-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathtraits.yml
3968 lines (3968 loc) · 246 KB
/
traits.yml
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
traits:
description: Names and details of plant traits included in the AusTraits compilation
type: list
elements:
accessory_cost_mass:
description: Mass of seed accessory costs, the proportion of a fruit that does not develop into a seed
type: numeric
units: mg
label: Mass of seed accessory costs
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 10000.0
accessory_cost_fraction:
description: Fraction of total reproductive investment required to mature a seed that is invested in non-seed tissues
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
label: Fraction of total reproductive investment to non-seed tissues
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 1.0
bark_delta13C:
description: Bark carbon stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: per mille
label: Bark carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
allowed_values_min: -50.0
allowed_values_max: 0.0
bark_delta15N:
description: Bark nitrogen stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: per mille
label: Bark nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
allowed_values_min: -25.0
allowed_values_max: 75.0
bark_mass_area:
description: Bark mass per unit surface area of stem
type: numeric
units: g/cm2
label: Bark mass per unit surface area of stem
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 1.0
bark_density:
description: Bark dry mass per unit bark fresh volume (bark density)
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
label: Bark dry mass per unit fresh bark volume
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 1.1
bark_C_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark carbon (C) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark carbon (C) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 50.0
allowed_values_max: 750.0
bark_N_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark nitrogen (N) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark nitrogen (N) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 100.0
bark_P_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark phosphorus (P) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark phosphorus (P) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.001
allowed_values_max: 10.0
bark_K_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark potassium (K) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark potassium (K) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 100.0
bark_Al_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark aluminium (Al) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark aluminium (Al) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 10.0
bark_B_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark boron (B) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark boron (B) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.001
allowed_values_max: 1.0
bark_Ca_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark calcium (Ca) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark calcium (Ca) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 100.0
bark_Cu_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark copper (Cu) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark copper (Cu) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.0001
allowed_values_max: 1.0
bark_Fe_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark iron (Fe) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark iron (Fe) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.001
allowed_values_max: 10.0
bark_Mg_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark magnesium (Mg) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark magnesium (Mg) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 10.0
bark_Mn_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark manganese (Mn) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark manganese (Mn) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.001
allowed_values_max: 1.0
bark_Na_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark sodium (Na) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark sodium (Na) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 100.0
bark_S_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark sulphur (S) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark sulphur (S) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 100.0
bark_Zn_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark zinc (Zn) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Bark zinc (Zn) content per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.001
allowed_values_max: 10.0
bark_morphology:
description: Description of bark morphology
type: categorical
label: Bark morphology
allowed_values_levels:
eucalypt_box: Eucalypts with "Box" type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_gum: Eucalypts with "Gum" type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_stocking: Eucalypts with "Gum" type bark above a rough barked stocking (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_ironbark: Eucalypts with "Ironbark" type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_peppermint: Eucalypts with "Peppermint" type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_stringybark: Eucalypts with "Stringy" type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_ribbonbark: Eucalypts with "Gum" type bark that sheds in ribbons (including Corymbia and Angophora)
bark_thickness:
description: Thickness of the bark of the stem
type: numeric
units: mm
label: Bark thickness
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 50.0
bark_thickness_index:
description: Thickness of the bark (2 times a single thickness measure) of the stem divided by stem diameter, adjust for increasing bark thickness with increasing stem diameter. (based on Lawes)
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
label: Scaled bark thickness
allowed_values_min: 0.001
allowed_values_max: 1
bark_ash_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark ash content per dry mass, where bark ash is the component of the bark remaining after combustion.
type: numeric
units: '%'
label: Bark ash content per dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 100.0
bark_cellulose_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark cellulose per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
label: Bark cellulose per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 1.0
bark_lignin_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark lignin per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
label: Bark lignin per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 1.0
bark_tannin_per_dry_mass:
description: Bark tannins (polyphenols) per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
label: Bark tannins (polyphenols) per unit bark dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.00001
allowed_values_max: 1.0
branch_mass_fraction:
description: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of branch material
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
label: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of branch material
allowed_values_min: 0.00
allowed_values_max: 1.0
sprout_depth:
description: Depth of resprouting shoots
type: numeric
units: mm
label: Depth below ground (negative number) or height above ground (positive number) from which buds emerge following a disturbance (i.e. fire)
allowed_values_min: -100
allowed_values_max: 100
calcicole_status:
description: Dichotonmous variable, defining plants as calcifuge (intolerant of basic soils) versus calcicole (tolerant of basic soils, such as calcareous sands and limestone derived soils)
type: categorical
label: Calcicole versus calcifuge status
allowed_values_levels:
calcicole: tolerant of basic soils, such as calcareous sands and limestone derived soils
calcifuge: intolerant of basic soils
leaf_carotenoid_per_area:
description: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
label: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf area
allowed_values_min: 10.0
allowed_values_max: 1000.0
leaf_carotenoid_per_dry_mass:
description: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
label: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 10.0
