0
+      playwright: 1.34.3
+      source-map: 0.6.1
+      std-env: 3.3.3
+      strip-literal: 1.0.1
+      tinybench: 2.5.0
+      tinypool: 0.4.0
+      vite: 4.3.8(@types/node@18.16.15)
+      vite-node: 0.30.1(@types/node@18.16.15)
+      why-is-node-running: 2.2.2
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - less
+      - sass
+      - stylus
+      - sugarss
+      - supports-color
+      - terser
+    dev: true
+
   /vscode-jsonrpc@6.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wnJA4BnEjOSyFMvjZdpiOwhSq9uDoK8e/kpRJDTaMYzwlkrhG1fwDIZI94CLsLzlCK5cIbMMtFlJlfR57Lavmg==}
     engines: {node: '>=8.0.0 || >=10.0.0'}
@@ -6927,6 +7553,11 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-2JAn3z8AR6rjK8Sm8orRC0h/bcl/DqL7tRPdGZ4I1CjdF+EaMLmYxBHyXuKL849eucPFhvBoxMsflfOb8kxaeQ==}
     dev: true
 
+  /webidl-conversions@7.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-VwddBukDzu71offAQR975unBIGqfKZpM+8ZX6ySk8nYhVoo5CYaZyzt3YBvYtRtO+aoGlqxPg/B87NGVZ/fu6g==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    dev: true
+
   /webpack-sources@3.2.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/DyMEOrDgLKKIG0fmvtz+4dUX/3Ghozwgm6iPp8KRhvn+eQf9+Q7GWxVNMk3+uCPWfdXYC4ExGBckIXdFEfH1w==}
     engines: {node: '>=10.13.0'}
@@ -6934,6 +7565,23 @@ packages:
   /webpack-virtual-modules@0.5.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-kyDivFZ7ZM0BVOUteVbDFhlRt7Ah/CSPwJdi8hBpkK7QLumUqdLtVfm/PX/hkcnrvr0i77fO5+TjZ94Pe+C9iw==}
 
+  /well-known-symbols@2.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ZMjC3ho+KXo0BfJb7JgtQ5IBuvnShdlACNkKkdsqBmYw3bPAaJfPeYUo6tLUaT5tG/Gkh7xkpBhKRQ9e7pyg9Q==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6'}
+    dev: true
+
+  /whatwg-encoding@2.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-p41ogyeMUrw3jWclHWTQg1k05DSVXPLcVxRTYsXUk+ZooOCZLcoYgPZ/HL/D/N+uQPOtcp1me1WhBEaX02mhWg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    dependencies:
+      iconv-lite: 0.6.3
+    dev: true
+
+  /whatwg-mimetype@3.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-nt+N2dzIutVRxARx1nghPKGv1xHikU7HKdfafKkLNLindmPU/ch3U31NOCGGA/dmPcmb1VlofO0vnKAcsm0o/Q==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    dev: true
+
   /whatwg-url@5.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-saE57nupxk6v3HY35+jzBwYa0rKSy0XR8JSxZPwgLr7ys0IBzhGviA1/TUGJLmSVqs8pb9AnvICXEuOHLprYTw==}
     dependencies:
@@ -6958,6 +7606,15 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       isexe: 2.0.0
 
+  /why-is-node-running@2.2.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-6tSwToZxTOcotxHeA+qGCq1mVzKR3CwcJGmVcY+QE8SHy6TnpFnh8PAvPNHYr7EcuVeG0QSMxtYCuO1ta/G/oA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+    hasBin: true
+    dependencies:
+      siginfo: 2.0.0
+      stackback: 0.0.2
+    dev: true
+
   /wide-align@1.1.5:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-eDMORYaPNZ4sQIuuYPDHdQvf4gyCF9rEEV/yPxGfwPkRodwEgiMUUXTx/dex+Me0wxx53S+NgUHaP7y3MGlDmg==}
     dependencies:
@@ -7025,6 +7682,10 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
     dev: true
 
+  /yallist@2.1.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ncTzHV7NvsQZkYe1DW7cbDLm0YpzHmZF5r/iyP3ZnQtMiJ+pjzisCiMNI+Sj+xQF5pXhSHxSB3uDbsBTzY/c2A==}
+    dev: true
+
   /yallist@3.1.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-a4UGQaWPH59mOXUYnAG2ewncQS4i4F43Tv3JoAM+s2VDAmS9NsK8GpDMLrCHPksFT7h3K6TOoUNn2pb7RoXx4g==}
 
@@ -7077,6 +7738,11 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
     dev: true
 
+  /yocto-queue@1.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-9bnSc/HEW2uRy67wc+T8UwauLuPJVn28jb+GtJY16iiKWyvmYJRXVT4UamsAEGQfPohgr2q4Tq0sQbQlxTfi1g==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12.20'}
+    dev: true
+
   /zhead@2.0.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-V4R94t3ifk9AURym6OskbKcnowzgp5Z88tkoL/NF67vyryNxC62u6mx5F1Ux4oh4+YN7FFmKYEyWy6m5kfPH6g==}
     dev: true
diff --git a/test/e2e/__snapshots__/no-ssr.test.ts.snap b/test/e2e/__snapshots__/no-ssr.test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05ce12031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/__snapshots__/no-ssr.test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+// Vitest Snapshot v1, https://vitest.dev/guide/snapshot.html
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > cloudflare should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://that-test.site/cdn-cgi/image/h=300,fit=contain/https://s3.that-test.site/burger.jpeg",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > cloudflare should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://that-test.site/cdn-cgi/image/h=300,fit=contain/https://s3.that-test.site/burger.jpeg",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > cloudimage should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/bag.jpg?width=500&height=500&func=fit",
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/boat.jpg?width=800&height=800&q=75&func=crop",
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/img.jpg?width=300&height=300&force_format=webp&func=cover",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > cloudimage should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/bag.jpg?width=500&height=500&func=fit",
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/boat.jpg?width=800&height=800&q=75&func=crop",
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/img.jpg?width=300&height=300&force_format=webp&func=cover",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > cloudinary should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_crop/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_thumb/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > cloudinary should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_crop/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_thumb/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > contentful should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg",
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg?w=200&h=133",
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg?w=200&h=200&fit=fill",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > contentful should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg",
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg?w=200&h=133",
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg?w=200&h=200&fit=fill",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > edgio should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&height=200",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&width=50",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&quality=10",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > edgio should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&height=200",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&width=50",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&quality=10",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > fastly should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://www.fastly.io/image.jpg",
+  "https://www.fastly.io/plant.jpeg",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > fastly should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://www.fastly.io/image.jpg",
+  "https://www.fastly.io/plant.jpeg",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > glide should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://glide.herokuapp.com/1.0/kayaks.jpg?gam=0.9&sharp=8&w=1000&q=70",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > glide should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://glide.herokuapp.com/1.0/kayaks.jpg?gam=0.9&sharp=8&w=1000&q=70",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > gumlet should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.gumlet.io/sea.jpeg?w=300&h=300&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > gumlet should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.gumlet.io/sea.jpeg?w=300&h=300&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > imageengine should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://abc123.imgeng.in/images/image.jpg?imgeng=/meta_true/s_10/w_300/h_300/m_box",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > imageengine should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://abc123.imgeng.in/images/image.jpg?imgeng=/meta_true/s_10/w_300/h_300/m_box",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > imagekit should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=w-400,h-300,c-force",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-auto,w-200,h-300",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-face,w-150,h-150",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-face,r-max,w-150,h-150",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > imagekit should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=w-400,h-300,c-force",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-auto,w-200,h-300",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-face,w-150,h-150",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-face,r-max,w-150,h-150",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > imgix should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://assets.imgix.net/remote/nuxt-org/blog/woman-hat.jpg?w=300&h=300&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > imgix should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://assets.imgix.net/remote/nuxt-org/blog/woman-hat.jpg?w=300&h=300&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > ipx should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/colors.jpg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/everest.jpg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/tacos.svg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/unsplash/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > ipx should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/colors.jpg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/everest.jpg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/tacos.svg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/unsplash/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > layer0 should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&height=200",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&width=50",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&quality=10",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > layer0 should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&height=200",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&width=50",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&quality=10",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > netlify should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://netlify-photo-gallery.netlify.app/images/apple.jpg?w=101&nf_resize=fit",
