Python

Designed by: Guido Van Russom

First appeared: 20 February 1991

• Genral Purpose
• Easy to Learn
• Object Oriented
• Has high level data structures
• Dynamically typed
• Scripting Language
• Versatile Domains(Web Development, Data Science, Machine Learning etc)
• Interpreter

Python syntax

# Print the classic "Hello World" message to the console, showcasing a simple output operation.
print('Hello World')
# Print the result of the arithmetic operation 1 + 2, demonstrating basic math and the `print` function.
print(1+2)
# Assign a string value to the variable `greet`. This demonstrates variable initialization and string handling.
greet = "Welcome To our Course"
# Check if the value of the `greet` variable matches the string "Good Morning". Demonstrates an `if` statement for conditional logic.
if greet=="Good Morning":
    # If the condition is true, this line executes and prints "Good Morning" to the console.
    print("Good Morning")
else:
    # If the condition is false, this line executes and prints "Learn and Contribute" to the console.
    print("Learn and Contribute")

• Output

Hello World
3
Learn and Contribute

Note

Indenation in Python

Indentation in Python refers to the spaces or tabs at the beginning of a code line. Unlike many programming languages that use braces {} or other delimiters to define code blocks, Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code. This makes Python code more readable and visually structured.

• It is a part of the syntax
• Indentation is not optional in Python
• Improper indentation leads to a IndentationError
• Each nested block increases the indentation level.
• Use the same number of spaces (or tabs) for all lines in a block.

• Atoms

  • Atoms are the smallest units of code that cannot be broken down further.

• Identifiers:

  • Identifiers are the names used to identify variables, functions, classes, modules, or other objects in Python.
  • Rules for Naming Identifiers:
    1. Can only contain letters (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), and underscores (_).
    2. Must start with a letter or underscore (_), not a digit.
    3. Cannot use Python keywords or built-in function names.
    4. Case-sensitive (Name and name are different).

• Literals:

  • They are fixed values assigned to variables in the program.

    # Integer literal
    num = 42  # 42 A whole number
    # Float literal
    x = 5.1454  # 3.15 A decimal number
    # String literal
    name = "ChatGPT"  # A sequence of characters
    # Complex literal
    complex_num = 2 + 3j  # A complex number with a real and imaginary part
    # None literal
    value = None  # Represents the absence of a value or null
    # Multiline string literal
    multiline_text = """This is a
    multiline string."""

• Constants:

  • Constants are fixed, unmodifiable values.

Keywords

• Keywords are reserved words in Python that have predefined meanings and cannot be used as identifiers.
  • Case Sensitive
  • 35 Keywords

  •   #Use keyword module to list all keywords
      import keyword
      print(keyword.kwlist)

  •   """
      ['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async',
       'await', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 
       'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 
       'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 
       'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
      """
    
    

Course Outline

Python Programming: Course Outline

1. Understanding Data Types: The building blocks of Python.
2. Mastering Operators: Perform calculations and logical operations.
3. Input and Output Handling: Interacting with users and displaying results.
4. Conditional Statements and Branching: Decision-making in Python.
5. Looping Constructs: Repeating tasks efficiently.
6. Functions: Modularize and reuse code effectively.
7. Recursion: The art of self-referential functions.
8. Classes, Objects, and Methods: Exploring the world of Object-Oriented Programming.
9. Data Structures and Algorithms: Organize and manipulate data like a pro.
10. Searching and Sorting Techniques: Optimizing data retrieval and organization.

Basic Python Programs

1. Check if a number is prime or not *
2. Find the factorial of a number *
3. Check if a string is a palindrome *
4. Write a Python Program to generate first 'N' Fibonacci Series/numbers *
5. Sum of natural numbers
6. Armstrong number
7. Reverse a string
8. Write a menu driven program using user defined functions to find Area of a circle *
9. Generate Multiplication Table
10. Calculate GCD of two numbers *
11. Count the occurrence of a character in a string
12. Convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit
13. Check if a year is a leap year
14. Find the largest number in a list
15. Sort a list of numbers
16. Generate a random number
17. Solve quadratic equations
18. Count vowels and consonants in a string
19. Write a menu driven program using user defined functions to Calculate the area of a rectangle/square *
20. Check if a number is an even or odd number
21. Generate a histogram from a list
22. Check if a number is a perfect number
23. Calculate the LCM of two numbers
24. Solve a basic mathematical expression (e.g., arithmetic operations)
25. Remove vowels from a string
26. Check if a string is a valid email
27. Check if a number is a palindrome
28. Create a simple calculator with basic operations
29. Find the sum of digits of a number
30. Implement a simple password validator
31. Count the number of elements greater than a given value in a list
32. Check if a number is a power of 2
33. Convert binary to decimal and vice versa
34. Generate combinations of a given length
35. Create a simple to-do list
36. Calculate the area of a parallelogram
37. Count the number of special characters in a string
38. Check if a list contains duplicate elements
39. Remove a string from a list in Python.
40. Check if a string appears in another string from a list in Python.
41. Write a Python program to perform Insertion sort of an array/list. *
42. Write a Python program to perform Selection sort of an array/list. *
43. Write a Python program to perform Bubble sort of an array/list. *
44. Write a python program that implements Stack Operation *
45. Write a python program that implements Queue Operation *
46. Implement Queue using List *
47. Write a python program to implement a Circular Queue *
48. Write a program to print following pattern in Python *

*
**
***
****
*****

49. Write a Python Code to perform Binary Search Technique. *
50. Write a Python Code to Perform Linear Srarch Technique. *
51. Write a Python Program to that find out factorial of a number using recursion. *
52. Write a Python Program Using recursion to generate ten odd numbers. *
53. Write a Python Program to find the sum of series: * S = 1/1! - 2/2! + 3/3! - 4/4! + ... + (-1)^(n+1) * n/n!
54. Write a Python Program to add two Matrix *
55. WAP to calculate total marks, percentage and grade of a student. Marks obtained in each of the three subjects are to be input by the user. Assign grades according to the following criteria :

    Grade A: Percentage >=80
    Grade B: Percentage>=70 and <80
    Grade C: Percentage>=60 and <70
    Grade D: Percentage>=40 and <60 
    Grade E: Percentage<40 
    

56. Write a menu driven program to convert the given temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa depending upon users choice.

Intermediate Python Programs (Level 2)

1. Evaluate the prefix expression *+23+54.
2. Evaluate the postfix expression 23+54+*.
3. Convert infix to postfix for ((3 + 4) * (5 - 2)).
4. Convert infix to prefix for ((3 + 4) * (5 - 2)).
5. Evaluate the prefix expression + * 5 3 - 8 2.
6. Evaluate the postfix expression 23 45 6 * +.
7. Identify errors in prefix expression *+23-54.
8. Evaluate the postfix expression 5 1 2 + 4 * + 3 -.
9. Validate prefix expression * + 2 3 5.
10. Validate postfix expression 23 45 + *.