cell_cross-sectional_area:
description: Cell cross sectional area
type: numeric
units: um2
label: Cell cross sectional area
allowed_values_min: 100
allowed_values_max: 10000
leaf_epidermis_Ca_per_fresh_mass:
description: Ca content of epidermal cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: Ca content of epidermal cells
allowed_values_min: 1
allowed_values_max: 500
leaf_hypodermis_Ca_per_fresh_mass:
description: Ca content of hypodermis cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: Ca content of hypodermis cells
allowed_values_min: 1
allowed_values_max: 500
leaf_internal_parenchyma_Ca_per_fresh_mass:
description: Ca content of internal parenchyma cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: Ca content of internal parenchyma cells
allowed_values_min: 1
allowed_values_max: 500
leaf_palisade_mesophyll_Ca_per_fresh_mass:
description: Ca content of palisade mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: Ca content of palisade mesophyll cells
allowed_values_min: 1
allowed_values_max: 100
leaf_sclerenchyma_Ca_per_fresh_mass:
description: Ca content of sclerenchyma cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: Ca content of sclerenchyma cells
allowed_values_min: 1
allowed_values_max: 100
leaf_spongy_mesophyll_Ca_per_fresh_mass:
description: Ca content of spongy mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: Ca content of spongy mesophyll cells
allowed_values_min: 1
allowed_values_max: 1000
leaf_epidermis_P_per_fresh_mass:
description: P content of epidermal cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: P content of epidermal cells
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 10
leaf_hypodermis_P_per_fresh_mass:
description: P content of hypodermis cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: P content of hypodermis cells
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 10
leaf_internal_parenchyma_P_per_fresh_mass:
description: P content of internal parenchyma cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: P content of internal parenchyma cells
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 10
leaf_palisade_mesophyll_P_per_fresh_mass:
description: P content of palisade mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: P content of palisade mesophyll cells
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 30
leaf_rubisco_per_leaf_dry_mass:
description: Concentration of Rubisco
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: N content of Rubisco
allowed_values_min: 5
allowed_values_max: 50
leaf_rubisco_N_per_total_leaf_N:
description: Percentage of N accounted for by Rubisco
type: numeric
units: '%'
label: Percentage of N accounted for by Rubisco
allowed_values_min: 5
allowed_values_max: 50
leaf_sclerenchyma_P_per_fresh_mass:
description: P content of sclerenchyma cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: P content of sclerenchyma cells
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 10
leaf_spongy_mesophyll_P_per_fresh_mass:
description: P content of spongy mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
label: P content of spongy mesophyll cells
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 30
leaf_thylakoid_N_per_total_leaf_N:
description: Percentage of N accounted for by thylakoid proteins
type: numeric
units: '%'
label: Percentage of N accounted for by thylakoid proteins
allowed_values_min: 5
allowed_values_max: 30
leaf_chlorophyll_per_area:
description: Sum of chlorophyll A and B per leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
label: Sum of chlorophyll A and B per leaf area
allowed_values_min: 10
allowed_values_max: 2000
leaf_chlorophyll_A_per_area:
description: Leaf chlorophyll A content per leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
label: Leaf chlorophyll A content per leaf area
allowed_values_min: 50
allowed_values_max: 2000
leaf_chlorophyll_B_per_area:
description: Leaf chlorophyll B content per leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
label: Leaf chlorophyll B content per leaf area
allowed_values_min: 10
allowed_values_max: 1000
leaf_chlorophyll_per_dry_mass:
description: Leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
label: Leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 15.0
leaf_chlorophyll_A_per_dry_mass:
description: Leaf chlorophyll A content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
label: Leaf chlorophyll A content per unit leaf dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 10.0
leaf_chlorophyll_B_per_dry_mass:
description: Leaf chlorophyll B content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
label: Leaf chlorophyll B content per unit leaf dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 10.0
leaf_chlorophyll_A_B_ratio:
description: Ratio of leaf chlorophyll A to chlorophyll B
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
label: Ratio of leaf chlorophyll A to chlorophyll B
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 6
atmospheric_CO2_concentration:
description: Ambient CO2 concentration (external CO2 concentration)
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mol
label: ambient CO2 concentration
allowed_values_min: 50.0
allowed_values_max: 1000.0
leaf_chloroplast_CO2_concentration:
description: CO2 concentration inside chloroplasts
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/umol
label: CO2 concentration inside chloroplasts
allowed_values_min: 50.0
allowed_values_max: 1000.0
leaf_intercellular_CO2_concentration_at_Aambient:
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces under ambient conditions
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mol
label: internal CO2 concentration under ambient conditions
allowed_values_min: 50.0
allowed_values_max: 1300.0
leaf_intercellular_CO2_concentration_at_Amax:
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces during Amax measurement
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mol
label: internal CO2 concentration during Amax measurement
allowed_values_min: 50.0
allowed_values_max: 2100.0
leaf_intercellular_CO2_concentration_at_Asat:
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces during Asat measurement
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mol
label: internal CO2 concentration during Asat measurement
allowed_values_min: 10.0
allowed_values_max: 1300.0
leaf_intercellular_CO2_concentration_to_atmospheric_CO2_concentration_ratio:
description: Ratio of internal to external CO2 concentrations
type: numeric
units: umolCO2 internal/umolCO2 ambient
label: Ratio of internal to external CO2 concentrations
allowed_values_min: 0.0
allowed_values_max: 1.3
competitive_stratum:
description: Categorical descriptions of a taxon's relative stature in its community, used to assess competitive heirarchies within a community (definition based on Keith 2007, Gosper 2012)
type: categorical
label: Competitive stratum
allowed_values_levels:
ground: Graminoids, herbs and ferns reaching maximum heights of c. 0.2–1 m
mid: Shrubs reaching maximum heights of c. 1–2 m
upper: Tall shrubs reaching maximum heights of c. 3–5 m
post_fire_ephemeral: Taxa that avoid competition with other strata by rapidly completing their life cycle after fire; a sub-category of 'ground'
cotyledon_function:
description: Cotyledon function
type: categorical
label: Cotyledon function
allowed_values_levels:
foliaceous: Cotyledons are photosynthetic and function as leaves.
reserve: Cotyledons function as energy reserve organs.
cotyledon_position:
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings where the cotyledon remains within the seed coat versus emerges from the seed coat at germination.
type: categorical
label: Cotyledon position at germination
allowed_values_levels:
cryptocotylar: A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain within the seed coat at germination.
phanerocotylar: A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat.
cotyledon_type:
description: Binary variable distinguishing between glabrous versus hairy cotyledons
type: categorical
label: Cotyledon type
allowed_values_levels:
glabrous: Cotyledon lacks hairs
hairy: Cotyledon has hairs
seedling_germination_location:
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings that germinate above versus below ground.
type: categorical
label: Seedling germination location
allowed_values_levels:
epigeal: Germinant with one or more cotyledons emerging aboveground.