+  "https://netlify-photo-gallery.netlify.app/images/apple.jpg?w=200&h=200&nf_resize=smartcrop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > netlify should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://netlify-photo-gallery.netlify.app/images/apple.jpg?w=101&nf_resize=fit",
+  "https://netlify-photo-gallery.netlify.app/images/apple.jpg?w=200&h=200&nf_resize=smartcrop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > prismic should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=600&h=900",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=200&h=900",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=600&h=200",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=200&h=200&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > prismic should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=600&h=900",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=200&h=900",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=600&h=200",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=200&h=200&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > sanity should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=scale&auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=crop&auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&auto=format&bg=ffffff",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&rect=71,4,229,280&fp-x=0.4469178082191783&fp-y=0.32778302629507167&auto=format",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > sanity should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=scale&auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=crop&auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&auto=format&bg=ffffff",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&rect=71,4,229,280&fp-x=0.4469178082191783&fp-y=0.32778302629507167&auto=format",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > storyblok should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/500x500",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/500x0",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/0x500",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/fit-in/200x200",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/200x0/filters:format(webp)",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > storyblok should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/500x500",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/500x0",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/0x500",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/fit-in/200x200",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/200x0/filters:format(webp)",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > strapi should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/thumbnail_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/small_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/medium_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/large_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > strapi should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/thumbnail_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/small_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/medium_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/large_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > twicpics should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/cover=501x501",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/inside=501x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/resize=501x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/contain=501x501",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/background=red/contain=300x600",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/contain=1001x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/icon-500.png?twic=v1/background=red/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=avif/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=preview/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=maincolor/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=blank/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/quality=100",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/quality=1",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/cover=501x301",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/contain=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/cover=4:3/resize=300x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/crop=500x100",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/crop=500x100@700x400/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/crop=500x100/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/crop=500x500",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/cover=1:1",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/puppy.jpg?twic=v1/flip=both/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/truecolor=true/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/truecolor=false/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=left/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=80/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=90/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cherry-3.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/zoom=1.5/output=png/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cherry-3.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/zoom=3/output=png/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/cover=16:9/focus=auto/turn=left",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/turn=left/cover=16:9",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > twicpics should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/cover=501x501",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/inside=501x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/resize=501x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/contain=501x501",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/background=red/contain=300x600",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/contain=1001x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/icon-500.png?twic=v1/background=red/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=avif/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=preview/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=maincolor/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=blank/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/quality=100",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/quality=1",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/cover=501x301",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/contain=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/cover=4:3/resize=300x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/crop=500x100",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/crop=500x100@700x400/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/crop=500x100/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/crop=500x500",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/cover=1:1",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/puppy.jpg?twic=v1/flip=both/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/truecolor=true/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/truecolor=false/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=left/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=80/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=90/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cherry-3.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/zoom=1.5/output=png/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cherry-3.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/zoom=3/output=png/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/cover=16:9/focus=auto/turn=left",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/turn=left/cover=16:9",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > unsplash should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee?w=300&h=300&fm=auto&q=75&fit=crop",
+  "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1532236204992-f5e85c024202?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&ixid=MnwxOTgwMDZ8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyOHx8dG9reW98ZW58MHx8fHwxNjczNzk3MDIz&w=300&h=300&fm=auto&q=75&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > unsplash should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee?w=300&h=300&fm=auto&q=75&fit=crop",
+  "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1532236204992-f5e85c024202?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&ixid=MnwxOTgwMDZ8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyOHx8dG9reW98ZW58MHx8fHwxNjczNzk3MDIz&w=300&h=300&fm=auto&q=75&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > vercel should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://image-component.nextjs.gallery/_next/image?url=/colors.jpg&w=750&q=75",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: false) > vercel should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://image-component.nextjs.gallery/_next/image?url=/colors.jpg&w=750&q=75",
