chore(lambda-go-alpha): update docker base image (aws#31766)

### Issue # (if applicable)

Closes #<issue number here>.

### Reason for this change


The `build-go` [image](https://gallery.ecr.aws/sam/build-go1.x) is [depracated](aws/aws-sam-build-images#139).

### Description of changes



As recommended in [this announcement](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/migrating-aws-lambda-functions-from-the-go1-x-runtime-to-the-custom-runtime-on-amazon-linux-2/), migrating the base image of `aws-lambda-go-alpha` integration test dockerfile base image to `al2023`.

Additionally, an assertion was added to test the lambda function invocation. This is a custom lambda runtime, as previouse comment noted, the [aws-lambda-go](https://github.com/aws/aws-lambda-go) runtime package is not available.


### Description of how you validated changes

- `yarn integ-runner --directory packages/@aws-cdk/aws-lambda-go-alpha`



### Checklist
- [X] My code adheres to the [CONTRIBUTING GUIDE](https://github.com/aws/aws-cdk/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md) and [DESIGN GUIDELINES](https://github.com/aws/aws-cdk/blob/main/docs/DESIGN_GUIDELINES.md)

----

*By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache-2.0 license*

packages/@aws-cdk/aws-lambda-go-alpha/README.md

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ new go.GoFunction(this, 'handler', {
 
 ## Local Bundling
 
-If `Go` is installed locally and the version is >= `go1.11` then it will be used to bundle your code in your environment. Otherwise, bundling will happen in a [Lambda compatible Docker container](https://gallery.ecr.aws/sam/build-go1.x) with the Docker platform based on the target architecture of the Lambda function.
+If `Go` is installed locally and the version is >= `go1.11` then it will be used to bundle your code in your environment. Otherwise, bundling will happen in a [Lambda compatible Docker container](https://gallery.ecr.aws/sam/build-provided.al2023) with the Docker platform based on the target architecture of the Lambda function.
 
 For macOS the recommended approach is to install `Go` as Docker volume performance is really poor.
 

packages/@aws-cdk/aws-lambda-go-alpha/lib/Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # The correct AWS SAM build image based on the runtime of the function will be
 # passed as build arg. The default allows to do `docker build .` when testing.
-ARG IMAGE=public.ecr.aws/sam/build-go1.x
+ARG IMAGE=public.ecr.aws/sam/build-provided.al2023
 FROM $IMAGE
 
 # set the GOCACHE