hypogeal: Germinant with all cotyledons remaining belowground.
establishment_light_environment_index:
description: The minimum light environment required by seedlings for establishment, scaled from 0 to 8. 0 indicates `No direct light, extremely low levels of transmitted/reflected light, such as beneath dense fern or palm fronds close to ground level.`; 0.5 indicates `No direct light, very low levels of transmitted light`; 1 indicates `Rare or no exposure to direct light from lateral sources, and low levels of transmitted light.`; 2 indicates `Low lateral light and low–moderate transmitted light with <10% of inverted cone exposed to lateral sources of direct light, plus low to moderate levels of transmitted light`; 3 indicates `Low-moderate lateral & moderate transmitted light, wit <5% exposure of the focal crown to vertical direct light, and <15 % of inverted cone exposed to lateral sources of direct light, plus moderate transmitted light.`; 4 indicates `Moderate lateral light & moderate–high transmitted light, with 5 – 10% exposure of focal crown to direct vertical light, plus 2-20% exposure of inverted cone to lateral sources of direct light, plus moderate to high levels of transmitted light.`; 5 indicates `Moderate vertical light and moderate–high lateral light, with 5 – 20% exposure of focal crown to direct vertical light, plus one or both of, i. 10-40% exposure of 90-degree inverted cone to lateral sources of direct light, ii. exposure to high levels of transmitted light`; 6 indicates `Moderate-High vertical and high lateral light, with 10-30% of vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light, and lateral light exposure for > 40% of 90-degree inverted cone`, 7 indicates `High vertical and lateral light, with 30-80% of vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light, or exposure to lateral sources of direct light for > 60 % of a 90-degree inverted cone encompassing the focal crown.`; 8 indicates `Full light exposure of crown, with > 80% of the vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light.` (reference, Wells 2012).
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
label: Canopy light environment required for seedling establishment
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 8
reproductive_light_environment_index:
description: The minimum light environment required by seedlings for reproduction, scaled from 0 to 8. 0 indicates `No direct light, extremely low levels of transmitted/reflected light, such as beneath dense fern or palm fronds close to ground level.`; 0.5 indicates `No direct light, very low levels of transmitted light`; 1 indicates `Rare or no exposure to direct light from lateral sources, and low levels of transmitted light.`; 2 indicates `Low lateral light and low–moderate transmitted light with <10% of inverted cone exposed to lateral sources of direct light, plus low to moderate levels of transmitted light`; 3 indicates `Low–moderate lateral & moderate transmitted light, wit <5% exposure of the focal crown to vertical direct light, and <15 % of inverted cone exposed to lateral sources of direct light, plus moderate transmitted light.`; 4 indicates `Moderate lateral light & moderate–high transmitted light, with 5 – 10% exposure of focal crown to direct vertical light, plus 2-20% exposure of inverted cone to lateral sources of direct light, plus moderate to high levels of transmitted light.`; 5 indicates `Moderate vertical light and moderate–high lateral light, with 5 – 20% exposure of focal crown to direct vertical light, plus one or both of, i. 10-40% exposure of 90-degree inverted cone to lateral sources of direct light, ii. exposure to high levels of transmitted light`; 6 indicates `Moderate-High vertical and high lateral light, with 10-30% of vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light, and lateral light exposure for > 40% of 90-degree inverted cone`, 7 indicates `High vertical and lateral light, with 30-80% of vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light, or exposure to lateral sources of direct light for > 60 % of a 90-degree inverted cone encompassing the focal crown.`; 8 indicates `Full light exposure of crown, with > 80% of the vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light.` (reference, Wells 2012).
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
label: Canopy light environment required for reproduction
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 8
leaf_cuticle_thickness_adaxial:
description: Thickness of the upper cuticle
type: numeric
units: um
label: Upper cuticle thickness
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 100.0
leaf_cuticle_thickness_abaxial:
description: Thickness of the lower cuticle
type: numeric
units: um
label: Lower cuticle thickness
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 100.0
diaspore_dry_mass:
description: Dry mass of a plant's dispersal unit, including the seed and any dispersal appendages; synonymous with dispersule and often synonymous with the term disseminule. (Notes, Data mapped onto this trait have been very explicitly defined as a 'diaspore'. There will be additional values mapped as either 'seed_dry_mass' or 'fruit_dry_mass' that are also diaspores, but have identified only as being a 'seed' or 'fruit'. In addition, it is expected that some observations in AusTraits mapped onto 'seed_dry_mass' will actually include both the seed and some dispersal tissue, if the two cannot easily be separated.)
type: numeric
units: mg
label: Dry mass of a plant's dispersal unit
allowed_values_min: 0.00001
allowed_values_max: 1000000.0
dispersal_appendage:
description: External appendages of the dispersule presumed to facilitate dispersal away from the parent plant.
type: categorical
label: Appendage of propagule which facilitates dispersal
allowed_values_levels:
aril: Fleshy outgrowth of a seed, that often attracts animals like birds or ants.
bristles: Bristle-like projections. Trait value includes awns, which are slender, bristle-like projections in some grasses.
bracts_and_glumes: When the bracts below the inflorescence are persistent and functional as dispersal appendages. This includes persistent glumes, the modified membranous bracts in the family Poaceae that surround the spikelet of a grass.
elaiosome: Fleshy (often fatty) appendage on seeds that attracts ants.
fleshy_reward: Broad term that includes a suite of appendages that provides a fleshy reward to attract dispersers; highest level of resolution available for some studies.
floating_seed: Seed that is dispersed by floating on water
flotation_scales: Scales enhancing flotation, thereby assisting with dispersal.
floral_parts: When some plant floral parts (the petals, sepals, or style) are persistent and aid in seed and fruit dispersal. This is a broad term not explicitly suggesting a dispersal mechanism.
hairs: Modified hairs that aid in seed dispersal.
hooks: A rear-facing point, as in a fish hook that aids in seed and fruit dispersal.
