Docs: Remove duplicate strip section.
#11537
| Job | Run time |
|---|---|
| 17s | |
| 1m 55s | |
| 1m 55s | |
| 3m 15s | |
| 11m 19s | |
| 2m 56s | |
| 7s | |
| 3m 6s | |
| 2m 52s | |
| 6s | |
| 8m 44s | |
| 13m 56s | |
| 14m 14s | |
| 14m 57s | |
| 22m 37s | |
| 25m 6s | |
| 12m 6s | |
| 19m 42s | |
| 26m 9s | |
| 0s | |
| 0s | |
| 3h 5m 19s |