+]
+`;
diff --git a/test/e2e/__snapshots__/ssr.test.ts.snap b/test/e2e/__snapshots__/ssr.test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69c5d5fe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/__snapshots__/ssr.test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+// Vitest Snapshot v1, https://vitest.dev/guide/snapshot.html
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > cloudflare should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://that-test.site/cdn-cgi/image/h=300,fit=contain/https://s3.that-test.site/burger.jpeg",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > cloudflare should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://that-test.site/cdn-cgi/image/h=300,fit=contain/https://s3.that-test.site/burger.jpeg",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > cloudimage should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/bag.jpg?width=500&height=500&func=fit",
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/boat.jpg?width=800&height=800&q=75&func=crop",
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/img.jpg?width=300&height=300&force_format=webp&func=cover",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > cloudimage should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/bag.jpg?width=500&height=500&func=fit",
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/boat.jpg?width=800&height=800&q=75&func=crop",
+  "https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/sample.li/img.jpg?width=300&height=300&force_format=webp&func=cover",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > cloudinary should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_crop/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_thumb/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > cloudinary should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_crop/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+  "https://res.cloudinary.com/nuxt/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_thumb/remote/nuxt-org/blog/going-full-static/main",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > contentful should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg",
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg?w=200&h=133",
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg?w=200&h=200&fit=fill",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > contentful should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg",
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg?w=200&h=133",
+  "https://images.ctfassets.net/fbr4i5aajb0w/6y0psij2o02YIwGScEo4kS/1b3f09b8fcedece1d17ea58417b55eb4/photo-1421986527537-888d998adb74.jpeg?w=200&h=200&fit=fill",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > edgio should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&height=200",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&width=50",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&quality=10",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > edgio should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&height=200",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&width=50",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&quality=10",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > fastly should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://www.fastly.io/image.jpg",
+  "https://www.fastly.io/plant.jpeg",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > fastly should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://www.fastly.io/image.jpg",
+  "https://www.fastly.io/plant.jpeg",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > glide should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://glide.herokuapp.com/1.0/kayaks.jpg?gam=0.9&sharp=8&w=1000&q=70",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > glide should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://glide.herokuapp.com/1.0/kayaks.jpg?gam=0.9&sharp=8&w=1000&q=70",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > gumlet should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.gumlet.io/sea.jpeg?w=300&h=300&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > gumlet should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.gumlet.io/sea.jpeg?w=300&h=300&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > imageengine should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://abc123.imgeng.in/images/image.jpg?imgeng=/meta_true/s_10/w_300/h_300/m_box",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > imageengine should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://abc123.imgeng.in/images/image.jpg?imgeng=/meta_true/s_10/w_300/h_300/m_box",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > imagekit should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=w-400,h-300,c-force",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-auto,w-200,h-300",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-face,w-150,h-150",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-face,r-max,w-150,h-150",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > imagekit should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=w-400,h-300,c-force",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-auto,w-200,h-300",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-face,w-150,h-150",
+  "https://ik.imagekit.io/demo/girl.jpeg?tr=fo-face,r-max,w-150,h-150",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > imgix should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://assets.imgix.net/remote/nuxt-org/blog/woman-hat.jpg?w=300&h=300&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > imgix should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://assets.imgix.net/remote/nuxt-org/blog/woman-hat.jpg?w=300&h=300&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > ipx should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/colors.jpg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/everest.jpg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/tacos.svg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/unsplash/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > ipx should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/colors.jpg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/everest.jpg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/tacos.svg",
+  "/_ipx/s_300x300/unsplash/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > layer0 should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&height=200",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&width=50",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&quality=10",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > layer0 should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&height=200",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&width=50",
+  "https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=https://i.imgur.com/LFtQeX2.jpeg&quality=10",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > netlify should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://netlify-photo-gallery.netlify.app/images/apple.jpg?w=101&nf_resize=fit",
+  "https://netlify-photo-gallery.netlify.app/images/apple.jpg?w=200&h=200&nf_resize=smartcrop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > netlify should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://netlify-photo-gallery.netlify.app/images/apple.jpg?w=101&nf_resize=fit",
+  "https://netlify-photo-gallery.netlify.app/images/apple.jpg?w=200&h=200&nf_resize=smartcrop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > prismic should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=600&h=900",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=200&h=900",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=600&h=200",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=200&h=200&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > prismic should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=600&h=900",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=200&h=900",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=600&h=200",
+  "https://images.prismic.io/200629-sms-hoy/f596a543-d593-4296-9abd-3d3ac15f1e39_ray-hennessy-mpw37yXc_WQ-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress,format&w=200&h=200&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > sanity should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=scale&auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=crop&auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&auto=format&bg=ffffff",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&rect=71,4,229,280&fp-x=0.4469178082191783&fp-y=0.32778302629507167&auto=format",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > sanity should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=scale&auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=crop&auto=format",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&auto=format&bg=ffffff",
+  "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/zp7mbokg/production/G3i4emG6B8JnTmGoN0UjgAp8-300x450.jpg?w=200&rect=71,4,229,280&fp-x=0.4469178082191783&fp-y=0.32778302629507167&auto=format",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > storyblok should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/500x500",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/500x0",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/0x500",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/fit-in/200x200",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/200x0/filters:format(webp)",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > storyblok should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/500x500",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/500x0",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/0x500",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/fit-in/200x200",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/3310x2192/e4ec08624e/demo-image.jpeg/m/200x0/filters:format(webp)",