inflated_parts: When some part of the seed, fruit, or associated tissues is inflated, aiding in seed or fruit dispersal.
none: When a fruit and associated tissues lack any dispersal appendages. Includes exarillate and taxa with explicitly deciduous pappus.
pappus: The calyx in Asteraceae that has been modified into bristles, hairs, scales or awns that are attached to the apex of the fruit. Taxa assigned this trait value have a persistent pappus that aids in dispersal, often, but not exclusively through wind dispersal. The pappus can also assist with flotation.
plumose: Fruit, seed, style, or other floral component that is plumose and assists with dispersal.
receptacle: Fleshy receptacle that aids in dispersal.
sarcotesta: Fleshy seed coat that aids in dispersal.
spines: Spines that aid in dispersal.
tumbleweed: Plant growth form, whereby the aboveground plant component detaches from the roots and is readily rolled by wind across the ground, aiding in dispersal.
wings: Referring to wing-like seed extensions that aid in wind dispersal.
wing_or_plume: Broad term that includes a suite of appendages that aid in wind dispsersal; highest level of resolution available for some studies.
dispersal_syndrome:
description: Plant dispersal syndromes are generally assigned to species based on suites of diaspore characteristics associated with specific mechanisms of dispersal. Trait values are mostly given as the formal dispersal syndromes ending in 'chory', a suffix meaning 'a specified method of plant dispersal'
type: categorical
label: Dispersal syndrome
allowed_values_levels:
anemochory: Diaspore is dispersed by wind. (synonym, wind)
anthrochory: Diaspore is dispersed by humans, either intentionally or unintentionally.
atelochory: Diaspore dispersal is prevented. (synonym, antitelochory)
autochory: Diaspore is dispersed by methods originating from the parent plant or diaspore.
ballistic: Seeds are launched away from the plant by explosion as soon as the seed capsule opens.
barochory: Diaspores are dispersed without assistance. (synonym, gravity, mobile, unassisted)
chamaechory: Diaspore is dispersed by being rolled along ground surface by wind.
endozoochory: Diaspore is ingested by animals, either intentionally or accidentally, then transported before being deposited. (synonym, ingestion)
epizoochory: Diaspore is dispersed by accidentally attaching itself to the outside of an animal vector. (synonym, ectozoochory, exozoochory)
hydrochory: Diaspore is dispersed on the surface of water. (synonym, water)
myrmecochory: Diaspores have elaiosomes (specialised nutritious appendages) that make them attractive for capture, transport and use by ants or related insects.
undefined: Dispersal mechanism unknown. (synonym, unknown)
zoochory: Diaspore is dispersed by animals, by an undescribed mechanism.
dispersal_unit:
description: Plant dispersal unit, broadly defined by taxonomic group.
type: categorical
label: Dispersal unit
allowed_values_levels:
fruit: Dispersal unit is a fruit.
seed: Dispersal unit is a seed.
spore: Dispersal unit is a spore.
dispersers:
description: Dominant diaspore dispersal agents. Terms include both species and more general dispersal agent groupings, matching the different levels of resolution provided by researchers.
type: categorical
label: Diaspore dispersal agents
allowed_values_levels:
indigenous_people: Indigenous people disperse the fruit through traditional practises.
ants: Ants are an important fruit dispersal agent.
bats: Bats are an important fruit dispersal agent.
birds: Birds are an important fruit dispersal agent.
cassowaries: Cassowaries, in contrast to smaller flying birds, are an important fruit dispersal agent.
floods: Floods are an important fruit dispersal agent.
flying_vertebrates: Flying birds and bats are important fruit dispersal agents.
flying_foxes: Flying foxes are an important fruit dispersal agent.
garden_refuse: Fruit are dispersed through garden refuse.
insects: Insects are an important fruit dispersal agent.
invertebrates: Invertebrates are an important fruit dispersal agent.
mammals: Mammals are an important fruit dispersal agent.
non-flying_vertebrates: Mammals and non-flying birds (i.e. cassowary, emu) are important fruit dispersal agents.
passive: There is no special dispersal agent.
rain: Rain is an important fruit dispersal agent; the diaspore is propelled by action of rain on plant structure or the wetting of the plant structure by rain or dew.
rodents: Rodents are an important fruit dispersal agent.
vehicles: Vehicles are an important dispersal agent, such as through mud on tyres.
vertebrates: Vertebrates are an important fruit dispersal agent.
wind: Wind is an important fruit dispersal agent.
water: Water is an important fruit dispersal agent.
water_currents: Water currents are an important fruit dispersal agent; the diaspore may be either floating or submerged in fresh/saltwater currents.
seed_dormancy_class:
description: Classification for seed dormancy
type: categorical
label: Dormancy type
allowed_values_levels:
morphophysiological_dormancy: Seeds exhibit morphophysiological dormancy
non_dormant: Seeds are non-dormant
physical_dormancy: Seeds exhibit physical dormancy
physiological_dormancy: Seeds exhibit physiological dormancy
embryo_colour:
description: Binary variable distinguishing between embryos that are green versus colourless
type: categorical
label: Embryo colour
allowed_values_levels:
colourless: Colourless embryo
green: Green embryo
leaf_epidermal_cell_density_abaxial:
description: Epidermal cell density on the lower leaf surface
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
label: Epidermal cell density on the lower leaf surface
allowed_values_min: 100
allowed_values_max: 10000
leaf_epidermal_cell_density_adaxial:
description: Epidermal cell density on the upper leaf surface
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
label: Epidermal cell density on the upper leaf surface
allowed_values_min: 100
allowed_values_max: 10000
leaf_epidermal_cell_density_both_sides:
description: Epidermal cell density averaged across the upper and lower leaf surfaces
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
label: Epidermal cell density averaged across the upper and lower leaf surfaces
allowed_values_min: 100
allowed_values_max: 10000
leaf_epidermis_thickness:
description: Thickness of the epidermis, leaf surface not specified
type: numeric
units: um
label: Thickness of the epidermis, leaf surface not specified
allowed_values_min: 1.0
allowed_values_max: 100.0
leaf_epidermis_thickness_adaxial:
description: Thickness of the epidermis on the upper leaf surface
type: numeric
units: um
label: Thickness of the epidermis on the upper leaf surface
allowed_values_min: 1.0
allowed_values_max: 100.0
leaf_epidermis_thickness_abaxial:
description: Thickness of the epidermis on the lower leaf surface
type: numeric
units: um
label: Thickness of the epidermis on the lower leaf surface
allowed_values_min: 1.0
allowed_values_max: 100.0
fire_exposure_level:
description: A trait to capture different mechanisms plants use to avoid or experience fire.
