[INLONG-10675][SDK] Use exponential backoff instead of linear backoff retrying in Golang SDK

[gunli]

Fixes #10675

Motivation

Currently, when send batch failed, we just retry with a linear backoff, it is better to use a exponential backoff.

Modifications

1. Use exponential backoff instead of linear backoff retrying.

Verifying this change

(Please pick either of the following options)

• This change is a trivial rework/code cleanup without any test coverage.

• This change is already covered by existing tests, such as:
  (please describe tests)

• This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

  (example:)

  • Added integration tests for end-to-end deployment with large payloads (10MB)
  • Extended integration test for recovery after broker failure

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable / docs / JavaDocs / not documented)
• If a feature is not applicable for documentation, explain why?
• If a feature is not documented yet in this PR, please create a follow-up issue for adding the documentation