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人头录音原理及解释.html
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人头录音原理及解释
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<p>简介：</p>
<p>本文简单介绍了环绕声基础知识，还介绍了各种双声道虚拟环绕声（多声道）的技术。最近突然对虚拟环绕声感兴趣，整理了一下相关知识。</p>
<ol>
<li>何为环绕声<br>普通的立体声只能分清左右两个方向的声音，而环绕声还能让人声音的前后左右各个方位，更有空间感仿佛置身于现场。常见的环绕声主要有 5.1 声道与 7.1 声道两种，要重现环绕声也相应的需要 6 个或者 8 个音箱。<a id="more"></a>
电影中最常见的环绕声格式是杜比数字和 DTS，两者是竞争对手关系，电影 DVD 中一般包含有其中一种或者两种音轨都有。此外，这两种格式也有多个不同的版本，这里就不作详细介绍。</li>
</ol>
<p>除了这两种格式之外，部分蓝光光盘也提供 LPCM 格式的音轨，这是一种未经压缩的音频格式，体积最大。压缩后的音频解码成 PCM 格式才能播放，所以这种格式无需解码。理论上 LPCM 格式无压缩音质好，无需解码，是最理想的格式，但由于光盘容量是有限的，音频体积大会挤占视频的空间。可以计算 96kHz 采样率，24 位采样精度，7.1 声道的 LPCM 音轨每秒数据量是</p>
<blockquote>
<p>96k * (24 / 8) * 8 = 2.3MB</p>
</blockquote>
<p>那么一部 90 分钟的电影仅音频就占用了约 12.4 GB 空间，而单面蓝光光盘才 25GB。折中办法是无损压缩，类似于 zip 文件解压后可以 100% 还原成压缩前的文件，杜比和 DTS 都推出了相应的音频格式，分别叫杜比 TrueHD 和 DTS-HD Master Audio。这两种格式除了需要解码之外，和 LPCM 音质没有区别。</p>
<p>说到无损压缩我们常见的音乐中还有 APE 和 FLAC。APE 不支持多声道，FLAC 可以支持，理论上也可以用于电影光盘，但是没有商业化产品支持，所以没有得到应用。FLAC 是免费、开源的音频格式，但目前还没有电影公司采用，没有播放器、解码器以及音响设备支持。网上已有字幕组使用 FLAC 制作多声道的电影文件，目前只能在电脑上软件解码。</p>
<p>回放环绕声的方法：</p>
<p>多声道音箱。需要多个音箱，而且摆位要正确，但效果最好。<br>多单元耳机。多个扬声器单元放在一个耳机上，产品很少。<br>虚拟环绕声。经过算法处理成立体声，用普通耳机回放，下面将详细介绍。<br>2. 虚拟环绕声<br>这里只讨论把多声道音频经过算法处理变成立体声的虚拟环绕声，还有一类是把立体声音频经过算法处理使其具有空间感（很多音效宣传具有此功能）的技术，个人觉得后者无意义只能算是一种音效。</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020051421502336.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQ1NTA0MTE5,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="HRTF 示意图，来源于维基百科"></p>
<p>虚拟环绕声都是基于 HRTF（Head Related Transfer Functions）头部相关传输函数来实现的，只是各家的算法以及测量数据有差异，效果也就各不相同。关于 HRTF 引用数码多上的简单介绍：人耳在接收到音源发出的声音时，人的耳廓、耳道、头盖骨、肩部等对声波的折射、绕射和衍射以及鼓膜接收到的信息会被大脑所接受，大脑通过经验来对声音的方位进行判断。根据这一原理，通过信号处理的数学方法，我们构建了 HRTF（Head Related Transfer Functions）头部相关传输函数，根据多组的滤波器来虚拟实现人耳接收到的“位置信息”。关于 HRTF 的详细原理，数码多上同样有一篇文章 HRTF音频3D定位技术综述。有了这个基础知识，我们就可以分析各种各样的虚拟环绕声相关技术。</p>
<p>2.1 人头录音（Dummy head recording）<br>一般录制环绕声音频需要使用多个麦克风，例如 5.1 声道至少需要 5 个麦克风，而一般音乐是双声道两个麦克风。人头录音也是使用两个麦克风录音，但是模拟了人头听音的效果，相当于把两个麦克风放在人的耳朵里面。因为就算是多声道的音箱，人最终都是靠两个耳朵来听，所以在最理想的情况下人头录音是可以达到真实环绕声效果的。但是现实都是不完美的，首先人头录音要求回放时必须使用耳机（录音时麦克风也是放在耳朵里），保证声音没有串扰；其次每个人身体有差异，大脑对声音的判断也不同，录音不可能按照每个人去完美适配。这就造成了人头录音，包括下面提到的虚拟环绕声技术，效果都不如多声道音箱理想。</p>
<p>2.2 游戏 3D 音效<br>很多游戏也有 3D 音效，计算游戏场景中多个音源（脚步声、远处动物等等）与环境相互作用的效果（反射、阻碍等等）得出游戏中玩家所在位置的全方位声音，这个声音可以认为是环绕声的，然后这个声音经过 HRTF 处理得到立体声输出，当然也可以直接编码成杜比或 DTS 输出到外部多声道音箱。创新的 EAX 以及以前的 Aureal 3D 音效就是属于这一类。</p>
<p>2.3 虚拟环绕声回放<br>很多厂家有类似的技术，例如 Dolby Headphone、DTS Surround Sensation、索尼 Virtualphones Technology 等等，都是把多声道的各种格式音频（杜比/DTS/LPCM等）解码并经过自家的基于 HRTF 的处理技术转换成立体声，然后用户可以使用耳机回放。下面简单介绍一下两种常见场景：</p>
<p>视频播放器集成 HRTF 插件。就是视频播放器解码完多声道音频后，再经过 HRTF 处理成立体声输出。例如 PotPlayer 里面有一个音频输出选项叫“虚拟环绕（HRTF）”，PowerDVD 也带有 Dolby Headphone 插件。<br>外部解码器。杜比/DTS/LPCM 等多声道音轨通过光纤或 HDMI 输出到带有虚拟环绕声处理功能的解码器播放，然后输出到耳机。例如搭载有 Dolby Headphone 的游戏耳机，索尼的 MDR-DS 系列搭载有 Virtualphones Technology 技术的耳机。<br>3. 总结<br>总的来说，靠谱的虚拟环绕声技术都是通过把原始多声道音频经过 HRTF 处理得到的，比直接 downmix 到双声道空间感要强，但感觉还是不太自然，效果最好的还是多声道音箱。如果想体验 Dolby Headphone 的效果，这篇文章里面提供有在线试听 5.1 channel audio through ordinary headphones using MPC-HC。</p>
<p>转载请注明出处：<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/imouto/archive/2013/03/13/virtual-surround-sound-explained.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.cnblogs.com/imouto/archive/2013/03/13/virtual-surround-sound-explained.html</a></p>
<p>本文外部镜像：<a href="http://oteku.blogspot.com/2013/03/virtual-surround-sound-explained.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://oteku.blogspot.com/2013/03/virtual-surround-sound-explained.html</a></p>
<p>文章出处：<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/imouto/archive/2013/03/13/virtual-surround-sound-explained.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cnblogs.com/imouto/archive/2013/03/13/virtual-surround-sound-explained.html</a></p>
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