✨ Switch to mqt-core Python package

[burgholzer]

Description

This is an alternative to #355 and hopefully marks the final try of directly incorporating the mqt-core Python package. See #355 and #352 for some history on this topic.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 98.78788% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 96.1%. Comparing base (fe748f4) to head (0df5561).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/mqt/qcec/parameterized.py	97.0%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #432     +/-   ##
=======================================
+ Coverage   95.5%   96.1%   +0.6%     
=======================================
  Files         40      40             
  Lines       1840    1878     +38     
  Branches     223     224      +1     
=======================================
+ Hits        1758    1806     +48     
+ Misses        82      72     -10     

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	96.0% <100.0%> (+<0.1%)	⬆️
python	96.4% <98.7%> (+2.6%)	⬆️

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/EquivalenceCheckingManager.cpp	92.9% <100.0%> (+<0.1%)	⬆️
src/mqt/qcec/__init__.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/_compat/optional.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/compilation_flow_profiles.py	98.1% <100.0%> (+1.3%)	⬆️
src/mqt/qcec/configuration.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/verify.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/verify_compilation_flow.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/parameterized.py	94.5% <97.0%> (-0.4%)	⬇️

... and 3 files with indirect coverage changes

[burgholzer]

Alright, some progress.

The new ubuntu-24.04-arm runners fail due to a uv error that will probably be fixed soonish (a PR is open at astral-sh/uv#10697).

The Ubuntu 22.04 builds fail because pybind decides that the compiled version of mqt-core that comes from PyPI is not binary-compatible with the mqt-qcec extension being compiled.
Hence, it does not recognize the qc::QuantumComputation class. This has been addressed in pybind/pybind11#5439 which, unfortunately, has not been released yet.
We can work around this for now by compiling mqt-core from source, although that should not be a long term solution.