type: categorical
label: Plant's fire avoidance or exposure strategies
allowed_values_levels:
fire_not_relevant: Plant never affected by fire (for aquatic taxon).
fire_avoidance_among_rocks: Plants rarely experience fires because their habitat is restricted to rocky outcrops or rock pavement.
fire_response:
description: Distinguishes between mature plants that are killed versus resprout. Species where at least 70% of plants resprout following a fire that causes 100% leaf scorch are designated `resprouters`, while those where fewer than 30% of plants resprout are designated as `fire killed`. Species with an intermediate response have a mixed fire response, and are coded as `fire_killed resprouts`. (Gill & Bradstock 1992, Clarke 2015). This trait is narrowly applicable only to taxa that experience fire; see the trait `fire_exposure_level` for trait values related to species whose `fire strategy` is to avoid fire.
type: categorical
label: Resprouts or is killed by fire
allowed_values_levels:
fire_killed: Fewer than 30% of plants resprout following a hot fire.
resprouts: More than 70% of plants resprout following a hot fire.
partial_resprouting: Between 30-70% of plants resprout following a hot fire.
no_significant_fire_response: Plants are rarely killed by a moderate-intensity fire, but also do not resprout.
unknown: Fire status assessed, but unknown.
fire_response_detailed:
description: Detailed information distinguishing between plants that are killed by fire and resprout following fire
type: categorical
label: Resprouts or is killed by fire
allowed_values_levels:
fire_killed: Plants killed by hot fires
weak_resprouting: Plant shows weak resprouting following fire; unless an author defines a study-specific cut-off, this term is applied to populations where some individuals, but fewer than 30% of individuals resprout following a fire.
intermediate_resprouting: Plant shows intermediate resprouting following fire; unless an author defines a study-specific cut-off, this term is applied to populations where between 30-70% of individuals resprout.
strong_resprouting: Plant shows strong resprouting following fire; unless an author defines a study-specific cut-off, this term is applied to populations where > 70% of individuals resprout.
fire_response_juvenile:
description: Variable summarising how juvenile plants respond to fire
type: categorical
label: Juvenile plants resprout or killed by file
allowed_values_levels:
juvenile_fire_killed: Few to no juvenile plants resprout following fire
juvenile_resprout: More than 50% of juvenile plants survive and resprout following fire
juvenile_moderate_fire_killed: 25-50% of juvenile plants resprout following fire
fire_response_on_maturity:
description: Variable summarising how plants' maturity status changes following fire.
type: categorical
label: Plants' maturity status after fire
allowed_values_levels:
remain_mature: Mature plants remain mature following fire.
mature_to_juvenile: Mature plants become juvenile following fire.
mature_do_not_resprout: Mature plants do not resprout following fire.
post_fire_recruitment:
description: Distinguishes between plants that do and do not have fire-cued seeding.
type: categorical
label: Fire-cued seeding
allowed_values_levels:
post_fire_recruitment: Plants that germinate robustly following fire.
post_fire_recruitment_moderate: Plants with a moderate number of seedlings present post-fire.
no_post_fire_recruitment: Plants that do not show increased seeding following fire.
fire_and_establishing:
description: Trait capturing post-fire time frame during which species establishes. The selection of trait values does not distinguish between intermediate age and mature vegetation, as this level of detail is rarely provide in datasets.
type: categorical
label: Post-fire establishment
allowed_values_levels:
establish_anytime: Plants can establish immediately after fire and in later years as vegetation ages, right thru to mature and over-mature vegetation (assuming suitable seasonal conditions).
establish_just_after_fire_only: Plants establish immediately after a fire (within the first 2 seasons, and usually within the first season), but cannot continue recruitment as the vegetation ages further, unable to establish in mature vegetation.
establish_intermediate_to_mature_vegetation_only: Plants unable to establish immediately after fire (within the first season or two), but can establish in older vegetation (including mature to over-mature vegetation), requires some environmental charateristics not found in vegetation straight after fires.
fire_flame_duration:
description: Flame duration for a single leaf. Time from the first visible flame until no more flames could be seen (seconds)
type: numeric
units: seconds
label: Flame duration for a single leaf.
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 200
fire_fuel_bed_bulk_density:
description: Fuel bed bulk density. This is the mass of the fuel bed, divided by the fuel bed volumne.
type: numeric
units: g/cm3
label: Fuel bed bulk density.
allowed_values_min: 0.001
allowed_values_max: 1.0
fire_fuel_comsumption:
description: Proportion of fuel that was consumed by fire.
type: numeric
units: '%'
label: Proportion of fuel that was consumed by fire
allowed_values_min: 1
allowed_values_max: 100
fire_rate_of_spread:
description: Rate of spread. How fast the fire moves across the landscape.
type: numeric
units: cm/s
label: Rate of spread.
allowed_values_min: 0.01
allowed_values_max: 1.0
fire_smoulder_duration:
description: Smoulder duration for a single leaf. Time from the end of the last visible flame until the glowing phase died out (seconds)
type: numeric
units: seconds
label: Smoulder duration for a single leaf.
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 1000
fire_total_burn_duration:
description: Sum of flame duration and smoulder duration for a single leaf.
type: numeric
units: seconds
label: Sum of flame duration and smoulder duration for a single leaf.
