Automated cherry pick of #6131: Bump Go version to 1.22.12

[sachinparihar]

Cherry pick of #6131 on release-1.11.
#6131: Bump Go version to 1.22.12
For details on the cherry pick process, see the cherry pick requests page.

Karmada now built with Golang v1.22.12.

[RainbowMango]

/lgtm
Wait for the CI signals.

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Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 31.51%. Comparing base (d91df35) to head (98c0767).

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Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##           release-1.11    #6143      +/-   ##
================================================
- Coverage         31.52%   31.51%   -0.02%     
================================================
  Files               645      645              
  Lines             54351    54351              
================================================
- Hits              17136    17128       -8     
- Misses            36143    36149       +6     
- Partials           1072     1074       +2     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	31.51% <ø> (-0.02%)	⬇️

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[RainbowMango]

/approve

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