Invoke pip install by module not executable (#9972)

On some OSes and configurations (usually Windows), there can be problems
when a binary attempts to one that is in use, especially itself.  For
this reason, it is more reliable to use `python -m pip install ...` than
`pip install`.  We have seen some CI failures on Windows due to `pip`
failing to update itself because of the direct-executable `pip install`
form.

(cherry picked from commit 51fdb3c)

# Conflicts:
#	.azure/lint-linux.yml
#	.azure/test-linux.yml
#	.azure/test-macos.yml
#	.azure/test-windows.yml
#	.azure/tutorials-linux.yml
#	.github/workflows/coverage.yml
#	.github/workflows/randomized_tests.yml
#	.github/workflows/slow.yml

.azure/docs-linux.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
       - bash: |
           set -e
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
-          pip install -U "tox<4.4.0"
+          python -m pip install -U "tox<4.4.0"
           sudo apt-get update
           sudo apt-get install -y graphviz
         displayName: 'Install dependencies'

.azure/lint-linux.yml

@@ -21,10 +21,19 @@ jobs:
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel virtualenv
           virtualenv test-job
           source test-job/bin/activate
+<<<<<<< HEAD
           pip install -U -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt -c constraints.txt
           pip install -U -c constraints.txt -e .
           pip install -U "qiskit-aer" -c constraints.txt
           pip install -e .
+=======
+          python -m pip install -U pip setuptools wheel
+          python -m pip install -U \
+            -c constraints.txt \
+            -r requirements.txt \
+            -r requirements-dev.txt \
+            -e .
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
         displayName: 'Install dependencies'
         env:
           SETUPTOOLS_ENABLE_FEATURES: "legacy-editable"

.azure/test-linux.yml

@@ -60,27 +60,56 @@ jobs:
         - bash: |
             set -e
             source test-job/bin/activate
+<<<<<<< HEAD
             pip install -U -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt -c constraints.txt
+=======
+            python -m pip install -U pip setuptools wheel
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
             # Install setuptools-rust for building sdist
-            pip install -U -c constraints.txt setuptools-rust
+            python -m pip install -U -c constraints.txt setuptools-rust
             python setup.py sdist
+<<<<<<< HEAD
             pip install -U -c constraints.txt dist/qiskit-terra*.tar.gz
+=======
+            python -m pip install -U \
+              -c constraints.txt \
+              -r requirements.txt \
+              -r requirements-dev.txt \
+              dist/qiskit-terra*.tar.gz
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
           displayName: "Install Terra from sdist"
 
       - ${{ if eq(parameters.installFromSdist, false) }}:
         - bash: |
             set -e
             source test-job/bin/activate
+<<<<<<< HEAD
             pip install -U -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt -c constraints.txt
             pip install -U -c constraints.txt -e .
+=======
+            python -m pip install -U \
+              -c constraints.txt \
+              -r requirements.txt \
+              -r requirements-dev.txt \
+              -e .
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
           displayName: "Install Terra directly"
           env:
             SETUPTOOLS_ENABLE_FEATURES: "legacy-editable"
 
       - bash: |
           set -e
           source test-job/bin/activate
+<<<<<<< HEAD
           pip install -U "cplex;python_version < '3.11'" "qiskit-aer" "z3-solver" -c constraints.txt
+=======
+          python -m pip install -U \
+            -c constraints.txt \
+            "cplex ; python_version < '3.11'" \
+            "qiskit-aer" \
+            "tweedledum ; python_version < '3.11'" \
+            "z3-solver"
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
           mkdir -p /tmp/terra-tests
           cp -r test /tmp/terra-tests/.
           cp .stestr.conf /tmp/terra-tests/.
@@ -107,7 +136,7 @@ jobs:
           set -e
           source test-job/bin/activate
           cp tools/subunit_to_junit.py /tmp/terra-tests/.
-          pip install -U junitxml
+          python -m pip install -U junitxml
           pushd /tmp/terra-tests
           mkdir -p junit
           stestr last --subunit | ./subunit_to_junit.py -o junit/test-results.xml
@@ -162,8 +191,15 @@ jobs:
         - bash: |
             set -e
             virtualenv image_tests
+<<<<<<< HEAD
             image_tests/bin/pip install -U -r requirements.txt -c constraints.txt
             image_tests/bin/pip install -U -c constraints.txt -e ".[visualization]"
+=======
+            image_tests/bin/python -m pip install -U \
+              -c constraints.txt \
+              -r requirements.txt \
+              -e ".[visualization]"
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
             sudo apt-get update
             sudo apt-get install -y graphviz pandoc
             image_tests/bin/pip check

.azure/test-macos.yml

@@ -34,8 +34,17 @@ jobs:
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel virtualenv
           virtualenv test-job
           source test-job/bin/activate
+<<<<<<< HEAD
           pip install -U -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt -c constraints.txt
           pip install -U -c constraints.txt -e .
+=======
+          python -m pip install -U pip setuptools wheel
+          python -m pip install -U \
+            -c constraints.txt \
+            -r requirements.txt \
+            -r requirements-dev.txt \
+            -e .
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
           pip check
         displayName: 'Install dependencies'
         env:
@@ -55,7 +64,7 @@ jobs:
       - bash: |
           set -e
           source test-job/bin/activate
-          pip install -U junitxml
+          python -m pip install -U junitxml
           mkdir -p junit
           stestr last --subunit | tools/subunit_to_junit.py -o junit/test-results.xml
           pushd .stestr

