nightly-2024-07-09: fix: Change panic to error in interpreter (#5446)

# Description

## Problem\*

Working towards https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/issues/5428

## Summary\*

Changes the panic in https://github.com/noir-lang/noir/issues/5428 to an
error instead. The original error message was no longer appropriate
either since this was occurring in the interpreter rather than the
monomorphizer.

## Additional Context

This doesn't fix the issue, I just thought it'd be slightly nicer UX
going forward if we didn't panic here.

## Documentation\*

Check one:
- [x] No documentation needed.
- [ ] Documentation included in this PR.
- [ ] **[For Experimental Features]** Documentation to be submitted in a
separate PR.

# PR Checklist\*

- [x] I have tested the changes locally.
- [x] I have formatted the changes with [Prettier](https://prettier.io/)
and/or `cargo fmt` on default settings.