[flake8-pyi] Implement PYI051 (#6215)

## Summary
Checks for the presence of redundant `Literal` types and builtin super
types in an union. See [original
source](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8-pyi/blob/2a86db8271dc500247a8a69419536240334731cf/pyi.py#L1261).

This implementation has a couple of differences from the original. The
first one is, we support the `complex` and `float` builtin types. The
second is, when reporting diagnostic for a `Literal` with multiple
members of the same type, we print the entire `Literal` while `flak8`
only prints the `Literal` with its first member.
For example:
```python
from typing import Literal

x: Literal[1, 2] | int
```  
Ruff will show `Literal[1, 2]` while flake8 only shows `Literal[1]`.

```shell
$ ruff crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:4:18: PYI051 `Literal["foo"]` is redundant in an union with `str`
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:5:37: PYI051 `Literal[b"bar", b"foo"]` is redundant in an union with `bytes`
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:6:37: PYI051 `Literal[5]` is redundant in an union with `int`
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:6:67: PYI051 `Literal["foo"]` is redundant in an union with `str`
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:7:37: PYI051 `Literal[b"str_bytes"]` is redundant in an union with `bytes`
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:7:51: PYI051 `Literal[42]` is redundant in an union with `int`
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:9:31: PYI051 `Literal[1J]` is redundant in an union with `complex`
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:9:53: PYI051 `Literal[3.14]` is redundant in an union with `float`
Found 8 errors.
```

```shell
$ flake8 crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:4:18: Y051 "Literal['foo']" is redundant in a union with "str"
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:5:37: Y051 "Literal[b'bar']" is redundant in a union with "bytes"
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:6:37: Y051 "Literal[5]" is redundant in a unionwith "int"
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:6:67: Y051 "Literal['foo']" is redundant in a union with "str"
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:7:37: Y051 "Literal[b'str_bytes']" is redundantin a union with "bytes"
crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi:7:51: Y051 "Literal[42]" is redundant in a union with "int"
```

While implementing this rule, I found a bug in the `is_unchecked_union`
check. This is the new check.


https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/1ab86bad35e5edd1ba4cd82b0eb4c78416509dac/crates/ruff/src/checkers/ast/analyze/expression.rs#L85-L102

The purpose of the check was to prevent rules from navigating through
nested `Union`s, as they already handle nested `Union`s. The way it was
implemented, this was not happening, the rules were getting executed
more than one time and sometimes were receiving expressions that were
not `Union`. For example, with the following code:
 ```python
  typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
 ```

The rules were receiving the expressions in the following order:
- `typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]`
     - `Literal[5]`
     - `typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]`

This was causing `PYI030` to report redundant information, for example:
 ```python
typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"],
Literal["bar"]]]
 ```
This is the `PYI030` output for this code:
```shell
PYI030 Multiple literal members in a union. Use a single literal, e.g. `Literal[5, "foo", "bar"]`
YI030 Multiple literal members in a union. Use a single literal, e.g.`Literal[5, "foo"]`
```

If I haven't misinterpreted the rule, that looks incorrect. I didn't
have the time to check the `PYI016` rule.

The last thing is, I couldn't find a reason for the "Why is this bad?"
section for `PYI051`.

Ref: #848 

## Test Plan

Snapshots and manual runs of flake8.
\

crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import typing
+from typing import Literal, TypeAlias, Union
+
+A: str | Literal["foo"]
+B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+
+def func(x: complex | Literal[1J], y: Union[Literal[3.14], float]): ...
+
+# OK
+A: Literal["foo"]
+B: TypeAlias = Literal[b"bar", b"foo"]
+C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], Literal["foo"]]
+D: TypeAlias = Literal[b"str_bytes", 42]
+
+def func(x: Literal[1J], y: Literal[3.14]): ...

crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_pyi/PYI051.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import typing
+from typing import Literal, TypeAlias, Union
+
+A: str | Literal["foo"]
+B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+
+def func(x: complex | Literal[1J], y: Union[Literal[3.14], float]): ...
+
+# OK
+A: Literal["foo"]
+B: TypeAlias = Literal[b"bar", b"foo"]
+C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], Literal["foo"]]
+D: TypeAlias = Literal[b"str_bytes", 42]
+
+def func(x: Literal[1J], y: Literal[3.14]): ...

crates/ruff/src/checkers/ast/analyze/expression.rs

@@ -74,9 +74,13 @@ pub(crate) fn expression(expr: &Expr, checker: &mut Checker) {
             }
 
             // Ex) Union[...]
-            if checker.any_enabled(&[Rule::UnnecessaryLiteralUnion, Rule::DuplicateUnionMember]) {
-                // Determine if the current expression is an union
-                // Avoid duplicate checks if the parent is an `Union[...]` since these rules traverse nested unions
+            if checker.any_enabled(&[
+                Rule::UnnecessaryLiteralUnion,
+                Rule::DuplicateUnionMember,
+                Rule::RedundantLiteralUnion,
+            ]) {
+                // Avoid duplicate checks if the parent is an `Union[...]` since these rules
+                // traverse nested unions.
                 let is_unchecked_union = checker
                     .semantic
                     .expr_grandparent()
@@ -92,6 +96,9 @@ pub(crate) fn expression(expr: &Expr, checker: &mut Checker) {
                     if checker.enabled(Rule::DuplicateUnionMember) {
                         flake8_pyi::rules::duplicate_union_member(checker, expr);
                     }
+                    if checker.is_stub && checker.enabled(Rule::RedundantLiteralUnion) {
+                        flake8_pyi::rules::redundant_literal_union(checker, expr);
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1081,6 +1088,15 @@ pub(crate) fn expression(expr: &Expr, checker: &mut Checker) {
                 {
                     flake8_pyi::rules::unnecessary_literal_union(checker, expr);
                 }
+                if checker.enabled(Rule::RedundantLiteralUnion)
+                        // Avoid duplicate checks if the parent is an `|`
+                        && !matches!(
+                            checker.semantic.expr_parent(),
+                            Some(Expr::BinOp(ast::ExprBinOp { op: Operator::BitOr, ..}))
+                        )
+                {
+                    flake8_pyi::rules::redundant_literal_union(checker, expr);
+                }
             }
         }
         Expr::UnaryOp(ast::ExprUnaryOp {

crates/ruff/src/codes.rs

@@ -658,6 +658,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Flake8Pyi, "048") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_pyi::rules::StubBodyMultipleStatements),
         (Flake8Pyi, "049") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_pyi::rules::UnusedPrivateTypedDict),
         (Flake8Pyi, "050") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_pyi::rules::NoReturnArgumentAnnotationInStub),
+        (Flake8Pyi, "051") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_pyi::rules::RedundantLiteralUnion),
         (Flake8Pyi, "052") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_pyi::rules::UnannotatedAssignmentInStub),
         (Flake8Pyi, "054") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_pyi::rules::NumericLiteralTooLong),
         (Flake8Pyi, "053") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_pyi::rules::StringOrBytesTooLong),

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_pyi/mod.rs

@@ -101,6 +101,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::UnusedPrivateTypeAlias, Path::new("PYI047.pyi"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::UnusedPrivateTypedDict, Path::new("PYI049.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::UnusedPrivateTypedDict, Path::new("PYI049.pyi"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::RedundantLiteralUnion, Path::new("PYI051.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::RedundantLiteralUnion, Path::new("PYI051.pyi"))]
     fn rules(rule_code: Rule, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let snapshot = format!("{}_{}", rule_code.noqa_code(), path.to_string_lossy());
         let diagnostics = test_path(

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_pyi/rules/mod.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) use pass_in_class_body::*;
 pub(crate) use pass_statement_stub_body::*;
 pub(crate) use prefix_type_params::*;
 pub(crate) use quoted_annotation_in_stub::*;
+pub(crate) use redundant_literal_union::*;
 pub(crate) use redundant_numeric_union::*;
 pub(crate) use simple_defaults::*;
 pub(crate) use str_or_repr_defined_in_stub::*;
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ mod pass_in_class_body;
 mod pass_statement_stub_body;
 mod prefix_type_params;
 mod quoted_annotation_in_stub;
+mod redundant_literal_union;
 mod redundant_numeric_union;
 mod simple_defaults;
 mod str_or_repr_defined_in_stub;

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_pyi/rules/redundant_literal_union.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
+use std::fmt;
+
+use ast::{Constant, Ranged};
+use ruff_diagnostics::{Diagnostic, Violation};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Expr};
+use ruff_python_semantic::SemanticModel;
+
+use crate::{checkers::ast::Checker, rules::flake8_pyi::helpers::traverse_union};
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Checks for the presence of redundant `Literal` types and builtin super
+/// types in an union.
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+/// The use of `Literal` types in a union with the builtin super type of one of
+/// its literal members is redundant, as the super type is strictly more
+/// general than the `Literal` type.
+///
+/// For example, `Literal["A"] | str` is equivalent to `str`, and
+/// `Literal[1] | int` is equivalent to `int`, as `str` and `int` are the super
+/// types of `"A"` and `1` respectively.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// from typing import Literal
+///
+/// A: Literal["A"] | str
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// from typing import Literal
+///
+/// A: Literal["A"]
+/// ```
+#[violation]
+pub struct RedundantLiteralUnion {
+    literal: String,
+    builtin_type: ExprType,
+}
+
+impl Violation for RedundantLiteralUnion {
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        let RedundantLiteralUnion {
+            literal,
+            builtin_type,
+        } = self;
+        format!("`Literal[{literal}]` is redundant in a union with `{builtin_type}`",)
+    }
+}
+
+/// PYI051
+pub(crate) fn redundant_literal_union<'a>(checker: &mut Checker, union: &'a Expr) {
+    let mut literal_exprs = Vec::new();
+    let mut builtin_types_in_union = FxHashSet::default();
+
+    // Adds a member to `literal_exprs` for each value in a `Literal`, and any builtin types
+    // to `builtin_types_in_union`.
+    let mut func = |expr: &'a Expr, _| {
+        if let Expr::Subscript(ast::ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) = expr {
+            if checker.semantic().match_typing_expr(value, "Literal") {
+                if let Expr::Tuple(ast::ExprTuple { elts, .. }) = slice.as_ref() {
+                    literal_exprs.extend(elts.iter());
+                } else {
+                    literal_exprs.push(slice);
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let Some(builtin_type) = match_builtin_type(expr, checker.semantic()) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        builtin_types_in_union.insert(builtin_type);
+    };
+
+    traverse_union(&mut func, checker.semantic(), union, None);
+
+    for literal_expr in literal_exprs {
+        let Some(constant_type) = match_constant_type(literal_expr) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if builtin_types_in_union.contains(&constant_type) {
+            checker.diagnostics.push(Diagnostic::new(
+                RedundantLiteralUnion {
+                    literal: checker.locator().slice(literal_expr.range()).to_string(),
+                    builtin_type: constant_type,
+                },
+                literal_expr.range(),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Copy, Clone)]
+enum ExprType {
+    Int,
+    Str,
+    Bool,
+    Float,
+    Bytes,
+    Complex,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ExprType {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Int => fmt.write_str("int"),
+            Self::Str => fmt.write_str("str"),
+            Self::Bool => fmt.write_str("bool"),
+            Self::Float => fmt.write_str("float"),
+            Self::Bytes => fmt.write_str("bytes"),
+            Self::Complex => fmt.write_str("complex"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Return the [`ExprType`] of an [`Expr]` if it is a builtin type (e.g. `int`, `bool`, `float`,
+/// `str`, `bytes`, or `complex`).
+fn match_builtin_type(expr: &Expr, model: &SemanticModel) -> Option<ExprType> {
+    let name = expr.as_name_expr()?;
+    let result = match name.id.as_str() {
+        "int" => ExprType::Int,
+        "bool" => ExprType::Bool,
+        "str" => ExprType::Str,
+        "float" => ExprType::Float,
+        "bytes" => ExprType::Bytes,
+        "complex" => ExprType::Complex,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    if !model.is_builtin(name.id.as_str()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(result)
+}
+
+/// Return the [`ExprType`] of an [`Expr]` if it is a constant (e.g., an `int`, like `1`, or a
+/// `bool`, like `True`).
+fn match_constant_type(expr: &Expr) -> Option<ExprType> {
+    let constant = expr.as_constant_expr()?;
+    let result = match constant.value {
+        Constant::Bool(_) => ExprType::Bool,
+        Constant::Str(_) => ExprType::Str,
+        Constant::Bytes(_) => ExprType::Bytes,
+        Constant::Int(_) => ExprType::Int,
+        Constant::Float(_) => ExprType::Float,
+        Constant::Complex { .. } => ExprType::Complex,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    Some(result)
+}

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_pyi/snapshots/ruff__rules__flake8_pyi__tests__PYI051_PYI051.py.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+---
+source: crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_pyi/mod.rs
+---
+

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_pyi/snapshots/ruff__rules__flake8_pyi__tests__PYI051_PYI051.pyi.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+---
+source: crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_pyi/mod.rs
+---
+PYI051.pyi:4:18: PYI051 `Literal["foo"]` is redundant in a union with `str`
+  |
+2 | from typing import Literal, TypeAlias, Union
+3 | 
+4 | A: str | Literal["foo"]
+  |                  ^^^^^ PYI051
+5 | B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+6 | C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+  |
+
+PYI051.pyi:5:37: PYI051 `Literal[b"bar"]` is redundant in a union with `bytes`
+  |
+4 | A: str | Literal["foo"]
+5 | B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+  |                                     ^^^^^^ PYI051
+6 | C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+7 | D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+  |
+
+PYI051.pyi:5:45: PYI051 `Literal[b"foo"]` is redundant in a union with `bytes`
+  |
+4 | A: str | Literal["foo"]
+5 | B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+  |                                             ^^^^^^ PYI051
+6 | C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+7 | D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+  |
+
+PYI051.pyi:6:37: PYI051 `Literal[5]` is redundant in a union with `int`
+  |
+4 | A: str | Literal["foo"]
+5 | B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+6 | C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+  |                                     ^ PYI051
+7 | D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+  |
+
+PYI051.pyi:6:67: PYI051 `Literal["foo"]` is redundant in a union with `str`
+  |
+4 | A: str | Literal["foo"]
+5 | B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+6 | C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+  |                                                                   ^^^^^ PYI051
+7 | D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+  |
+
+PYI051.pyi:7:37: PYI051 `Literal[b"str_bytes"]` is redundant in a union with `bytes`
+  |
+5 | B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+6 | C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+7 | D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+  |                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^ PYI051
+8 | 
+9 | def func(x: complex | Literal[1J], y: Union[Literal[3.14], float]): ...
+  |
+
+PYI051.pyi:7:51: PYI051 `Literal[42]` is redundant in a union with `int`
+  |
+5 | B: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"bar", b"foo"], bytes, str]
+6 | C: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[5], int, typing.Union[Literal["foo"], str]]
+7 | D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+  |                                                   ^^ PYI051
+8 | 
+9 | def func(x: complex | Literal[1J], y: Union[Literal[3.14], float]): ...
+  |
+
+PYI051.pyi:9:31: PYI051 `Literal[1J]` is redundant in a union with `complex`
+   |
+ 7 | D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+ 8 | 
+ 9 | def func(x: complex | Literal[1J], y: Union[Literal[3.14], float]): ...
+   |                               ^^ PYI051
+10 | 
+11 | # OK
+   |
+
+PYI051.pyi:9:53: PYI051 `Literal[3.14]` is redundant in a union with `float`
+   |
+ 7 | D: TypeAlias = typing.Union[Literal[b"str_bytes", 42], bytes, int]
+ 8 | 
+ 9 | def func(x: complex | Literal[1J], y: Union[Literal[3.14], float]): ...
+   |                                                     ^^^^ PYI051
+10 | 
+11 | # OK
+   |
+
+