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 1500
fire_time_to_ignition:
description: Time to ignition for a single leaf. Time from ignition source contacting leaf (or other material) until ignition occurs.
type: numeric
units: seconds
label: Time to ignition
allowed_values_min: 0.1
allowed_values_max: 100
flower_colour:
description: Flower colour, with six possible outcomes
type: categorical
label: Flower colour
allowed_values_levels:
blue_purple: blue or purple
green: green flower
pink: pink flower
red_brown: red or brown flower
white_cream: white or cream flower
yellow_orange: yellow orange flower
flower_count_maximum:
description: Maximum flower number produced
type: numeric
units: count
label: Maximum flower number
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 1000000
flower_N_per_dry_mass:
description: Flower nitrogen (N) content per unit flower dry masshermaphrodite
type: numeric
units: mg/g
label: Flower nitrogen (N) content per unit flower dry mass
allowed_values_min: 0.5
allowed_values_max: 100.0
flowering_time:
description: Months during which taxon has open (anthetic) flowers; keyed as a sequences of 12 Ns (not flowering) and Ys (flowering) starting with January
type: categorical
label: Range of flowering period
flower_structural_sex_type:
description: Structural flower sex type.
notes: Trait that captures floral sex, distinguishing among three states, bisexual, incompletely unisexual, and unisexual, as defined by Schönenberger et al. (2020) for their character '100. Floral structural sex (D1)'. (See "sex_type" for plant sex type)
type: categorical
label: Floral structural sex
allowed_values_levels:
bisexual: Hermaphrodite; flowers with both male and female reproductive organs
incompletely_unisexual: Male flowers with pistillode and/or female flowers with staminodes
unisexual: Flowers with either male or female reproductive organs
flower_ovary_position:
description: The ovary is the part of the gynoecium where the ovules are produced. The ovary may be located on the receptacle and thus be positioned above the insertion level of the remaining floral organs (i.e., the ovary is superior and the flower is hypogynous). Alternatively, the ovary may be embedded in the receptacle and therefore be located below the insertion level of the remaining floral organs (i.e., the ovary is inferior and the flower is epigynous). Flowers with a hypanthium may either have a superior ovary (perigyny; e.g., many Rosaceae) or an inferior ovary (epiperigyny). It is also possible that the ovary is inferior to a certain degree only, such as half-inferior, if the receptacle is surrounding the ovary to its mid-level. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '102. Ovary position (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Ovary position
allowed_values_levels:
inferior: Flower with inferior ovary, where the ovary is embedded in the receptacle and therefore located below the insertion level of the remaining floral organs
superior: Flower with superior ovary, where the ovary is positioned above the insertion level of the remaining floral organs
half_inferior: Flower where the receptacle is surrounded by the ovary to its mid-level
one_quarter_inferior: Flower where the receptacle surrounds up to one quarter of the ovary
three_quarters_inferior: Flower where the receptacle surrounds more than three quarters of the ovary
flower_perianth_parts_count:
description: The total number of perianth parts, including sepals, petals, or any form of tepal. A value of zero was scored when the perianth is absent. In flowers with perianth whorls fused along their complete length (e.g., Convolvulus), perianth parts are counted based on merism (e.g., if a calyx has 5 distinct sepals and the corolla is entirely fused, then the corolla is often interpreted to consist of five fused petals), anatomy (e.g., number of vascular traces), development (e.g., number of primordia), or comparison with closely related taxa. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '201. Number of perianth parts (C1)')
type: numeric
units: count
label: Number of perianth parts
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 1000
flower_perianth_fusion:
description: Fusion of perianth organs (congenital or postgenital) at anthesis, recorded on a continuous scale, from 0 (free parts) to 1 (parts fused along their entire length). Partial fusion was recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of perianth parts). In case of multiple whorls, this trait records within-whorl fusion. For example, if organs within each whorl are fused along their entire length, a trait value of 1 is recorded. In cases where organs of two whorls are fused into a common tubular structure, such as frequently observed in monocots (e.g., Polygonatum), the perianth is considered to be fused. If the two (or more) whorls differed in their extent of fusion, a range of trait values may be recorded. For example, if the calyx is only basally fused, up to 10% of its length, but the corolla is entirely fused, a range of 0.1 to 1 is recorded as the trait value for the species. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '204. Fusion of perianth (C1)')
type: numeric
units: n/n
label: Fusion of perianth
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 1
flower_perianth_symmetry:
description: Trait capturing the symmetry of the perianth. This trait is applied to the perianth as a whole. In case of flowers with two or more perianth whorls, species are considered actinomorphic if all whorls are actinomorphic and as zygomorphic if one or more whorls are zygomorphic. Trait is not applicable when the perianth is missing. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '207. Symmetry of perianth (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Symmetry of perianth
allowed_values_levels:
actinomorphic_general: Perianth displaying radial symmetry
actinomorphic_rotational: Perianth that can be equally divided into three or more identical sections that, when rotated around the center of the flower by some number of degrees, exactly match each other in orientation and shape.
actinomorphic_strictly_polysymmetric: Polysymmetry, with three or more planes of bilateral symmetry
actinomorphic_spiral: Perianth lacking a distinct plane of symmetry because their perianth parts are spirally arranged.
asymmetric: Perianth lacking any planes of symmetry
disymmetric: Perianth with two orthogonal planes of bilateral symmetry
zygomorphic: Monosymmetric, with a single plane of bilateral symmetry
flower_perianth_phyllotaxis:
description: Perianth phyllotaxis at anthesis. Perianth parts may be organised in one or more whorls or along a continuous spiral, usually with wide divergence angles more or less equal to 137.5 degrees. Less frequently, perianth phyllotaxis may be irregular. Perianth phyllotaxis at anthesis may differ from phyllotaxis of perianth part primordia at their inception and it is not uncommon that spirally initiated perianths become whorled later through development. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '230. Perianth phyllotaxy (D1)', with more information of differentiating between trait values in this manuscript.)
type: categorical
label: Perianth phyllotaxis
allowed_values_levels:
irregular: Perianth parts lacking any symmetrical organisation.