+  "https://a.storyblok.com/f/39898/2250x1500/c15735a73c/demo-image-human.jpeg/m/600x130",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > strapi should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/thumbnail_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/small_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/medium_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/large_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > strapi should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/thumbnail_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/small_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/medium_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+  "http://localhost:1337/uploads/large_4d9z1eiyo2gmf6gd7xhp_823ae510e8.png",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > twicpics should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/cover=501x501",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/inside=501x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/resize=501x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/contain=501x501",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/background=red/contain=300x600",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/contain=1001x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/icon-500.png?twic=v1/background=red/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=avif/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=preview/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=maincolor/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=blank/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/quality=100",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/quality=1",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/cover=501x301",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/contain=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/cover=4:3/resize=300x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/crop=500x100",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/crop=500x100@700x400/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/crop=500x100/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/crop=500x500",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/cover=1:1",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/puppy.jpg?twic=v1/flip=both/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/truecolor=true/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/truecolor=false/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=left/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=80/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=90/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cherry-3.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/zoom=1.5/output=png/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cherry-3.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/zoom=3/output=png/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/cover=16:9/focus=auto/turn=left",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/turn=left/cover=16:9",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > twicpics should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/cover=501x501",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/inside=501x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/resize=501x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/contain=501x501",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/background=red/contain=300x600",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/contain=1001x1001",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/icon-500.png?twic=v1/background=red/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=avif/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=preview/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=maincolor/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/output=blank/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/quality=100",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/quality=1",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/cover=501x301",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/woman-14.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/contain=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/cover=4:3/resize=300x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/crop=500x100",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/crop=500x100@700x400/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/crop=500x100/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cat_1x1.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/crop=500x500",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/cover=1:1",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/puppy.jpg?twic=v1/flip=both/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/truecolor=true/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/peacock.jpg?twic=v1/truecolor=false/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=left/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=80/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/man-13.jpg?twic=v1/turn=90/output=png",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cherry-3.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/zoom=1.5/output=png/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/cherry-3.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/zoom=3/output=png/cover=501x-",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/cover=16:9/focus=auto/turn=left",
+  "https://demo.twic.pics/football.jpg?twic=v1/focus=auto/turn=left/cover=16:9",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > unsplash should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee?w=300&h=300&fm=auto&q=75&fit=crop",
+  "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1532236204992-f5e85c024202?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&ixid=MnwxOTgwMDZ8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyOHx8dG9reW98ZW58MHx8fHwxNjczNzk3MDIz&w=300&h=300&fm=auto&q=75&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > unsplash should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee?w=300&h=300&fm=auto&q=75&fit=crop",
+  "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1532236204992-f5e85c024202?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&ixid=MnwxOTgwMDZ8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyOHx8dG9reW98ZW58MHx8fHwxNjczNzk3MDIz&w=300&h=300&fm=auto&q=75&fit=crop",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > vercel should render images 1`] = `
+[
+  "https://image-component.nextjs.gallery/_next/image?url=/colors.jpg&w=750&q=75",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`browser (ssr: true) > vercel should render images 2`] = `
+[
+  "https://image-component.nextjs.gallery/_next/image?url=/colors.jpg&w=750&q=75",
+]
+`;
diff --git a/test/e2e/generate.test.ts b/test/e2e/generate.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dc6195d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/generate.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import { setup, useTestContext } from '@nuxt/test-utils'
+import { useNuxt } from '@nuxt/kit'
+import { resolve } from 'pathe'
+import { globby } from 'globby'
+
+await setup({
+  rootDir: fileURLToPath(new URL('../../playground', import.meta.url)),
+  build: true,
+  nuxtConfig: {
+    hooks: {
+      'modules:before' () {
+        const nuxt = useNuxt()
+        nuxt.options.nitro.prerender = { routes: ['/provider/ipx'] }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+describe('ipx provider', () => {
+  it('generates static files', async () => {
+    const ctx = useTestContext()
+    const outputDir = resolve(ctx.nuxt!.options.nitro.output?.dir || '', 'public/_ipx')
+    const files = await globby(outputDir)
+    expect(files.map(f => f.replace(outputDir, '/_ipx'))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [
+        "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/colors.jpg",
+        "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/everest.jpg",
+        "/_ipx/s_300x300/images/tacos.svg",
+        "/_ipx/s_300x300/unsplash/photo-1606112219348-204d7d8b94ee",
+      ]
+    `)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/e2e/no-ssr.test.ts b/test/e2e/no-ssr.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c49b6a0e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/no-ssr.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import { setup, createPage, url } from '@nuxt/test-utils'
+
+import { providers } from '../../playground/providers'
+
+await setup({
+  rootDir: fileURLToPath(new URL('../../playground', import.meta.url)),
+  browser: true,
+  nuxtConfig: {
+    ssr: false,
+    image: {
+      provider: 'ipx'
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+describe('browser (ssr: false)', () => {
+  it.each(providers.map(p => p.name))('%s should render images', async (name) => {
+    const provider = providers.find(p => p.name === name)!
+    const providerPath = `/provider/${provider.name}`
+
+    const requests: string[] = []
+    const page = await createPage()
+    page.route('**', (route) => {
+      requests.push(route.request().url())
+      return route.continue()
+    })
+    page.goto(url(providerPath))
+
+    await page.waitForSelector('img')
+    const images = await page.getByRole('img').all()
+
+    expect(images).toHaveLength(provider.samples.length)
+
+    const sources = await Promise.all(images.map(el => el.evaluate(e => e.getAttribute('src'))))
+    expect(sources).toMatchSnapshot()
+
+    expect(requests.map(r => r.replace(url('/'), '/')).filter(r => r !== providerPath && !r.match(/\.(js|css)/))).toMatchSnapshot()
+  })
+
+  it.todo('should emit load event', async () => {
+    // await page.waitForEvent('console', (msg) => {
+    //   expect(msg.text()).toBe('Image was loaded.')
