Improve the performance of the ProductFormula synthesizers

qiskit/circuit/quantumcircuit.py

@@ -1596,11 +1596,12 @@ def inverse(self, annotated: bool = False) -> "QuantumCircuit":
             )
         return inverse_circ
 
-    def repeat(self, reps: int) -> "QuantumCircuit":
+    def repeat(self, reps: int, *, insert_barriers: bool = False) -> "QuantumCircuit":
         """Repeat this circuit ``reps`` times.
 
         Args:
             reps (int): How often this circuit should be repeated.
+            insert_barriers (bool): Whether to include barriers between circuit repetitions.
 
         Returns:
             QuantumCircuit: A circuit containing ``reps`` repetitions of this circuit.
@@ -1616,8 +1617,10 @@ def repeat(self, reps: int) -> "QuantumCircuit":
                 inst: Instruction = self.to_gate()
             except QiskitError:
                 inst = self.to_instruction()
-            for _ in range(reps):
+            for i in range(reps):
                 repeated_circ._append(inst, self.qubits, self.clbits)
+                if insert_barriers and i != reps - 1:
+                    repeated_circ.barrier()
 
         return repeated_circ
 

qiskit/synthesis/evolution/evolution_synthesis.py

@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@
 
 """Evolution synthesis."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any, Dict
+from typing import Any
 
 
 class EvolutionSynthesis(ABC):
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ def synthesize(self, evolution):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @property
-    def settings(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def settings(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Return the settings in a dictionary, which can be used to reconstruct the object.
 
         Returns:

qiskit/synthesis/evolution/lie_trotter.py

@@ -12,10 +12,15 @@
 
 """The Lie-Trotter product formula."""
 
-from typing import Callable, Optional, Union, Dict, Any
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 import numpy as np
 from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit
 from qiskit.quantum_info.operators import SparsePauliOp, Pauli
+from qiskit.utils.deprecation import deprecate_arg
 
 from .product_formula import ProductFormula
 
@@ -47,55 +52,76 @@ class LieTrotter(ProductFormula):
         `arXiv:math-ph/0506007 <https://arxiv.org/pdf/math-ph/0506007.pdf>`_
     """
 
+    @deprecate_arg(
+        name="atomic_evolution",
+        since="1.2",
+        predicate=lambda callable: callable is not None
+        and len(inspect.signature(callable).parameters) == 2,
+        deprecation_description=(
+            "The 'Callable[[Pauli | SparsePauliOp, float], QuantumCircuit]' signature of the "
+            "'atomic_evolution' argument"
+        ),
+        additional_msg=(
+            "Instead you should update your 'atomic_evolution' function to be of the following "
+            "type: 'Callable[[QuantumCircuit, Pauli | SparsePauliOp, float], None]'."
+        ),
+        pending=True,
+    )
     def __init__(
         self,
         reps: int = 1,
         insert_barriers: bool = False,
         cx_structure: str = "chain",
-        atomic_evolution: Optional[
-            Callable[[Union[Pauli, SparsePauliOp], float], QuantumCircuit]
-        ] = None,
+        atomic_evolution: (
+            Callable[[Pauli | SparsePauliOp, float], QuantumCircuit]
+            | Callable[[QuantumCircuit, Pauli | SparsePauliOp, float], None]
+            | None
+        ) = None,
+        wrap: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Args:
             reps: The number of time steps.
             insert_barriers: Whether to insert barriers between the atomic evolutions.
             cx_structure: How to arrange the CX gates for the Pauli evolutions, can be
                 ``"chain"``, where next neighbor connections are used, or ``"fountain"``,
-                where all qubits are connected to one.
-            atomic_evolution: A function to construct the circuit for the evolution of single
-                Pauli string. Per default, a single Pauli evolution is decomposed in a CX chain
-                and a single qubit Z rotation.
+                where all qubits are connected to one. This only takes effect when
+                ``atomic_evolution is None``.
+            atomic_evolution: A function to apply the evolution of a single :class:`.Pauli`, or
+                :class:`.SparsePauliOp` of only commuting terms, to a circuit. The function takes in
+                three arguments: the circuit to append the evolution to, the Pauli operator to
+                evolve, and the evolution time. By default, a single Pauli evolution is decomposed
+                into a chain of ``CX`` gates and a single ``RZ`` gate.
+                **DEPRECATED:** The function takes only the Pauli operator and evolution time as
+                inputs and returns the circuit that will be appended to the overall circuit being
+                built.
+            wrap: Whether to wrap the atomic evolutions into custom gate objects. This only takes
+                effect when ``atomic_evolution is None``.
         """
-        super().__init__(1, reps, insert_barriers, cx_structure, atomic_evolution)
+        super().__init__(1, reps, insert_barriers, cx_structure, atomic_evolution, wrap)
 
     def synthesize(self, evolution):
         # get operators and time to evolve
         operators = evolution.operator
         time = evolution.time
 
         # construct the evolution circuit
-        evolution_circuit = QuantumCircuit(operators[0].num_qubits)
+        single_rep = QuantumCircuit(operators[0].num_qubits)
 
         if not isinstance(operators, list):
             pauli_list = [(Pauli(op), np.real(coeff)) for op, coeff in operators.to_list()]
         else:
             pauli_list = [(op, 1) for op in operators]
 
-        # if we only evolve a single Pauli we don't need to additionally wrap it
-        wrap = not (len(pauli_list) == 1 and self.reps == 1)
-
         for i, (op, coeff) in enumerate(pauli_list):
-            evolution_circuit.compose(
-                self.atomic_evolution(op, coeff * time / self.reps), wrap=wrap, inplace=True
-            )
+            self.atomic_evolution(single_rep, op, coeff * time / self.reps)
             if self.insert_barriers and i != len(pauli_list) - 1:
-                evolution_circuit.barrier()
+                single_rep.barrier()
 
-        return evolution_circuit.repeat(self.reps).decompose()
+        return single_rep.repeat(self.reps, insert_barriers=self.insert_barriers).decompose()
 
     @property
-    def settings(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def settings(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Return the settings in a dictionary, which can be used to reconstruct the object.
 
         Returns:
@@ -113,4 +139,5 @@ def settings(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
             "reps": self.reps,
             "insert_barriers": self.insert_barriers,
             "cx_structure": self._cx_structure,
+            "wrap": self._wrap,
         }