diff --git a/.scalafmt.conf b/.scalafmt.conf
index 73af3bdd84..d48dee709f 100644
--- a/.scalafmt.conf
+++ b/.scalafmt.conf
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fileOverride {
 project.excludeFilters = [
   "scalafix/*"
 ]
-
+lineEndings = preserve
 maxColumn = 96
 
 includeCurlyBraceInSelectChains = true
diff --git a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/IOPlatform.scala b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/IOPlatform.scala
index 9053c3837c..0ccc5f0724 100644
--- a/core/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/IOPlatform.scala
+++ b/core/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/IOPlatform.scala
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import scala.concurrent.duration._
 
 import java.util.concurrent.{ArrayBlockingQueue, CompletableFuture, TimeUnit}
 
-abstract private[effect] class IOPlatform[+A] { self: IO[A] =>
+abstract private[effect] class IOPlatform[+A] extends Serializable { self: IO[A] =>
 
   /**
    * Produces the result by running the encapsulated effects as impure side effects.
diff --git a/core/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/SyncIO.scala b/core/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/SyncIO.scala
index 6a970a3eae..2d252930eb 100644
--- a/core/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/SyncIO.scala
+++ b/core/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/SyncIO.scala
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import scala.util.control.NonFatal
  * the JVM blocks the calling thread while the async part of the computation is run and doing so
  * on Scala.js is not supported.
  */
-sealed abstract class SyncIO[+A] private () {
+sealed abstract class SyncIO[+A] private () extends Serializable {
 
   private[effect] def tag: Byte
 
diff --git a/core/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/tracing/TracingEvent.scala b/core/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/tracing/TracingEvent.scala
index b3ef4cc9e4..fd906d231b 100644
--- a/core/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/tracing/TracingEvent.scala
+++ b/core/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/tracing/TracingEvent.scala
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 package cats.effect.tracing
 
-private[effect] sealed trait TracingEvent
+private[effect] sealed trait TracingEvent extends Serializable
 
 private[effect] object TracingEvent {
   final class StackTrace extends Throwable with TracingEvent
diff --git a/kernel-testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/testkit/Generators.scala b/kernel-testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/testkit/Generators.scala
index 871b901dbd..ecc3961b8f 100644
--- a/kernel-testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/testkit/Generators.scala
+++ b/kernel-testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/testkit/Generators.scala
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ import scala.collection.immutable.SortedMap
 import scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext
 import scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration
 
-trait GenK[F[_]] {
+trait GenK[F[_]] extends Serializable {
   def apply[A: Arbitrary: Cogen]: Gen[F[A]]
 }
 
 // Generators for * -> * kinded types
-trait Generators1[F[_]] {
+trait Generators1[F[_]] extends Serializable {
   protected val maxDepth: Int = 10
 
   // todo: uniqueness based on... names, I guess. Have to solve the diamond problem somehow
@@ -309,6 +309,28 @@ trait AsyncGenerators[F[_]] extends GenTemporalGenerators[F, Throwable] with Syn
     } yield F.evalOn(fa, ec)
 }
 
+trait AsyncGeneratorsWithoutEvalShift[F[_]]
+    extends GenTemporalGenerators[F, Throwable]
+    with SyncGenerators[F] {
+  implicit val F: Async[F]
+  implicit protected val cogenFU: Cogen[F[Unit]] = Cogen[Unit].contramap(_ => ())
+
+  override protected def recursiveGen[A: Arbitrary: Cogen](deeper: GenK[F]) =
+    ("async" -> genAsync[A](deeper)) :: super.recursiveGen[A](deeper)
+
+  private def genAsync[A: Arbitrary](deeper: GenK[F]) =
+    for {
+      result <- arbitrary[Either[Throwable, A]]
+
+      fo <- deeper[Option[F[Unit]]](
+        Arbitrary(Gen.option[F[Unit]](deeper[Unit])),
+        Cogen.cogenOption(cogenFU))
+    } yield F
+      .async[A](k => F.delay(k(result)) >> fo)
+      .flatMap(F.pure(_))
+      .handleErrorWith(F.raiseError(_))
+}
+
 trait ParallelFGenerators {
   implicit def arbitraryParallelF[F[_], A](
       implicit ArbF: Arbitrary[F[A]]): Arbitrary[ParallelF[F, A]] =
diff --git a/kernel-testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/testkit/pure.scala b/kernel-testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/testkit/pure.scala
index c844a41e0b..d036f192b0 100644
--- a/kernel-testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/testkit/pure.scala
+++ b/kernel-testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/testkit/pure.scala
@@ -362,8 +362,10 @@ object pure {
       ft.mapK(fk)
     }
 
