Loosen dependency version constraints wherever possible

[karalekas]

• Changes carets to >= wherever sensical.
• typing-extensions: Lower bound changed from 4.3.0 to 3.10.0.2.
• mypy-extensions: Lower bound changed from 0.4.3. to 0.2.
• openpulse: Upgrades to 0.4.1 (this dependency is particularly critical for OQpy).
• mypy: Upgrades to latest version (0.982).
• numpy: Does a much better job of specifying constraints on a per-Python-version basis.
• Adds support for Python 3.11 to CI/CD.
• Adds a nightly CI job to test the poetry lock file.
• Adds some color around why we've chosen the versions we've chosen.

With @PhilReinhold.

[PhilReinhold]

On the subject of loosening constraints, I think perhaps, since oqpy is a library not an application, we should remove all version upper bounds unless we know they are required. To that end I think (with the exception of openpulse whose implementation details we depend on heavily, and which should probably be specified using ==) all of the caret specifiers should be instead >= specifiers.

[karalekas]

Made a couple more tweaks but I think this is ready to go now.

[natestemen]

Is there an estimate for when these changes will be released? We're looking to support python 3.11 over on Mitiq.

[karalekas]

@natestemen we're targeting this week for a new release