Implement shallow-copy-environ / W1507 (#14241)

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## Summary

<!-- What's the purpose of the change? What does it do, and why? -->

Related to #970. Implement [`shallow-copy-environ /
W1507`](https://pylint.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user_guide/messages/warning/shallow-copy-environ.html).

## Test Plan

<!-- How was it tested? -->

Unit test

---------

Co-authored-by: Simon Brugman <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Charlie Marsh <[email protected]>

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pylint/shallow_copy_environ.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import copy
+import os
+
+copied_env = copy.copy(os.environ)  # [shallow-copy-environ]

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/expression.rs

@@ -817,6 +817,9 @@ pub(crate) fn expression(expr: &Expr, checker: &mut Checker) {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::BadStrStripCall) {
                 pylint::rules::bad_str_strip_call(checker, func, args);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::ShallowCopyEnviron) {
+                pylint::rules::shallow_copy_environ(checker, call);
+            }
             if checker.enabled(Rule::InvalidEnvvarDefault) {
                 pylint::rules::invalid_envvar_default(checker, call);
             }

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Pylint, "W0642") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::SelfOrClsAssignment),
         (Pylint, "W0711") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::BinaryOpException),
         (Pylint, "W1501") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::BadOpenMode),
+        (Pylint, "W1507") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::pylint::rules::ShallowCopyEnviron),
         (Pylint, "W1508") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::InvalidEnvvarDefault),
         (Pylint, "W1509") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::SubprocessPopenPreexecFn),
         (Pylint, "W1510") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::SubprocessRunWithoutCheck),

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/mod.rs

@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ mod tests {
         Rule::InvalidCharacterBackspace,
         Path::new("invalid_characters_syntax_error.py")
     )]
+    #[test_case(Rule::ShallowCopyEnviron, Path::new("shallow_copy_environ.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::InvalidEnvvarDefault, Path::new("invalid_envvar_default.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::InvalidEnvvarValue, Path::new("invalid_envvar_value.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::IterationOverSet, Path::new("iteration_over_set.py"))]

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/rules/mod.rs

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ pub(crate) use repeated_keyword_argument::*;
 pub(crate) use return_in_init::*;
 pub(crate) use self_assigning_variable::*;
 pub(crate) use self_or_cls_assignment::*;
+pub(crate) use shallow_copy_environ::*;
 pub(crate) use single_string_slots::*;
 pub(crate) use singledispatch_method::*;
 pub(crate) use singledispatchmethod_function::*;
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ mod repeated_keyword_argument;
 mod return_in_init;
 mod self_assigning_variable;
 mod self_or_cls_assignment;
+mod shallow_copy_environ;
 mod single_string_slots;
 mod singledispatch_method;
 mod singledispatchmethod_function;

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/rules/shallow_copy_environ.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+use ruff_diagnostics::{AlwaysFixableViolation, Diagnostic, Edit, Fix};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast};
+use ruff_python_semantic::Modules;
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+
+use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Check for shallow `os.environ` copies.
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+/// `os.environ` is not a `dict` object, but rather, a proxy object. As such, mutating a shallow
+/// copy of `os.environ` will also mutate the original object.
+///
+/// See: [#15373] for more information.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// import copy
+/// import os
+///
+/// env = copy.copy(os.environ)
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// import os
+///
+/// env = os.environ.copy()
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## References
+/// - [Python documentation: `copy` — Shallow and deep copy operations](https://docs.python.org/3/library/copy.html)
+/// - [Python documentation: `os.environ`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.environ)
+///
+/// [#15373]: https://bugs.python.org/issue15373
+#[violation]
+pub struct ShallowCopyEnviron;
+
+impl AlwaysFixableViolation for ShallowCopyEnviron {
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        "Shallow copy of `os.environ` via `copy.copy(os.environ)`".to_string()
+    }
+
+    fn fix_title(&self) -> String {
+        "Replace with `os.environ.copy()`".to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+/// PLW1507
+pub(crate) fn shallow_copy_environ(checker: &mut Checker, call: &ast::ExprCall) {
+    if !(checker.semantic().seen_module(Modules::OS)
+        && checker.semantic().seen_module(Modules::COPY))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if !checker
+        .semantic()
+        .resolve_qualified_name(&call.func)
+        .is_some_and(|qualified_name| matches!(qualified_name.segments(), ["copy", "copy"]))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if !call.arguments.keywords.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let [arg] = call.arguments.args.as_ref() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if !checker
+        .semantic()
+        .resolve_qualified_name(arg)
+        .is_some_and(|qualified_name| matches!(qualified_name.segments(), ["os", "environ"]))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut diagnostic = Diagnostic::new(ShallowCopyEnviron, call.range());
+    diagnostic.set_fix(Fix::safe_edit(Edit::range_replacement(
+        format!("{}.copy()", checker.locator().slice(arg)),
+        call.range(),
+    )));
+    checker.diagnostics.push(diagnostic);
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__pylint__tests__PLW1507_shallow_copy_environ.py.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+source: crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/mod.rs
+---
+shallow_copy_environ.py:4:14: PLW1507 [*] Shallow copy of `os.environ` via `copy.copy(os.environ)`
+  |
+2 | import os
+3 | 
+4 | copied_env = copy.copy(os.environ)  # [shallow-copy-environ]
+  |              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1507
+  |
+  = help: Replace with `os.environ.copy()`
+
+ℹ Safe fix
+1 1 | import copy
+2 2 | import os
+3 3 | 
+4   |-copied_env = copy.copy(os.environ)  # [shallow-copy-environ]
+  4 |+copied_env = os.environ.copy()  # [shallow-copy-environ]

crates/ruff_python_semantic/src/model.rs

@@ -1266,6 +1266,7 @@ impl<'a> SemanticModel<'a> {
             "anyio" => self.seen.insert(Modules::ANYIO),
             "builtins" => self.seen.insert(Modules::BUILTINS),
             "collections" => self.seen.insert(Modules::COLLECTIONS),
+            "copy" => self.seen.insert(Modules::COPY),
             "contextvars" => self.seen.insert(Modules::CONTEXTVARS),
             "dataclasses" => self.seen.insert(Modules::DATACLASSES),
             "datetime" => self.seen.insert(Modules::DATETIME),
@@ -1856,6 +1857,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const CONTEXTVARS = 1 << 19;
         const ANYIO = 1 << 20;
         const FASTAPI = 1 << 21;
+        const COPY = 1 << 22;
     }
 }