spiral: Perianth parts organised along a continuous spiral, usually with wide divergence angles more or less equal to 137.5 degrees, the Fibonacci 'golden angle'
whorled: Perianth parts organised in one or more whorls
flower_perianth_whorls_count:
description: The number of perianth whorls as a continuous trait (with integer values of 1 and above). Not applicable when perianth phyllotaxis is spiral or irregular or when the perianth is absent. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '231. Number of perianth whorls (C1)')
type: numeric
units: count
label: Number of perianth whorls
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 15
flower_perianth_merism:
description: The number of perianth parts in each whorl, recorded as a continuous trait (with integer values of 1 and above). Not applicable when perianth phyllotaxis is spiral or irregular or when the perianth is absent. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '232. Perianth merism (C1)')
type: numeric
units: count
label: Number of perianth parts in each whorl (Perianth merism)
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 50
flower_perianth_differentiation:
description: The ways in which perianth organs may look different from each other in a given flower. Typically, outer perianth parts are sepaloid and protect the other floral organs during floral development, while inner organs are often petaloid and play a role in pollinator attraction (Endress, 1994). However, it is also possible that all parts are either sepaloid or petaloid but remain differentiated in shape, size, and/or texture. In case of spiral perianths, differentiation may be continuous (i.e., gradual), whereby two successively initiated organs are very similar or only slightly different, while the outermost and innermost organs at both ends of the spiral are very different from each other (e.g., Chimonanthus). In the special case of perianths consisting of a single whorl, they are scored as undifferentiated. This perianth differentiation trait may be seen as both functional (the parting vs. sharing of functions among perianth parts) and developmental (the expression of a genetic program for different forms of perianth parts vs. a single program for a single type of perianth part morphology). Within-whorl differentiation, whereby organs of the same whorl take different forms, is common in zygomorphic flowers (e.g., Balsaminaceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae) but is not taken into account with this trait. This trait is not applicable when the perianth is absent. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '234. Perianth differentiation (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Perianth differentiation
allowed_values_levels:
undifferentiated: All tepals alike; includes a single undifferentiated whorl
marked_differentiation_outer_sepaloid_inner_petaloid: A typical flower with calyx and corolla
marked_differentiation_among_petaloid_tepals:
marked_differentiation_among_sepaloid_tepals:
marked_differentiation:
continuous_differentiation_outer_sepaloid_inner_petaloid:
continuous_differentiation_among_petaloid_tepals:
continuous_differentiation_among_sepaloid_tepals:
weak_differentiation:
very_weak_differentiation:
flower_fertile_stamens_count:
description: Count of fertile stamens in bisexual or male flowers; does not score female flowers. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '301. Number of fertile stamens (C1)')
type: numeric
units: count
label: Number of fertile stamens
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 10000
flower_filament:
description: Trait that considers the absence or presence of the filament, and in the latter case, the shape of the filament. Shape is considered in terms of length and width and is defined in relation to anther length/width. The width of the filament may thus either be broad as in laminar (e.g., Eupomatiaceae) or bulky stamens (e.g., Chloranthaceae), or narrow (filamentous) as found in many core eudicots groups (e.g., Rosaceae). This trait is considered inapplicable when filaments are entirely fused with each other or to the perianth. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '305. Filament (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Filament presence and shape
allowed_values_levels:
absent: No filaments present
present_general: Filaments present, with no specific defining characteristics
long_and_narrow: Long and narrow shape; also called filiform, slender
short_and_narrow: Short and narrow shape; subsessile anthers
long_and_wide: Long and wide laminar shape
short_and_wide: Short and wide laminar shape
long_and_very_wide: Long and very wide shape; for instance, the petal-like (outer) stamens of Nymphaea
petaloid: Long and wide and colorful, e.g. Canna
fused_into_synandrium: Structure formed when stamens fused together
fused_into_fascicle_stalks: Special case where the stamens are fused into the stalk of a fascicle of flowers
long_and_narrow_divided_in_two: Long and narrow shape that is divided in two; e.g. Adoxa
short_general: Filament is short relative to the anther
flower_filament_fusion:
description: Fusion of stamen (and staminode) filaments among each other at anthesis (congenitally or postgenitally) is recorded on a continuous scale, from 0 (free filaments) to 1 (filaments fused along their entire length). Partial fusion is recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of filaments). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '306. Fusion of filaments (C1)')
type: numeric
units: n/n
label: Fusion of filaments
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 1
flower_filament_fusion_to_inner_perianth:
description: The fusion of filaments with the innermost perianth organs at anthesis on a continuous scale, from 0 (filaments completely free from perianth) to 1 (filaments fused along their entire length with the perianth; the 'entire length' of the filament is defined as the distance between the floral base and the joint between filament and anther). Partial fusion is recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of perianth parts). If two (or more) stamen whorls (including staminodial whorls) differ in their extent of filament fusion with the perianth, this trait is recorded as a range of values. For example, if the filaments of an outermost stamen whorl are fused, up to 90% of their length, but an inner whorl only up to 50%, the trait is assigned a range of 0.5 to 0.9. The rationale for this is to provide a general trait that allows comparison of fusion among all angiosperms. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '308. Fusion of filaments to inner perianth series (C1)')
type: numeric
units: n/n
label: Fusion of filaments to inner perianth series
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 1
flower_anther_orientation:
description: Orientation of anther at anthesis. Anthers of angiosperms are rather uniform in their basic structure. They normally have four microsporangia (pollen sacs) that are arranged pair-wise in two thecae. The two microsporangia of a theca usually release their pollen grains through a common opening (stomium). Often, it is difficult to establish anther orientation clearly in a flower as this is a gradual feature with many intermediate stages. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '311. Anther orientation (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Anther orientation
allowed_values_levels:
apical: When thecae are positioned in a transverse position at the tip of the connective and thus dehisce upward in the flower (e.g., Sinofranchetia, Endress and Hufford, 1989).
