Upgrade Mage to Ubuntu 24.04

[DavIvek]

Description

We need to upgrade from Debian 11 to Ubuntu 24.04 to accommodate Memgraph binaries built with toolchain v6 and to ensure security support with Ubuntu 24.04.

Pull request type

• Bugfix
• Algorithm/Module
• Feature
• Code style update (formatting, renaming)
• Refactoring (no functional changes, no api changes)
• Build related changes
• Documentation content changes
• Other (please describe):

Related issues

Delete if this PR doesn't resolve any issues. Link the issue if it does.

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Reviewer checklist (the reviewer checks this part)

Module/Algorithm

• Core algorithm/module implementation
• Query module implementation
• Tests provided (unit / e2e)
• Code documentation
• README short description

Documentation checklist

• Add the documentation label tag
• Add the bug / feature label tag
• Add the milestone for which this feature is intended
  • If not known, set for a later milestone
• Write a release note, including added/changed clauses
  • [Release note text]
• Link the documentation PR here
  • [Documentation PR link]
• Tag someone from docs team in the comments

[sonarqubecloud]

Quality Gate failed

Failed conditions
1 Security Hotspot

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud