gh-120176: Reduce number of compares in index range checks

[lgeiger]

This PR is a followup to #9784 (discussed in #72583 and #67741) and extracts the helper function into internal/pycore_abstract.h and uses it where applicable to reduce the number of comparisons in index range checks.

See https://godbolt.org/z/jM8oexT1d for an assembly comparison.

I feel like this change doesn't reduce readability but let me know if such micro optimisation does not justify the code churn.

• Issue: Use shared helper function for faster index range checks #120176

[cpython-cla-bot]

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[methane]

No news entry is required because this change is not visible to users.
I assume performance gain is not large enough to have news entry.

[methane]

LGTM.
I will wait a week before merging this PR to ensure that other committers have the opportunity to review it.

[eendebakpt]

@lgeiger @methane This pr is nearly identical to #99762. There are some more review comments there

[serhiy-storchaka]

This idea was already discussed and rejected. See #72583.

[lgeiger]

Ah sorry, didn't see #99762

Sorry about that!