+  // todo: MVar is not Serializable, release then update here
   final class PureFiber[E, A](val state0: MVar[Outcome[PureConc[E, *], E, A]])
-      extends Fiber[PureConc[E, *], E, A] {
+      extends Fiber[PureConc[E, *], E, A]
+      with Serializable {
 
     private[this] val state = state0[PureConc[E, *]]
 
diff --git a/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/AsyncPlatform.scala b/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/AsyncPlatform.scala
index ab511ee640..72bf762426 100644
--- a/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/AsyncPlatform.scala
+++ b/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/AsyncPlatform.scala
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package cats.effect.kernel
 
 import java.util.concurrent.{CompletableFuture, CompletionException, CompletionStage}
 
-private[kernel] trait AsyncPlatform[F[_]] { this: Async[F] =>
+private[kernel] trait AsyncPlatform[F[_]] extends Serializable { this: Async[F] =>
 
   def fromCompletionStage[A](completionStage: F[CompletionStage[A]]): F[A] =
     fromCompletableFuture(flatMap(completionStage) { cs => delay(cs.toCompletableFuture()) })
diff --git a/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ClockPlatform.scala b/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ClockPlatform.scala
index 7ff31b1966..91726ad44e 100644
--- a/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ClockPlatform.scala
+++ b/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ClockPlatform.scala
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package cats.effect.kernel
 
 import java.time.Instant
 
-private[effect] trait ClockPlatform[F[_]] { self: Clock[F] =>
+private[effect] trait ClockPlatform[F[_]] extends Serializable { self: Clock[F] =>
   def realTimeInstant: F[Instant] = {
     self.applicative.map(self.realTime)(d => Instant.ofEpochMilli(d.toMillis))
   }
diff --git a/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ResourcePlatform.scala b/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ResourcePlatform.scala
index ab68b3e7f3..cfd6e31c63 100644
--- a/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ResourcePlatform.scala
+++ b/kernel/jvm/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ResourcePlatform.scala
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import javax.security.auth.Destroyable
 /**
  * JVM-specific Resource methods
  */
-private[effect] trait ResourcePlatform {
+private[effect] trait ResourcePlatform extends Serializable {
 
   /**
    * Creates a [[Resource]] by wrapping a Java
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Clock.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Clock.scala
index 7eb412affe..e1333aa18c 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Clock.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Clock.scala
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration
  * A typeclass which encodes various notions of time. Analogous to some of the time functions
  * exposed by `java.lang.System`.
  */
-trait Clock[F[_]] extends ClockPlatform[F] {
+trait Clock[F[_]] extends ClockPlatform[F] with Serializable {
 
   def applicative: Applicative[F]
 
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Cont.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Cont.scala
index d58de8f361..2a230c3bd8 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Cont.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Cont.scala
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ import cats.~>
  * override `Async[F].async` with your implementation, and use `Async.defaultCont` to implement
  * `Async[F].cont`.
  */
-trait Cont[F[_], K, R] {
+trait Cont[F[_], K, R] extends Serializable {
   def apply[G[_]](
       implicit
       G: MonadCancel[G, Throwable]): (Either[Throwable, K] => Unit, G[K], F ~> G) => G[R]
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Deferred.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Deferred.scala
index 786737f7dc..bf015fd676 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Deferred.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Deferred.scala
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ object Deferred {
   }
 }
 
-trait DeferredSource[F[_], A] {
+trait DeferredSource[F[_], A] extends Serializable {
 
   /**
    * Obtains the value of the `Deferred`, or waits until it has been completed. The returned
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ object DeferredSource {
     }
 }
 
-trait DeferredSink[F[_], A] {
+trait DeferredSink[F[_], A] extends Serializable {
 
   /**
    * If this `Deferred` is empty, sets the current value to `a`, and notifies any and all
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Fiber.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Fiber.scala
index 758c04e5c5..2220d3c8c6 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Fiber.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Fiber.scala
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import cats.syntax.all._
  * @see
  *   [[GenSpawn]] documentation for more detailed information on the concurrency of fibers.
  */
-trait Fiber[F[_], E, A] {
+trait Fiber[F[_], E, A] extends Serializable {
 
