[Tracking] Override Python packages with overrideAttrs instead of overridePythonAttrs

[ShamrockLee]

This issue tracks the transition from overridePythonAttrs to overrideAttrs for Python package overriding.

Preliminary works:

• buildPython*: minor changes to prepare for restructuring #378566
• buildPython*: restructure in preparation for fixed-point argument support and overridePythonAttrs deprecation #375921
• treewide (Python packages): Use the buildPythonPackage-provide local specification whenever appropriate #383766

Workaround extendMkDerivation and overridePythonAttrs's incompatibility to overrideAttrs:

• python3Packages: fix Python overriding to make <pkg>.overridePythonAttrs work after <pkg>.overrideAttrs #267296
• buildPython*: make disablePythonPackage respect overrideAttrs #376419

Refactorings to reference attributes from finalAttrs:

• buildPython*: Enable direct attribute overriding via overrideAttrs (the non-staging ones) #376372
• buildPython*: make name-related attributes overridable via overrideAttrs #376714
• buildPython*: Enable direct attribute overriding via overrideAttrs (the staging ones) #377057

Changes targeting arguments for test runnings:

• treewide (Python packages): Use the buildPythonPackage-provide local specification whenever appropriate #383766
• buildPython*: redirect pre/postCheck to pre/postInstallCheck #379637