19431: cpu/stm32: Fix periph_spi operation in non-DMA mode r=MrKevinWeiss a=maribu
### Contribution description
The driver previously failed to reliably clear the RXNE bit, resulting in the next transfer to incorrectly read a stale register value. This was noticed with the SD card SPI driver on an STM32F4, in which the 0xff byte of the previous byte transfer was returned instead of the actual status byte, throwing the SD card driver off the rails.
### Testing procedure
Connecting an SD card via SPI to a Nucleo-2F429ZI should now result is almost reliable operation.
### Issues/PRs references
None
Co-authored-by: Marian Buschsieweke <[email protected]>