+
+    //   return true
+    // })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/e2e/ssr.test.ts b/test/e2e/ssr.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cebde4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/ssr.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import { setup, createPage, url } from '@nuxt/test-utils'
+
+import { providers } from '../../playground/providers'
+
+await setup({
+  rootDir: fileURLToPath(new URL('../../playground', import.meta.url)),
+  browser: true,
+  nuxtConfig: {
+    image: {
+      provider: 'ipx'
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+describe('browser (ssr: true)', () => {
+  it.each(providers.map(p => p.name))('%s should render images', async (name) => {
+    const provider = providers.find(p => p.name === name)!
+    const providerPath = `/provider/${provider.name}`
+
+    const page = await createPage()
+
+    const requests: string[] = []
+    page.route('**', (route) => {
+      requests.push(route.request().url())
+      return route.continue()
+    })
+
+    page.goto(url(providerPath))
+
+    await page.waitForSelector('img')
+    const images = await page.getByRole('img').all()
+
+    expect(images).toHaveLength(provider.samples.length)
+
+    const sources = await Promise.all(images.map(el => el.evaluate(e => e.getAttribute('src'))))
+    expect(sources).toMatchSnapshot()
+
+    expect(requests.map(r => r.replace(url('/'), '/')).filter(r => r !== providerPath && !r.match(/\.(js|css)/))).toMatchSnapshot()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/providers.ts b/test/providers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1eb819a85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/providers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+export const images = [
+  {
+    args: ['/test.png', {}],
+    ipx: { url: '/_ipx/_/test.png' },
+    cloudflare: { url: '/test.png' },
+    cloudinary: { url: '/f_auto,q_auto/test' },
+    twicpics: { url: '/test.png' },
+    fastly: { url: '/test.png' },
+    glide: { url: '/test.png' },
+    gumlet: { url: '/test.png' },
+    imgix: { url: '/test.png' },
+    imageengine: { url: '/test.png' },
+    unsplash: { url: '/test.png' },
+    imagekit: { url: '/test.png' },
+    netlify: { url: '/test.png' },
+    prismic: { url: '/test.png?auto=compress,format&rect=0,0,200,200&w=100&h=100' },
+    sanity: { url: 'https://cdn.sanity.io/images/projectid/production/test-300x450.png?auto=format' },
+    contentful: { url: '/test.png' },
+    cloudimage: { url: 'https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/test.png' },
+    edgio: { url: 'https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=/test.png' },
+    storyblok: { url: 'https://a.storyblok.com/test.png' },
+    vercel: { url: '/_vercel/image?url=/test.png&w=1536&q=100' }
+  },
+  {
+    args: ['/test.png', { width: 200 }],
+    ipx: { url: '/_ipx/w_200/test.png' },
+    cloudflare: { url: '/cdn-cgi/image/w=200/test.png' },
+    cloudinary: { url: '/f_auto,q_auto,w_200/test' },
+    twicpics: { url: '/test.png?twic=v1/cover=200x-' },
+    fastly: { url: '/test.png?width=200' },
+    glide: { url: '/test.png?w=200' },
+    gumlet: { url: '/test.png?w=200' },
+    imgix: { url: '/test.png?w=200' },
+    imageengine: { url: '/test.png?imgeng=/w_200' },
+    unsplash: { url: '/test.png?w=200' },
+    imagekit: { url: '/test.png?tr=w-200' },
+    netlify: { url: '/test.png?w=200&nf_resize=fit' },
+    prismic: { url: '/test.png?auto=compress,format&rect=0,0,200,200&w=200&h=100' },
+    sanity: { url: 'https://cdn.sanity.io/images/projectid/production/test-300x450.png?w=200&auto=format' },
+    contentful: { url: '/test.png?w=200' },
+    cloudimage: { url: 'https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/test.png?width=200' },
+    edgio: { url: 'https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=/test.png&width=200' },
+    storyblok: { url: 'https://a.storyblok.com/test.png/m/200x0' },
+    vercel: { url: '/_vercel/image?url=/test.png&w=320&q=100' }
+  },
+  {
+    args: ['/test.png', { height: 200 }],
+    ipx: { url: '/_ipx/h_200/test.png' },
+    cloudflare: { url: '/cdn-cgi/image/h=200/test.png' },
+    cloudinary: { url: '/f_auto,q_auto,h_200/test' },
+    twicpics: { url: '/test.png?twic=v1/cover=-x200' },
+    fastly: { url: '/test.png?height=200' },
+    glide: { url: '/test.png?h=200' },
+    gumlet: { url: '/test.png?h=200' },
+    imgix: { url: '/test.png?h=200' },
+    imageengine: { url: '/test.png?imgeng=/h_200' },
+    unsplash: { url: '/test.png?h=200' },
+    imagekit: { url: '/test.png?tr=h-200' },
+    netlify: { url: '/test.png?h=200&nf_resize=fit' },
+    prismic: { url: '/test.png?auto=compress,format&rect=0,0,200,200&w=100&h=200' },
+    sanity: { url: 'https://cdn.sanity.io/images/projectid/production/test-300x450.png?h=200&auto=format' },
+    contentful: { url: '/test.png?h=200' },
+    cloudimage: { url: 'https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/test.png?height=200' },
+    edgio: { url: 'https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=/test.png&height=200' },
+    storyblok: { url: 'https://a.storyblok.com/test.png/m/0x200' },
+    vercel: { url: '/_vercel/image?url=/test.png&w=1536&q=100' }
+  },
+  {
+    args: ['/test.png', { width: 200, height: 200 }],
+    ipx: { url: '/_ipx/s_200x200/test.png' },
+    cloudflare: { url: '/cdn-cgi/image/w=200,h=200/test.png' },
+    cloudinary: { url: '/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200/test' },
+    twicpics: { url: '/test.png?twic=v1/cover=200x200' },
+    fastly: { url: '/test.png?width=200&height=200' },
+    glide: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200' },
+    gumlet: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200' },
+    imgix: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200' },
+    imageengine: { url: '/test.png?imgeng=/w_200/h_200' },
+    unsplash: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200' },
+    imagekit: { url: '/test.png?tr=w-200,h-200' },
+    netlify: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&nf_resize=fit' },
+    prismic: { url: '/test.png?auto=compress,format&rect=0,0,200,200&w=200&h=200' },
+    sanity: { url: 'https://cdn.sanity.io/images/projectid/production/test-300x450.png?w=200&h=200&auto=format' },
+    contentful: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200' },
+    cloudimage: { url: 'https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/test.png?width=200&height=200' },
+    edgio: { url: 'https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=/test.png&width=200&height=200' },
+    storyblok: { url: 'https://a.storyblok.com/test.png/m/200x200' },
+    vercel: { url: '/_vercel/image?url=/test.png&w=320&q=100' }
+  },
+  {
