01-basic_operations.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 01 - Basic Jupyter Notebooks operations\n",
    "\n",
    "This notebook tests some Jupyter operations using [github.dev](https://github.dev) console using Python in the browser directly 😍"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Importing additional libs\n",
    "\n",
    "When you work with Jupyter, in each Notebook we start with a blank sheet. To use additional libraries, we need to import them:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.17.5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "print(np.__version__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now, let's see which libraries are installed in the environment out of the box using [`pkg_resources`](https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html) built-in library:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Pillow==8.3.1\n",
      "Pygments==2.9.0\n",
      "backcall==0.2.0\n",
      "cycler==0.10.0\n",
      "decorator==5.0.9\n",
      "ipykernel==5.5.5\n",
      "ipython==7.28.0\n",
      "jedi==0.18.0\n",
      "kiwisolver==1.3.1\n",
      "matplotlib-inline==0.1.3\n",
      "matplotlib==3.3.3\n",
      "micropip==0.1\n",
      "nbformat==4.2.0\n",
      "numpy==1.17.5\n",
      "packaging==21.0\n",
      "parso==0.8.2\n",
      "pexpect==4.8.0\n",
      "pickleshare==0.7.5\n",
      "prompt-toolkit==3.0.20\n",
      "ptyprocess==0.7.0\n",
      "pyolite==0.1.0a9\n",
      "pyparsing==2.4.7\n",
      "python-dateutil==2.8.1\n",
      "pytz==2021.1\n",
      "setuptools==57.1.0\n",
      "six==1.16.0\n",
      "traitlets==5.1.0\n",
      "tzdata==2021.1\n",
      "wcwidth==0.2.5\n",
      "widgetsnbextension==3.5.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import pkg_resources\n",
    "\n",
    "packages = [str(d).replace(\" \",\"==\") for d in pkg_resources.working_set]\n",
    "for package in sorted(packages):\n",
    "    print(package)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Importing additional packages can be achieved using [`micropip` from Pyodide](https://pyodide.org/en/stable/usage/api/micropip-api.html):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import micropip \n",
    "await micropip.install('plotly')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Not all of my favourite packages are available and working, but you can definitely try yours."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Jupyter's magic commands\n",
    "\n",
    "Jupyter has its own mini-commands language, which you can use to use its internal features. To learn more see [IPython documentation](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html) or [Jupyter's documentation](https://nbviewer.org/github/ipython/ipython/blob/1.x/examples/notebooks/Cell%20Magics.ipynb)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[`%env` command](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#magic-env) gets, sets or lists environment variables."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'USER': 'web_user',\n",
       " 'LOGNAME': 'web_user',\n",
       " 'PATH': '/',\n",
       " 'PWD': '/',\n",
       " 'HOME': '/home/web_user',\n",
       " 'LANG': 'en_GB.UTF-8',\n",
       " '_': './this.program',\n",
       " 'MPLBACKEND': 'AGG'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%env"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[`%config` magic command](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#magic-config) lets you to configure IPython. If you use it without as params, as follows, it will list classes which we can configure:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Available objects for config:\n",
      "     AliasManager\n",
      "     CustomHistoryManager\n",
      "     DisplayFormatter\n",
      "     IPCompleter\n",
      "     Interpreter\n",
      "     LoggingMagics\n",
      "     MagicsManager\n",
      "     OSMagics\n",
      "     PrefilterManager\n",
      "     ScriptMagics\n",
      "     StoreMagics\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%config"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[`%%html` one](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#cellmagic-html) allows us to display HTML. Another ones that can be useful are for examples [`%%javascript` one](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#cellmagic-javascript), which allows us to run cell as Javascript or [`%%svg` one](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#cellmagic-svg), which can be used to display SVG files."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<iframe width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/l95h4alXfAA\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%html\n",
    "\n",
    "<iframe width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/l95h4alXfAA\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen></iframe>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The [`%bash`](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#cellmagic-bash) below is special, as it will try to execute your bash command. Since the browser doesn't have access to it, we expect an error (which is good for security reasons!)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "<class 'BlockingIOError'>",
     "evalue": "[Errno 6] Resource temporarily unavailable",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mBlockingIOError\u001b[0m                           Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-2-8873e7f39531>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mget_ipython\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrun_cell_magic\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'bash'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m''\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'echo \"hi, stdout\"\\n'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mrun_cell_magic\u001b[0;34m(self, magic_name, line, cell)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2404\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mbuiltin_trap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2405\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmagic_arg_s\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 2406\u001b[0;31m                 \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   2407\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   2408\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/script.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mnamed_script_magic\u001b[0;34m(line, cell)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    140\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32melse\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    141\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mline\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mscript\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 142\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mshebang\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mline\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    143\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    144\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;31m# write a basic docstring:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/lib/python3.9/site-packages/decorator.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mfun\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kw)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    230\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mnot\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkwsyntax\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    231\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkw\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfix\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkw\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0msig\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 232\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcaller\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mextras\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkw\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    233\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mfun\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__name__\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__name__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    234\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mfun\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__doc__\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfunc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__doc__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/magic.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<lambda>\u001b[0;34m(f, *a, **k)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    185\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;31m# but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    186\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmagic_deco\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 187\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mcall\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mlambda\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mk\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    188\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    189\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcallable\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0marg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/script.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mshebang\u001b[0;34m(self, line, cell)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    180\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    181\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 182\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mPopen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcmd\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstdout\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPIPE\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstderr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPIPE\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstdin\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPIPE\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    183\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mOSError\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0me\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    184\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0me\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0merrno\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0merrno\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mENOENT\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/lib/python3.9/subprocess.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__init__\u001b[0;34m(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    949\u001b[0m                             encoding=encoding, errors=errors)\n\u001b[1;32m    950\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 951\u001b[0;31m             self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    952\u001b[0m                                 \u001b[0mpass_fds\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcwd\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0menv\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    953\u001b[0m                                 \u001b[0mstartupinfo\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcreationflags\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mshell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/lib/python3.9/subprocess.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_execute_child\u001b[0;34m(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1752\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0mfds_to_keep\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mset\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpass_fds\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1753\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0mfds_to_keep\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0merrpipe_write\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1754\u001b[0;31m                     self.pid = _posixsubprocess.fork_exec(\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   1755\u001b[0m                             \u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mexecutable_list\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1756\u001b[0m                             \u001b[0mclose_fds\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtuple\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0msorted\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfds_to_keep\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mBlockingIOError\u001b[0m: [Errno 6] Resource temporarily unavailable"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%bash\n",
    "echo \"hi, stdout\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Displaying math formulas using Latex\n",
    "\n",
    "Quite often we may need to display mathematical equations in you notebooks. To learn more, see [examples like this one](https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/writing-math-equations-in-jupyter-notebook-a-naive-introduction-a5ce87b9a214).\n",
    "\n",
    "Basically, if everything works fine, below you should see a [nice math equation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula):\n",
    "\n",
    "$e^{i\\pi} + 1 = 0$."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "language_info": {
   "name": "python"
  },
  "orig_nbformat": 4
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 2
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