.azure/test-windows.yml

@@ -33,9 +33,19 @@ jobs:
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel virtualenv
           virtualenv test-job
           source test-job/Scripts/activate
+<<<<<<< HEAD
           pip install -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt -c constraints.txt
           pip install -c constraints.txt -e .
           pip install "z3-solver" -c constraints.txt
+=======
+          python -m pip install -U pip setuptools wheel
+          python -m pip install -U \
+            -c constraints.txt \
+            -r requirements.txt \
+            -r requirements-dev.txt \
+            "z3-solver" \
+            -e .
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
           pip check
         displayName: 'Install dependencies'
         env:
@@ -59,7 +69,7 @@ jobs:
           set -e
           chcp.com 65001
           source test-job/Scripts/activate
-          pip install -U junitxml
+          python -m pip install -U junitxml
           mkdir -p junit
           stestr last --subunit | python tools/subunit_to_junit.py -o junit/test-results.xml
           pushd .stestr

.azure/tutorials-linux.yml

@@ -21,10 +21,29 @@ jobs:
       - bash: |
           set -e
           git clone https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-tutorials --depth=1
+<<<<<<< HEAD
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip
           pip install -U -r requirements.txt -r requirements-dev.txt -c constraints.txt
           pip install -c constraints.txt -e .
           pip install "qiskit-ibmq-provider" "qiskit-aer" "z3-solver" "networkx" "matplotlib>=3.3.0" sphinx nbsphinx sphinx_rtd_theme cvxpy -c constraints.txt
+=======
+          python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
+          python -m pip install -U \
+            -c constraints.txt \
+            -r requirements.txt \
+            -r requirements-dev.txt \
+            "qiskit-ibmq-provider" \
+            "qiskit-aer" \
+            "z3-solver" \
+            "networkx" \
+            "matplotlib>=3.3.0" \
+            sphinx \
+            nbsphinx \
+            sphinx_rtd_theme \
+            "tweedledum ; python_version < '3.11'" \
+            cvxpy \
+            -e .
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
           sudo apt-get update
           sudo apt-get install -y graphviz pandoc
           pip check

.azure/wheels.yml

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ jobs:
       - bash: |
           set -e
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-          pip install cibuildwheel==2.11.2
-          pip install -U twine
+          python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.11.2
+          python -m pip install -U twine
           cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse .
 
       - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1

.github/workflows/coverage.yml

@@ -30,8 +30,18 @@ jobs:
             cargo install grcov
             sudo apt-get install lcov
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+=======
+      # This is needed to support any requirements, particularly in the `optionals` set,
+      # that might not have 'pyproject.toml' files specifying their build requirements.
+      # Modern pip (23.1+) can error out if it doesn't have `wheel` and we ask for one
+      # of these legacy packages.
+      - name: Ensure basic build requirements
+        run: python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
+
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
       - name: Build and install qiskit-terra
-        run: pip install -e .
+        run: python -m pip install -e .
         env:
           CARGO_INCREMENTAL: 0
           RUSTFLAGS: "-Cinstrument-coverage"
@@ -41,7 +51,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Generate unittest coverage report
         run: |
           set -e
-          pip install -r requirements-dev.txt qiskit-aer
+          python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt qiskit-aer
           stestr run
           # We set the --source-dir to '.' because we want all paths to appear relative to the repo
           # root (we need to combine them with the Python ones), but we only care about `grcov`

.github/workflows/randomized_tests.yml

@@ -15,11 +15,20 @@ jobs:
           python-version: '3.8'
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
+<<<<<<< HEAD
           pip install -U -r requirements.txt -c constraints.txt
           pip install -U -r requirements-dev.txt coveralls -c constraints.txt
           pip install -c constraints.txt -e .
           pip install "qiskit-ibmq-provider" -c constraints.txt
           pip install "qiskit-aer"
+=======
+          python -m pip install -U pip setuptools wheel
+          python -m pip install -U -r requirements.txt -c constraints.txt
+          python -m pip install -U -r requirements-dev.txt coveralls -c constraints.txt
+          python -m pip install -c constraints.txt -e .
+          python -m pip install "qiskit-ibmq-provider" -c constraints.txt
+          python -m pip install "qiskit-aer"
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
         env:
           SETUPTOOLS_ENABLE_FEATURES: "legacy-editable"
       - name: Run randomized tests

.github/workflows/slow.yml

@@ -15,10 +15,18 @@ jobs:
           python-version: '3.10'
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
+<<<<<<< HEAD
           pip install -U -r requirements.txt -c constraints.txt
           pip install -U -r requirements-dev.txt -c constraints.txt
           pip install -c constraints.txt -e .
           pip install "qiskit-aer" "z3-solver" "cplex" -c constraints.txt
+=======
+          python -m pip install -U pip setuptools wheel
+          python -m pip install -U -r requirements.txt -c constraints.txt
+          python -m pip install -U -r requirements-dev.txt -c constraints.txt
+          python -m pip install -c constraints.txt -e .
+          python -m pip install "qiskit-aer" "z3-solver" "cplex" -c constraints.txt
+>>>>>>> 51fdb3c86 (Invoke `pip install` by module not executable (#9972))
         env:
           SETUPTOOLS_ENABLE_FEATURES: "legacy-editable"
       - name: Run all tests including slow