Automated cherry pick of #6131: Bump Go version to 1.22.12

[sachinparihar]

Cherry pick of #6131 on release-1.12.
#6131: Bump Go version to 1.22.12
For details on the cherry pick process, see the cherry pick requests page.

Karmada now built with Golang v1.22.12.

[RainbowMango]

/lgtm
/approve

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[RainbowMango]

@XiShanYongYe-Chang Can you help to take a look at the failing unit tests? Note that this PR is for release-1.12, we need to check if the same issue exists on the master.

[XiShanYongYe-Chang]

This is a flake error that has been recorded a long time ago: #5926, and after some fixes, there is no such error on the master branch, maybe we can synchronize the #5936 change to the release-1.12 branch.

Current pr we can rerun ut.
/retest

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Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 46.51%. Comparing base (8eb2774) to head (7c46ad8).

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Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##           release-1.12    #6132      +/-   ##
================================================
- Coverage         46.53%   46.51%   -0.03%     
================================================
  Files               664      664              
  Lines             54810    54810              
================================================
- Hits              25507    25495      -12     
- Misses            27676    27685       +9     
- Partials           1627     1630       +3     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	46.51% <ø> (-0.03%)	⬇️

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