+    args: ['/test.png', { width: 200, height: 200, fit: 'contain' }],
+    ipx: { url: '/_ipx/fit_contain&s_200x200/test.png' },
+    cloudflare: { url: '/cdn-cgi/image/w=200,h=200,fit=contain/test.png' },
+    cloudinary: { url: '/f_auto,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_scale/test' },
+    twicpics: { url: '/test.png?twic=v1/inside=200x200' },
+    fastly: { url: '/test.png?width=200&height=200&fit=bounds' },
+    glide: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=contain' },
+    gumlet: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill' },
+    imgix: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill' },
+    imageengine: { url: '/test.png?imgeng=/w_200/h_200/m_letterbox' },
+    unsplash: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill' },
+    imagekit: { url: '/test.png?tr=w-200,h-200,cm-pad_resize' },
+    netlify: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&nf_resize=fit' },
+    prismic: { url: '/test.png?auto=compress,format&rect=0,0,200,200&w=200&h=200&fit=fill' },
+    sanity: { url: 'https://cdn.sanity.io/images/projectid/production/test-300x450.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&auto=format&bg=ffffff' },
+    contentful: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill' },
+    cloudimage: { url: 'https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/test.png?width=200&height=200&func=fit' },
+    edgio: { url: 'https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=/test.png&width=200&height=200&fit=contain' },
+    storyblok: { url: 'https://a.storyblok.com/test.png/m/fit-contain/200x200' },
+    vercel: { url: '/_vercel/image?url=/test.png&w=320&q=100' }
+  },
+  {
+    args: ['/test.png', { width: 200, height: 200, fit: 'contain', format: 'jpeg' }],
+    ipx: { url: '/_ipx/fit_contain&f_jpeg&s_200x200/test.png' },
+    cloudflare: { url: '/cdn-cgi/image/w=200,h=200,fit=contain,f=jpeg/test.png' },
+    cloudinary: { url: '/f_jpg,q_auto,w_200,h_200,c_scale/test' },
+    twicpics: { url: '/test.png?twic=v1/output=jpeg/inside=200x200' },
+    fastly: { url: '/test.png?width=200&height=200&fit=bounds&format=jpeg' },
+    glide: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=contain&fm=jpeg' },
+    gumlet: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&format=jpeg' },
+    imgix: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&fm=jpeg' },
+    imageengine: { url: '/test.png?imgeng=/w_200/h_200/m_letterbox/f_jpg' },
+    unsplash: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&fm=jpeg' },
+    imagekit: { url: '/test.png?tr=w-200,h-200,cm-pad_resize,f-jpeg' },
+    netlify: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&nf_resize=fit' },
+    prismic: { url: '/test.png?auto=compress,format&rect=0,0,200,200&w=200&h=200&fit=fill&fm=jpeg' },
+    sanity: { url: 'https://cdn.sanity.io/images/projectid/production/test-300x450.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&fm=jpg&bg=ffffff' },
+    contentful: { url: '/test.png?w=200&h=200&fit=fill&fm=jpg' },
+    cloudimage: { url: 'https://demo.cloudimg.io/v7/test.png?width=200&height=200&func=fit&force_format=jpeg' },
+    edgio: { url: 'https://opt.moovweb.net/?img=/test.png&width=200&height=200&fit=contain&format=jpeg' },
+    storyblok: { url: 'https://a.storyblok.com/test.png/m/fit-contain/200x200/filters:format(jpeg)' },
+    vercel: { url: '/_vercel/image?url=/test.png&w=320&q=100' }
+  }
+] as const
+
+export const modifierFixtures = images.map(image => image.args[1])
diff --git a/test/unit/image.test.ts b/test/unit/image.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8b07005f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/image.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// @vitest-environment nuxt
+
+import { beforeEach, describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import { VueWrapper, mount } from '@vue/test-utils'
+
+import { NuxtImg } from '#components'
+
+describe('Renders simple image', () => {
+  let wrapper: VueWrapper<any>
+  const src = '/image.png'
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    wrapper = mount(NuxtImg, {
+      propsData: {
+        width: 200,
+        height: 200,
+        sizes: '200,500:500,900:900',
+        src
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('Matches snapshot', () => {
+    expect(wrapper.html()).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"<img src=\\"/_ipx/s_900x900/image.png\\" width=\\"200\\" height=\\"200\\" data-nuxt-img=\\"\\" sizes=\\"(max-width: 500px) 500px, 900px\\" srcset=\\"/_ipx/s_500x500/image.png 500w, /_ipx/s_900x900/image.png 900w\\">"')
+  })
+
+  it('props.src is picked up by getImage()', () => {
+    const domSrc = wrapper.element.getAttribute('src')
+    expect(domSrc).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"/_ipx/s_900x900/image.png"')
+  })
+
+  it('props.src is reactive', async () => {
+    const newSource = '/image.jpeg'
+    wrapper.setProps({ src: newSource })
+    await nextTick()
+
+    const domSrc = wrapper.find('img').element.getAttribute('src')
+    expect(domSrc).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"/_ipx/s_900x900/image.jpeg"')
+  })
+
+  it('sizes', () => {
+    const sizes = wrapper.find('img').element.getAttribute('sizes')
+    expect(sizes).toBe('(max-width: 500px) 500px, 900px')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/unit/picture.test.ts b/test/unit/picture.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0d160208
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/picture.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// @vitest-environment nuxt
+
+import { beforeEach, describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import { VueWrapper, mount } from '@vue/test-utils'
+import { NuxtPicture } from '#components'
+
+describe('Renders simple image', () => {
+  let wrapper: VueWrapper<any>
+  const src = '/image.png'
+
+  const observer = {
+    wasAdded: false,
+    wasDestroyed: false
+  }
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.IntersectionObserver = class IntersectionObserver {
+      root: any
+      rootMargin: any
+      thresholds: any
+      takeRecords: any
+
+      observe (_target: Element) {
+        observer.wasAdded = true
+      }
+
+      disconnect () {
+        observer.wasDestroyed = true
+      }
+
+      unobserve () {
+        observer.wasDestroyed = true
+      }
+    }
+    wrapper = mount(NuxtPicture, {
+      propsData: {
+        loading: 'lazy',
+        width: 200,
+        height: 200,
+        sizes: '200,500:500,900:900',
+        src
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('Matches snapshot', () => {
+    expect(wrapper.html()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      "<picture>
