expression: PropagateType should never let orignal data overflow

[windtalker]

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #52672

Problem Summary:

What changed and how does it work?

When propagate type in

tidb/pkg/expression/expression.go

Line 1192 in b6435d1

func PropagateType(evalType types.EvalType, args ...Expression) {

make sure that the original data is never be overflow under new type.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 74.0513%. Comparing base (81da4f8) to head (df4dc92).
Report is 19 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##             master     #53045        +/-   ##
================================================
+ Coverage   72.0214%   74.0513%   +2.0298%     
================================================
  Files          1508       1510         +2     
  Lines        434823     439603      +4780     
================================================
+ Hits         313166     325532     +12366     
+ Misses       102084      93837      -8247     
- Partials      19573      20234       +661     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	48.3402% <78.5714%> (?)
unit	71.2461% <100.0000%> (+0.0185%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
dumpling	53.9957% <ø> (ø)
parser	∅ <ø> (∅)
br	46.6407% <ø> (+8.1636%)	⬆️

[windtalker]

/test unit-test

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[windtalker]

/test check-dev

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[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: guo-shaoge, XuHuaiyu

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Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

• OWNERS [XuHuaiyu,guo-shaoge]
• pkg/expression/OWNERS [XuHuaiyu]

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[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2024-05-07 10:15:10.01161506 +0000 UTC m=+957063.768750631: ☑️ agreed by XuHuaiyu.
• 2024-05-09 02:38:03.784741903 +0000 UTC m=+1102437.541877476: ☑️ agreed by guo-shaoge.

[tiprow]

@windtalker: The following test failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
fast_test_tiprow	7bc5492	link	true	/test fast_test_tiprow

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[ti-chi-bot]

In response to a cherrypick label: new pull request created to branch release-8.1: #53122.