   /**
    * Requests the cancelation of the fiber bound to this `Fiber` handle and awaits its
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/MiniSemaphore.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/MiniSemaphore.scala
index 95f68db34f..412329b1b6 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/MiniSemaphore.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/MiniSemaphore.scala
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import scala.collection.immutable.{Queue => ScalaQueue}
 /**
  * A cut-down version of semaphore used to implement parTraverseN
  */
-private[kernel] abstract class MiniSemaphore[F[_]] {
+private[kernel] abstract class MiniSemaphore[F[_]] extends Serializable {
 
   /**
    * Sequence an action while holding a permit
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ParallelF.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ParallelF.scala
index a509718f98..ab75319eed 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ParallelF.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/ParallelF.scala
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package cats.effect.kernel
 
 //See https://failex.blogspot.com/2017/04/the-high-cost-of-anyval-subclasses.html
 object Par {
-  sealed abstract class ParallelFImpl {
+  sealed abstract class ParallelFImpl extends Serializable {
     type T[F[_], A]
     def apply[F[_], A](fa: F[A]): T[F, A]
     def value[F[_], A](t: T[F, A]): F[A]
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Ref.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Ref.scala
index 81790ac8bf..b7747212db 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Ref.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Ref.scala
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ object Ref {
     }
 }
 
-trait RefSource[F[_], A] {
+trait RefSource[F[_], A] extends Serializable {
 
   /**
    * Obtains the current value.
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ object RefSource {
     }
 }
 
-trait RefSink[F[_], A] {
+trait RefSink[F[_], A] extends Serializable {
 
   /**
    * Sets the current value to `a`.
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Resource.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Resource.scala
index 5af0010060..88202320a4 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Resource.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Resource.scala
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ import scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration
  * @tparam A
  *   the type of resource
  */
-sealed abstract class Resource[F[_], +A] {
+sealed abstract class Resource[F[_], +A] extends Serializable {
   import Resource._
 
   private[effect] def fold[B](
diff --git a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Unique.scala b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Unique.scala
index 553981b2bc..ca4587d3e8 100644
--- a/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Unique.scala
+++ b/kernel/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/kernel/Unique.scala
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package cats.effect.kernel
 
 import cats.{Applicative, Hash}
 
-trait Unique[F[_]] {
+trait Unique[F[_]] extends Serializable {
   def applicative: Applicative[F]
   def unique: F[Unique.Token]
 }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ object Unique {
 
   def apply[F[_]](implicit F: Unique[F]): F.type = F
 
-  final class Token
+  final class Token extends Serializable
 
   object Token {
     implicit val tokenHash: Hash[Token] =
diff --git a/testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/testkit/TestInstances.scala b/testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/testkit/TestInstances.scala
index 422ecffeb3..6875165654 100644
--- a/testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/testkit/TestInstances.scala
+++ b/testkit/shared/src/main/scala/cats/effect/testkit/TestInstances.scala
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ package testkit
 import cats.{~>, Applicative, Eq, Id, Order, Show}
 import cats.effect.kernel.testkit.{
   AsyncGenerators,
+  AsyncGeneratorsWithoutEvalShift,
   GenK,
   OutcomeGenerators,
   ParallelFGenerators,
@@ -76,6 +77,24 @@ trait TestInstances extends ParallelFGenerators with OutcomeGenerators with Sync
     Arbitrary(generators.generators[A])
   }
 
+  def arbitraryIOWithoutContextShift[A: Arbitrary: Cogen]: Arbitrary[IO[A]] = {
+    val generators = new AsyncGeneratorsWithoutEvalShift[IO] {
+      override implicit val F: Async[IO] = IO.asyncForIO
+      override implicit protected val arbitraryFD: Arbitrary[FiniteDuration] =
+        outer.arbitraryFiniteDuration
+      override implicit val arbitraryE: Arbitrary[Throwable] = outer.arbitraryThrowable
+      override val cogenE: Cogen[Throwable] = Cogen[Throwable]
+
+      override def recursiveGen[B: Arbitrary: Cogen](deeper: GenK[IO]) =
+        super
+          .recursiveGen[B](deeper)
+          .filterNot(x =>
+            x._1 == "evalOn" || x._1 == "racePair") // todo: enable racePair after MVar been made serialization compatible
+    }
+
+    Arbitrary(generators.generators[A])
+  }
+
   implicit def arbitrarySyncIO[A: Arbitrary: Cogen]: Arbitrary[SyncIO[A]] = {
     val generators = new SyncGenerators[SyncIO] {
       val arbitraryE: Arbitrary[Throwable] =
diff --git a/tests/shared/src/test/scala-2/cats/effect/SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification.scala b/tests/shared/src/test/scala-2/cats/effect/SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87ef34a0e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/shared/src/test/scala-2/cats/effect/SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2020-2022 Typelevel
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package cats.effect
+
+import cats.kernel.laws.SerializableLaws.serializable
+
+import org.scalacheck.Prop.forAll
+import org.typelevel.discipline.specs2.mutable.Discipline
+
+// collapse this back into SyncIOSpec once we're on a release with lampepfl/dotty#14686
+trait SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification extends BaseSpec with Discipline {
+  def scalaVersionSpecs =
+    "serialize" in {
+      forAll { (io: SyncIO[Int]) => serializable(io) }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/shared/src/test/scala-3/cats/effect/SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification.scala b/tests/shared/src/test/scala-3/cats/effect/SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef2861067f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/shared/src/test/scala-3/cats/effect/SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2020-2022 Typelevel
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package cats.effect
+
+import org.specs2.mutable.SpecificationLike
+import org.specs2.specification.core.Fragments
+
+// collapse this back into SyncIOSpec once we're on a release with lampepfl/dotty#14686
+trait SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification extends SpecificationLike {
+  def scalaVersionSpecs = Fragments.empty
+}
diff --git a/tests/shared/src/test/scala/cats/effect/IOSpec.scala b/tests/shared/src/test/scala/cats/effect/IOSpec.scala
index 9dc800d711..5e390d1365 100644
--- a/tests/shared/src/test/scala/cats/effect/IOSpec.scala
+++ b/tests/shared/src/test/scala/cats/effect/IOSpec.scala
@@ -19,17 +19,20 @@ package cats.effect
 import cats.effect.implicits._
 import cats.effect.laws.AsyncTests
 import cats.effect.testkit.TestContext
+import cats.kernel.laws.SerializableLaws.serializable
 import cats.kernel.laws.discipline.MonoidTests
 import cats.laws.discipline.{AlignTests, SemigroupKTests}
 import cats.laws.discipline.arbitrary._
 import cats.syntax.all._
 
-import org.scalacheck.Prop.forAll
+import org.scalacheck.Prop
 import org.typelevel.discipline.specs2.mutable.Discipline
 
 import scala.concurrent.{ExecutionContext, TimeoutException}
 import scala.concurrent.duration._
 
+import Prop.forAll
+
 class IOSpec extends BaseSpec with Discipline with IOPlatformSpecification {
 
   // we just need this because of the laws testing, since the prop runs can interfere with each other
@@ -1454,6 +1457,14 @@ class IOSpec extends BaseSpec with Discipline with IOPlatformSpecification {
       } yield res
     }
 
+    "serialize" in {
+      forAll { (io: IO[Int]) => serializable(io) }(
+        implicitly,
+        arbitraryIOWithoutContextShift,
+        implicitly,
+        implicitly)
+    }
+
     platformSpecs
   }
 
diff --git a/tests/shared/src/test/scala/cats/effect/SyncIOSpec.scala b/tests/shared/src/test/scala/cats/effect/SyncIOSpec.scala
index 3a725803bc..d09f671732 100644
--- a/tests/shared/src/test/scala/cats/effect/SyncIOSpec.scala
+++ b/tests/shared/src/test/scala/cats/effect/SyncIOSpec.scala
@@ -25,7 +25,11 @@ import cats.syntax.all._
 import org.scalacheck.Prop.forAll
 import org.typelevel.discipline.specs2.mutable.Discipline
 
-class SyncIOSpec extends BaseSpec with Discipline with SyncIOPlatformSpecification {
+class SyncIOSpec
+    extends BaseSpec
+    with Discipline
+    with SyncIOPlatformSpecification
+    with SyncIOScalaVersionSpecification {
 
   "sync io monad" should {
     "produce a pure value when run" in {
@@ -220,6 +224,8 @@ class SyncIOSpec extends BaseSpec with Discipline with SyncIOPlatformSpecificati
         res <- IO.delay(res1 mustEqual res2)
       } yield res
     }
+
+    scalaVersionSpecs
   }
 
   {