+        <source type=\\"image/webp\\" sizes=\\"(max-width: 500px) 500px, 900px\\" srcset=\\"/_ipx/f_webp&s_500x500/image.png 500w, /_ipx/f_webp&s_900x900/image.png 900w\\"><img width=\\"200\\" height=\\"200\\" data-nuxt-pic=\\"\\" src=\\"/_ipx/f_png&s_900x900/image.png\\" sizes=\\"(max-width: 500px) 500px, 900px\\" srcset=\\"/_ipx/f_png&s_500x500/image.png 500w, /_ipx/f_png&s_900x900/image.png 900w\\">
+      </picture>"
+    `)
+  })
+
+  it.todo('alt attribute is generated')
+
+  it('props.src is picked up by getImage()', () => {
+    [['source', 'srcset', '/_ipx/f_webp&s_500x500/image.png'], ['img', 'src']].forEach(([element, attribute, customSrc]) => {
+      const domSrc = wrapper.find(element).element.getAttribute(attribute)
+      expect(domSrc).toContain(customSrc || src)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('renders webp image source', () => {
+    expect(wrapper.find('[type="image/webp"]').exists()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('props.src is reactive', async () => {
+    const newSource = '/image.jpeg'
+    wrapper.setProps({ src: newSource })
+
+    await nextTick()
+
+    ;[['source', 'srcset', '/_ipx/f_webp&s_500x500/image.jpeg'], ['img', 'src']].forEach(([element, attribute, src]) => {
+      const domSrc = wrapper.find(element).element.getAttribute(attribute)
+      expect(domSrc).toContain(src || newSource)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('sizes', () => {
+    const sizes = wrapper.find('source').element.getAttribute('sizes')
+    expect(sizes).toBe('(max-width: 500px) 500px, 900px')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/unit/provider-coverage.test.ts b/test/unit/provider-coverage.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b3041d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/provider-coverage.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { readdir } from 'fs/promises'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'url'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import { images } from '../providers'
+import { providers as playgroundProviders } from '../../playground/providers'
+
+const missingProviderTests = [
+  'strapi', // covered in a unique test
+  'layer0' // backwards-compatible alias for edgio
+]
+
+describe('Provider coverage', async () => {
+  const providers = await readdir(fileURLToPath(new URL('../../src/runtime/providers', import.meta.url)))
+  it.each(providers)('should have tests for %s', (file) => {
+    const provider = file.replace(/\.ts$/, '')
+    // TODO: remove this once all providers have tests
+    if (missingProviderTests.includes(provider)) {
+      return
+    }
+    expect(playgroundProviders.find(p => p.name === provider)).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(provider in images[0]).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/unit/providers.test.ts b/test/unit/providers.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18197aa89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/providers.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+// @vitest-environment nuxt
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+
+import { images } from '../providers'
+
+import { cleanDoubleSlashes } from '#image/utils'
+import * as ipx from '#image/providers/ipx'
+import * as cloudflare from '#image/providers/cloudflare'
+import * as cloudinary from '#image/providers/cloudinary'
+import * as twicpics from '#image/providers/twicpics'
+import * as fastly from '#image/providers/fastly'
+import * as glide from '#image/providers/glide'
+import * as imgix from '#image/providers/imgix'
+import * as gumlet from '#image/providers/gumlet'
+import * as imageengine from '#image/providers/imageengine'
+import * as unsplash from '#image/providers/unsplash'
+import * as imagekit from '#image/providers/imagekit'
+import * as netlify from '#image/providers/netlify'
+import * as prismic from '#image/providers/prismic'
+import * as sanity from '#image/providers/sanity'
+import * as contentful from '#image/providers/contentful'
+import * as cloudimage from '#image/providers/cloudimage'
+import * as edgio from '#image/providers/edgio'
+import * as layer0 from '#image/providers/layer0'
+import * as storyblok from '#image/providers/storyblok'
+import * as strapi from '#image/providers/strapi'
+import * as vercel from '#image/providers/vercel'
+
+const emptyContext = {
+  options: {
+    screens: {
+      xs: 320,
+      sm: 640,
+      md: 768,
+      lg: 1024,
+      xl: 1280,
+      xxl: 1536,
+      '2xl': 1536
+    },
+    nuxt: useNuxtApp()
+  }
+} as any
+
+describe('Providers', () => {
+  it('ipx', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {}
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = ipx.getImage(src, { modifiers: { ...modifiers }, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      generated.url = cleanDoubleSlashes(generated.url)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.ipx)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('ipx router base', () => {
+    const context = { ...emptyContext }
+
+    const src = '/images/test.png'
+    const generated = ipx.getImage(src, { modifiers: {} }, context)
+    generated.url = cleanDoubleSlashes(generated.url)
+    expect(generated).toMatchObject({
+      url: '/_ipx/_/images/test.png'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('cloudflare', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: '/'
+    }
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = cloudflare.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.cloudflare)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('cloudinary', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: '/'
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = cloudinary.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.cloudinary)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('cloudinary fetch', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: 'https://res.cloudinary.com/demo/image/fetch/'
+    }
+    // see: https://cloudinary.com/documentation/fetch_remote_images#remote_image_fetch_url
+    const remoteUrl = 'https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2011.png'
+    const generated = cloudinary.getImage(
+      remoteUrl,
+      {
+        modifiers: {
+          width: 300,
+          height: 300
+        },
+        ...providerOptions
+      }, emptyContext
+    )
+    expect(generated).toMatchObject({
+      url: `https://res.cloudinary.com/demo/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto,w_300,h_300/${remoteUrl}`
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('cloudinary upload', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: 'https://res.cloudinary.com/demo/image/upload/remote'
+    }
+    const generated = cloudinary.getImage(
+      '/1/13/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2011.png',
