fix: deadlock in tsconfck for circles in references and extends

[patak-dev]

Description

Apply dominikg/tsconfck#161 as a patch. We discussed with @dominikg and it isn't clear what is the best forward. Getting this patch in Vite core will give tsconfck more time to decide how to deal with these circles.

We may see a small regression in performance, but it shouldn't affect most users.

Fixes vitest-dev/vitest#5182
Fixes Analog (reported by @brandonroberts)

npm create analog@latest analog-vite-5-1
cd analog-vite-5-1
npm install
ng serve (or) vite

Fixes #15870
Closes #15899

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What is the purpose of this pull request?

• Bug fix
• New Feature
• Documentation update
• Other

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[patak-dev]

@dominikg is reporting a 4x slow down for the typescript repo, so probably better to wait a bit more here. Leaving this PR as a draft as an option that was evaluated for now.

[sapphi-red]

Closing as #16124 is merged (released in 5.1.6).