Send connection WINDOW_UPDATE before RTT PING (#97881)

Some servers in GCP have a non-standard ping accounting mechanism, meaning they reset their unsolicited PING counter when they receive DATA, HEADERS or WINDOW_UPDATE. To comply with this behavior, this PR adjusts the RTT logic ensuring that a connection WINDOW_UPDATE is being sent out before we send an RTT PING by applying two changes:

- Swap the order of the normal connection WINDOW_UPDATE we attempt after every DATA frame received and the sending of the RTT PING so WINDOW_UPDATE goes first.
- In case we need to send an RTT PING, and we didn't send a normal connection WINDOW_UPDATE (threshold not reached), send a WINDOW_UPDATE anyways with current _pendingWindowUpdate credits. Do not send a PING if this is not possible (_pendingWindowUpdate == 0). Just like RTT PINGs, such WINDOW_UPDATEs are relatively rare and should not hurt performance.

src/libraries/System.Net.Http/src/System/Net/Http/SocketsHttpHandler/Http2Connection.cs

@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ private async ValueTask ProcessHeadersFrame(FrameHeader frameHeader)
             if (http2Stream != null)
             {
                 http2Stream.OnHeadersStart();
-                _rttEstimator.OnDataOrHeadersReceived(this);
+                _rttEstimator.OnDataOrHeadersReceived(this, sendWindowUpdateBeforePing: true);
                 headersHandler = http2Stream;
             }
             else
@@ -766,21 +766,16 @@ private void ProcessDataFrame(FrameHeader frameHeader)
 
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> frameData = GetFrameData(_incomingBuffer.ActiveSpan.Slice(0, frameHeader.PayloadLength), hasPad: frameHeader.PaddedFlag, hasPriority: false);
 
-            if (http2Stream != null)
-            {
-                bool endStream = frameHeader.EndStreamFlag;
-
-                http2Stream.OnResponseData(frameData, endStream);
-
-                if (!endStream && frameData.Length > 0)
-                {
-                    _rttEstimator.OnDataOrHeadersReceived(this);
-                }
-            }
+            bool endStream = frameHeader.EndStreamFlag;
+            http2Stream?.OnResponseData(frameData, endStream);
 
             if (frameData.Length > 0)
             {
-                ExtendWindow(frameData.Length);
+                bool windowUpdateSent = ExtendWindow(frameData.Length);
+                if (http2Stream is not null && !endStream)
+                {
+                    _rttEstimator.OnDataOrHeadersReceived(this, sendWindowUpdateBeforePing: !windowUpdateSent);
+                }
             }
 
             _incomingBuffer.Discard(frameHeader.PayloadLength);
@@ -1772,7 +1767,7 @@ private Task SendWindowUpdateAsync(int streamId, int amount)
             });
         }
 
-        private void ExtendWindow(int amount)
+        private bool ExtendWindow(int amount)
         {
             if (NetEventSource.Log.IsEnabled()) Trace($"{nameof(amount)}={amount}");
             Debug.Assert(amount > 0);
@@ -1786,14 +1781,25 @@ private void ExtendWindow(int amount)
                 if (_pendingWindowUpdate < ConnectionWindowThreshold)
                 {
                     if (NetEventSource.Log.IsEnabled()) Trace($"{nameof(_pendingWindowUpdate)} {_pendingWindowUpdate} < {ConnectionWindowThreshold}.");
-                    return;
+                    return false;
                 }
 
                 windowUpdateSize = _pendingWindowUpdate;
                 _pendingWindowUpdate = 0;
             }
 
             LogExceptions(SendWindowUpdateAsync(0, windowUpdateSize));
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private bool ForceSendConnectionWindowUpdate()
+        {
+            if (NetEventSource.Log.IsEnabled()) Trace($"{nameof(_pendingWindowUpdate)}={_pendingWindowUpdate}");
+            if (_pendingWindowUpdate == 0) return false;
+
+            LogExceptions(SendWindowUpdateAsync(0, _pendingWindowUpdate));
+            _pendingWindowUpdate = 0;
+            return true;
         }
 
         public override long GetIdleTicks(long nowTicks)

src/libraries/System.Net.Http/src/System/Net/Http/SocketsHttpHandler/Http2StreamWindowManager.cs

@@ -138,13 +138,18 @@ private void AdjustWindowDynamic(int bytesConsumed, Http2Stream stream)
         // Assuming that the network characteristics of the connection wouldn't change much within its lifetime, we are maintaining a running minimum value.
         // The more PINGs we send, the more accurate is the estimation of MinRtt, however we should be careful not to send too many of them,
         // to avoid triggering the server's PING flood protection which may result in an unexpected GOAWAY.
-        // With most servers we are fine to send PINGs, as long as we are reading their data, this rule is well formalized for gRPC:
+        //
+        // Several strategies have been implemented to conform with real life servers.
+        // 1. With most servers we are fine to send PINGs as long as we are reading their data, a rule formalized by a gRPC spec:
         // https://github.com/grpc/proposal/blob/master/A8-client-side-keepalive.md
-        // As a rule of thumb, we can send send a PING whenever we receive DATA or HEADERS, however, there are some servers which allow receiving only
-        // a limited amount of PINGs within a given timeframe.
-        // To deal with the conflicting requirements:
-        // - We send an initial burst of 'InitialBurstCount' PINGs, to get a relatively good estimation fast
-        // - Afterwards, we send PINGs with the maximum frequency of 'PingIntervalInSeconds' PINGs per second
+        // According to this rule, we are OK to send a PING whenever we receive DATA or HEADERS, since the servers conforming to this doc
+        // will reset their unsolicited ping counter whenever they *send* DATA or HEADERS.
+        // 2. Some servers allow receiving only a limited amount of PINGs within a given timeframe.
+        // To deal with this, we send an initial burst of 'InitialBurstCount' (=4) PINGs, to get a relatively good estimation fast. Afterwards,
+        // we send PINGs each 'PingIntervalInSeconds' second, to maintain our estimation without triggering these servers.
+        // 3. Some servers in Google's backends reset their unsolicited ping counter when they *receive* DATA, HEADERS, or WINDOW_UPDATE.
+        // To deal with this, we need to make sure to send a connection WINDOW_UPDATE before sending a PING. The initial burst is an exception
+        // to this rule, since the mentioned server can tolerate 4 PINGs without receiving a WINDOW_UPDATE.
         //
         // Threading:
         // OnInitialSettingsSent() is called during initialization, all other methods are triggered by HttpConnection.ProcessIncomingFramesAsync(),
@@ -194,7 +199,7 @@ internal void OnInitialSettingsAckReceived(Http2Connection connection)
                 _state = State.Waiting;
             }
 
-            internal void OnDataOrHeadersReceived(Http2Connection connection)
+            internal void OnDataOrHeadersReceived(Http2Connection connection, bool sendWindowUpdateBeforePing)
             {
                 if (_state != State.Waiting) return;
 
@@ -204,6 +209,14 @@ internal void OnDataOrHeadersReceived(Http2Connection connection)
                 {
                     if (initial) _initialBurst--;
 
+                    // When sendWindowUpdateBeforePing is true, try to send a WINDOW_UPDATE to make Google backends happy.
+                    // Unless we are doing the initial burst, do not send PING if we were not able to send the WINDOW_UPDATE.
+                    // See point 3. in the comments above the class definition for more info.
+                    if (sendWindowUpdateBeforePing && !connection.ForceSendConnectionWindowUpdate() && !initial)
+                    {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
                     // Send a PING
                     _pingCounter--;
                     if (NetEventSource.Log.IsEnabled()) connection.Trace($"[FlowControl] Sending RTT PING with payload {_pingCounter}");

src/libraries/System.Net.Http/tests/FunctionalTests/HttpClientHandlerTest.Http2.cs

@@ -2453,6 +2453,7 @@ public async Task PostAsyncDuplex_ClientSendsEndStream_Success()
                     HttpResponseMessage response = await responseTask;
                     Stream responseStream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync();
 
+                    connection.IgnoreWindowUpdates();
                     // Send some data back and forth
                     await SendAndReceiveResponseDataAsync(contentBytes, responseStream, connection, streamId);
                     await SendAndReceiveResponseDataAsync(contentBytes, responseStream, connection, streamId);
@@ -2513,6 +2514,7 @@ public async Task PostAsyncDuplex_ServerSendsEndStream_Success()
                     HttpResponseMessage response = await responseTask;
                     Stream responseStream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync();
 
+                    connection.IgnoreWindowUpdates();
                     // Send some data back and forth
                     await SendAndReceiveResponseDataAsync(contentBytes, responseStream, connection, streamId);
                     await SendAndReceiveResponseDataAsync(contentBytes, responseStream, connection, streamId);
@@ -2833,6 +2835,7 @@ public async Task PostAsyncDuplex_DisposeResponseBodyBeforeEnd_ResetsStreamAndTh
                     // This allows the request processing to complete.
                     duplexContent.Fail(e);
 
+                    connection.IgnoreWindowUpdates(); // The RTT algorithm may send a WINDOW_UPDATE before RST_STREAM.
                     // Client should set RST_STREAM.
                     await connection.ReadRstStreamAsync(streamId);
                 }
@@ -2906,6 +2909,7 @@ public async Task PostAsyncDuplex_DisposeResponseBodyAfterEndReceivedButBeforeCo
                     // This allows the request processing to complete.
                     duplexContent.Fail(e);
 
+                    connection.IgnoreWindowUpdates(); // The RTT algorithm may send a WINDOW_UPDATE before RST_STREAM.
                     // Client should set RST_STREAM.
                     await connection.ReadRstStreamAsync(streamId);
                 }

src/libraries/System.Net.Http/tests/FunctionalTests/SocketsHttpHandlerTest.Http2FlowControl.cs

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ static async Task RunTest()
                     TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(30),
                     TimeSpan.Zero,
                     2 * 1024 * 1024,
-                    null);
+                    maxWindowForPingStopValidation: MaxWindow);
 
                 Assert.True(maxCredit <= MaxWindow);
             }
@@ -181,19 +181,34 @@ static async Task RunTest()
             RemoteExecutor.Invoke(RunTest, options).Dispose();
         }
 
+        [OuterLoop("Runs long")]
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task LongRunningSlowServerStream_NoInvalidPingsAreSent()
+        {
+            // A scenario similar to https://github.com/grpc/grpc-dotnet/issues/2361.
+            // We need to send a small amount of data so the connection window is not consumed and no "standard" WINDOW_UPDATEs are sent and
+            // we also need to do it very slowly to cover some RTT PINGs after the initial burst.
+            // This scenario should trigger the "forced WINDOW_UPDATE" logic in the implementation, ensuring that no more than 4 PINGs are sent without a WINDOW_UPDATE.
+            await TestClientWindowScalingAsync(
+                TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
+                TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
+                1024,
+                _output,
+                dataPerFrame: 32);
+        }
+
         private static async Task<int> TestClientWindowScalingAsync(
             TimeSpan networkDelay,
             TimeSpan slowBandwidthSimDelay,
             int bytesToDownload,
             ITestOutputHelper output = null,
-            int maxWindowForPingStopValidation = int.MaxValue, // set to actual maximum to test if we stop sending PING when window reached maximum
-            Action<SocketsHttpHandler> configureHandler = null)
+            int dataPerFrame = 16384,
+            int maxWindowForPingStopValidation = 16 * 1024 * 1024) // set to actual maximum to test if we stop sending PING when window reached maximum
         {
             TimeSpan timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30);
             CancellationTokenSource timeoutCts = new CancellationTokenSource(timeout);
 
             HttpClientHandler handler = CreateHttpClientHandler(HttpVersion20.Value);
-            configureHandler?.Invoke(GetUnderlyingSocketsHttpHandler(handler));
 
             using Http2LoopbackServer server = Http2LoopbackServer.CreateServer(NoAutoPingResponseHttp2Options);
             using HttpClient client = new HttpClient(handler, true);
@@ -225,13 +240,13 @@ private static async Task<int> TestClientWindowScalingAsync(
             using SemaphoreSlim writeSemaphore = new SemaphoreSlim(1);
             int remainingBytes = bytesToDownload;
 
-            bool pingReceivedAfterReachingMaxWindow = false;
+            string unexpectedPingReason = null;
             bool unexpectedFrameReceived = false;
             CancellationTokenSource stopFrameProcessingCts = new CancellationTokenSource();
 
             CancellationTokenSource linkedCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(stopFrameProcessingCts.Token, timeoutCts.Token);
             Task processFramesTask = ProcessIncomingFramesAsync(linkedCts.Token);
-            byte[] buffer = new byte[16384];
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[dataPerFrame];
 
             while (remainingBytes > 0)
             {
@@ -259,7 +274,7 @@ private static async Task<int> TestClientWindowScalingAsync(
 
             int dataReceived = (await response.Content.ReadAsByteArrayAsync()).Length;
             Assert.Equal(bytesToDownload, dataReceived);
-            Assert.False(pingReceivedAfterReachingMaxWindow, "Server received a PING after reaching max window");
+            Assert.Null(unexpectedPingReason);
             Assert.False(unexpectedFrameReceived, "Server received an unexpected frame, see test output for more details.");
 
             return maxCredit;
@@ -270,6 +285,7 @@ async Task ProcessIncomingFramesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
                 // We should not receive any more RTT PING's after this point
                 int maxWindowCreditThreshold = (int) (0.9 * maxWindowForPingStopValidation);
                 output?.WriteLine($"maxWindowCreditThreshold: {maxWindowCreditThreshold} maxWindowForPingStopValidation: {maxWindowForPingStopValidation}");
+                int pingsWithoutWindowUpdate = 0;
 
                 try
                 {
@@ -284,10 +300,18 @@ async Task ProcessIncomingFramesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
 
                             output?.WriteLine($"Received PING ({pingFrame.Data})");
 
+                            pingsWithoutWindowUpdate++;
                             if (maxCredit > maxWindowCreditThreshold)
                             {
-                                output?.WriteLine("PING was unexpected");
-                                Volatile.Write(ref pingReceivedAfterReachingMaxWindow, true);
+                                Volatile.Write(ref unexpectedPingReason, "The server received a PING after reaching max window");
+                                output?.WriteLine($"PING was unexpected: {unexpectedPingReason}");
+                            }
+
+                            // Exceeding this limit may trigger a GOAWAY on some servers. See implementation comments for more details.
+                            if (pingsWithoutWindowUpdate > 4)
+                            {
+                                Volatile.Write(ref unexpectedPingReason, $"The server received {pingsWithoutWindowUpdate} PINGs without receiving a WINDOW_UPDATE");
+                                output?.WriteLine($"PING was unexpected: {unexpectedPingReason}");
                             }
 
                             await writeSemaphore.WaitAsync(cancellationToken);
@@ -296,6 +320,7 @@ async Task ProcessIncomingFramesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
                         }
                         else if (frame is WindowUpdateFrame windowUpdateFrame)
                         {
+                            pingsWithoutWindowUpdate = 0;
                             // Ignore connection window:
                             if (windowUpdateFrame.StreamId != streamId) continue;