+      {
+        modifiers: {
+          width: 300,
+          height: 300
+        },
+        ...providerOptions
+      }, emptyContext
+    )
+    expect(generated).toMatchObject({
+      url: 'https://res.cloudinary.com/demo/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,w_300,h_300/remote/1/13/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2011.png'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('twicpics', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = twicpics.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.twicpics)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('glide', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = glide.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.glide)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('fastly', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = fastly.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.fastly)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('gumlet', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = gumlet.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.gumlet)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('imgix', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = imgix.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.imgix)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('imageengine', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = imageengine.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.imageengine)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('imageengine compression', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: 'https://foo.bar.com'
+    }
+    const generated = imageengine.getImage(
+      '/test.jpg',
+      {
+        modifiers: {
+          width: 150,
+          quality: 0
+        },
+        ...providerOptions
+      }, emptyContext
+    )
+    expect(generated).toMatchObject({
+      url: 'https://foo.bar.com/test.jpg?imgeng=/w_150/cmpr_99'
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('unsplash', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = unsplash.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.unsplash)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('imagekit', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = imagekit.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.imagekit)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('netlify', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = netlify.getImage(src, { modifiers: { ...modifiers }, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.netlify)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('prismic', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: '' // Use empty base URL for the sake of simplicity
+    }
+
+    const EXISTING_QUERY_PARAMETERS =
+      '?auto=compress,format&rect=0,0,200,200&w=100&h=100'
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = prismic.getImage(`${src}${EXISTING_QUERY_PARAMETERS}`, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.prismic)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('sanity', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: '',
+      projectId: 'projectid'
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = sanity.getImage('image-test-300x450-png', { modifiers: { ...modifiers }, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.sanity)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('contentful', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      baseURL: ''
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = contentful.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.contentful)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('cloudimage', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+      token: 'demo'
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = cloudimage.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.cloudimage)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('edgio', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {}
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = edgio.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.edgio)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('layer0', () => {
+    expect(layer0.getImage).toBe(edgio.getImage)
+  })
+
+  it('storyblok', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {}
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = storyblok.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.storyblok)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('strapi', () => {
+    const test = {
+      '': 'http://localhost:1337/uploads/test.png',
+      break: 'http://localhost:1337/uploads/break_test.png'
+    }
+
+    for (const [breakpoint, expected] of Object.entries(test)) {
+      const generated = strapi.getImage('/test.png', { modifiers: { breakpoint } }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated.url).toBe(expected)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('vercel', () => {
+    const providerOptions = {
+    }
+
+    for (const image of images) {
+      const [src, modifiers] = image.args
+      const generated = vercel.getImage(src, { modifiers, ...providerOptions }, emptyContext)
+      expect(generated).toMatchObject(image.vercel)
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/unit/use-image.test.ts b/test/unit/use-image.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d94ad482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/use-image.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// @vitest-environment nuxt
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+
+describe('image helper', () => {
+  it.skip('Generate placeholder', async () => {
+    // TODO: see https://github.com/nuxt/image/issues/189)
+    // const placeholder = nuxtContext.$img?.getPlaceholder('/test.png')
+    // expect(placeholder).toMatchInlineSnapshot('/_image/local/_/w_30/test.png')
+  })
+
+  it('Generate image with IPX', () => {
+    const { url } = useImage().getImage('/test.png', { provider: 'ipx' })!
+    expect(url).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"/_ipx/_/test.png"')
+  })
+
+  it('Deny undefined provider', () => {
+    expect(() => useImage().getImage('/test.png', { provider: 'invalid' })).toThrow(Error)
+  })
+
+  it('Deny undefined preset', () => {
+    expect(() => useImage().getImage('/test.png', { preset: 'invalid' })).toThrow(Error)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/vitest.config.mts b/vitest.config.mts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c38426e66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vitest.config.mts
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import { defineVitestConfig } from 'nuxt-vitest/config'
+
+export default defineVitestConfig({
+})