Backport of deps: upgrade protobuf lib to 1.33.0 into release/1.5.x

[hc-github-team-nomad-core]

Backport

This PR is auto-generated from #20100 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label backport/1.5.x.

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Warning automatic cherry-pick of commits failed. If the first commit failed,
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The person who merged in the original PR is:
@tgross
This person should manually cherry-pick the original PR into a new backport PR,
and close this one when the manual backport PR is merged in.

merge conflict error: POST https://api.github.com/repos/hashicorp/nomad/merges: 409 Merge conflict []

The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.

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Although Nomad is not vulnerable to CVE-2024-24786 because it's configured to discard unknown messages during unmarshaling, we should upgrade so that third-party vulnerability scanners don't detect the vulnerable version and complain.

I've also updated the changelog for our Go 1.22.1 update to include references to the CVEs it fixes for us.

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Overview of commits

• ac36652

[hashicorp-cla]

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