extrorse: When the stomia of the thecae face the floral periphery
introrse: When the stomia of the thecae face the floral centre
latrorse: When pollen is released toward the side (i.e., toward neighbouring anthers)
flower_anther_attachment:
description: Anther attachment refers to the area of insertion of the filament on the anther connective (i.e. the tissue connecting the two thecae of an anther). (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '312. Anther attachment (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Anther attachment
allowed_values_levels:
basifixed: Filament attached to the base of the connective. Laminar stamens are classified as basifixed
dorsifixed: Filament attached to the dorsal side of the anther
dorsifixed_at_base: Filament attached to the dorsal side of the anther, at the base**
ventrifixed: Filament attached to the ventral side of the anther
flower_anther_dehiscence:
description: Anther dehiscence refers to the type of opening of the anther when releasing its pollen through the stomia. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '313. Anther dehiscence (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Anther dehiscence
allowed_values_levels:
longitudinal_slit: Anther with longitudinal slits that extend along the entire length of each theca
poricidal: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete, with pollen exiting via a small pore
h_valvate: Anther with two valves on longitudinal hinges, opening horizontally as sallon doors; when the stomium bifurcates at its distal and/or proximal end and thus a valve is formed
flap_valvate: Anther with one or more flap-like valves on horizontal hinges, opening vertically
transverse_slit: Anther with horizontal slit
short_basal_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the base of the theca
short_central_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the center of the theca
short_apical_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the apical end of the theca
t_valvate: Anther with T-shaped stomium; reduced transverse slit at base
common_stomium_confluent_thecae: (uncertain)
flower_anther_connective_extension:
description: Apical (distal) connective extensions (also called 'distal connective protrusions') are sterile anther structures that distally extend beyond the level of the thecae (i.e., the two lateral pairs of pollen sacs of a tetrasporangiate anther). This trait records both absence or presence of anther connective extensions and also the shape of these extensions in terms of length in relation to the length of the thecae. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '314. Connective extension (apical) (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Connective extension (apical)
allowed_values_levels:
absent: Apical connective extensions are lacking
short_extension: Connective extension less than a third of the length of anther
long_extension: Connective extension more than a third but less than length of anther; e.g. Idiospermum australiense
very_long_extension: Connective extension more than length of anther; e.g. Galbulimima belgraveana
present_general: Apical connective extensions are present, but no information on their length relative to the anthers
flower_androecium_structural_phyllotaxis:
description: Structural phyllotaxy of the androecium, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. In cases of stamen fascicles, it is the phyllotaxis of fascicles, not individual stamens that are recorded. This character is not applicable when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '330. Androecium structural phyllotaxy (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Androecium structural phyllotaxis
allowed_values_levels:
whorled: Stamens and staminodes arranged in whorls
spiral: Stamens and staminodes have a spiral arrangement
irregular: Stamens and staminodes have an irregular arrangement
flower_androecium_structural_whorls_count:
description: The number of whorls, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. In cases of stamen fascicles, the count of whorls of fascicles is recorded. This character is not applicable for spiral or irregular stamen arrangements, or when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '331. Number of androecium structural whorls (C1)')
type: numeric
units: count
label: Number of androecium structural whorls
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 100
flower_androecium_structural_merism:
description: The number of stamens or stamen bundles (fascicles) in one whorl, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. This character is not applicable for spiral or irregular stamen arrangements, nor when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '332. Androecium structural merism (C1)')
type: numeric
units: count
label: Number of androecium parts in each whorl (Androecium structural merism)
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 100
flower_gynoecium_phyllotaxis:
description: Structural phyllotaxy of the gynoecium. This trait is not applicable to unicarpellate flowers. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '400. Gynoecium phyllotaxy (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Gynoecium phyllotaxis
allowed_values_levels:
one_whorl: Flowers with a single whorl of carpels
two_or_more_whorls: Flowers with two or more whorls of carpels
spiral: Flowers with carpels in a spiral arrangement
flower_structural_carpels_count:
description: Number of fertile or sterile carpels in bisexual or female flowers, recorded as a continuous character (with integer values of 1 and above). Includes the number of co-occurring carpellodes (sterile carpels) because this number is often more easily obtained from the literature than the actual number of fertile carpels. However, the number of carpellodes in male flowers is ignored for this character. In multicarpellate, unilocular gynoecia with complete carpel fusion up to the stigma (e.g., Primula), it may be difficult to assess the number of carpels unequivocally. In such cases, the number of carpels is scored only if it is well established based on anatomical or developmental investigations. Similarly, in gynoecia where one or more carpels are reduced (e.g., in the pseudomonomerous gynoecia of some Arecaceae, Stauffer et al., 2002), the total number of structural carpels is only scored when unequivocally determined in the literature. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '401. Number of structural carpels (C1)')
type: numeric
units: count
label: CNumber of structural carpels
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 10000
flower_ovary_fusion:
description: Degree of ovary fusion expressed as a fraction of the total length of the ovary (from the floral base to the apex of the ovary). Fusion of styles and stigmas is not taken into account for this trait. Not applicable when there is a single carpel. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '403. Fusion of ovaries (C1)')
type: numeric
units: n/n
label: Fusion of ovaries
allowed_values_min: 0
allowed_values_max: 1
flower_style_differentiation:
description: Presence or absence of a style, and, when present, the shape of the style in terms of length and width in relation to ovary length and width. This trait does not distinguish between fused or free styles. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character '404. Style differentiation (D1)')
type: categorical
label: Style differentiation
allowed_values_levels:
absent: Stigma sessile
present_length_and_shape_unknown: Style present, but shape unknown
present_short_and_thick: Style present, and short and thick
present_short_and_narrow: Style present, and short and narrow, including short filiform styles
present_long_and_wide: Style present, and long and wide
present_long_and_narrow: Style present, and long and narrow, including long filiform styles
present_petaloid: Style present and petaloid
continuous: When the style is an apical extension of carpel with decurrent stigma
flower_style_fusion: